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GRE 阅读机经 26 篇原题 1.0 1.0

截止 2012 年 7月

目录

1. 1. 1. 乙醇汽油 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ….. 2

2. 长江水道 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ….. 4

3. The Color Purple ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 5

4. 英国女演员Actress的地位： ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. 6

5. 美洲人起源………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. .. 7

6. Honey bee的fungee ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………. 8

7. 十四修正案 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. . 9

8. Maya Culture ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………. 12

11. 彗星的pristine relics ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …….. 15

12. .法国二月革命 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………… 16

13. 小说Mary Barton………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………… 18

14. 冰川沉积物 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………. 20

15. 云和气候变化预测 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 21

16. Supernova ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………. 22

17. 鸟叫研究 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. 23

18. 恐龙灭绝和行星撞地球(逻辑) ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………….. 26

19. Design–-Engineering：………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. . 26

20. 能源消费（逻辑） ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 29

21. 地球冷暖周期通过石头含铁量推定 ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 29

22. 飞鼠寻找食物 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………… 31

23. 戏剧家Lloyd Webber ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …….. 31

25. Sea Cow ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. 32

26. 舞蹈物理动作分析 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 33

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1. 1. 1. 乙醇汽油

Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions―short of a massive shift away from the private automobile―is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.

All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if and, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks―a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency―and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.

Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have a higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.

Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.

1.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A) countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem

(B) reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem

(C) identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem

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(D) discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it

(E) outlining a plan of action to solve a problem and discussing the obstacles blocking that plan

1.2. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because

(A) the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons

(B) the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions

(C) gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure

(D) gasoline is composed of small molecules.

(E) gasoline is a carbon-based fuel

1.3. The passage suggests which of the following about air pollution?

(A) Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.

(B) Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful.

(C) Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.

(D) Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.

(E) Reductions in pollutants emitted by individual vehicles have been offset by increases in pollution from sources other than gasoline-fueled vehicles.

1.4. Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the passage?

(A) Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the town’s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.

(B) Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.

(C) Although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total population of the town.

(D) Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.

(E) Although a country reduces the speed limit on its national highways, the number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase.

1.5. The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol?

(A) It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.

(B) It could be provided to consumers through the existing motor fuel distribution system.

(C) It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.

(D) Its use would make design improvements in individual vehicles feasible.

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(E) Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.

1.6. It can be inferred from the passage that a vehicle specifically designed to use methanol for fuel would

(A) be somewhat lighter in total body weight than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasoline

(B) be more expensive to operate than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasoline

(C) have a larger and more powerful engine than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasoline

(D) have a larger and heavier fuel tank than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled with methanol

(E) average more miles per gallon than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled with methanol

1.7. It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism of methanol in the last paragraph as

(A) flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based

(B) inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics’ arguments

(C) misguided because of its exclusively technological focus

(D) inaccurate because it ignores consumers’ concerns

(E) invalid because it reflects the personal bias of the critics

答案：DBACEEA

2. 长江水道

Since the 1970s, archaeological sites in China’s Yangtze River region have yielded evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies that predate signs of rice cultivation elsewhere in East Asia by a thousand years. Before this evidence was discovered, it had generally been assumed that rice farming began farther to the south. This scenario was based both on the geographic range of wild or free-living rice, which was not thought to extend as far north as the Yangtze, and on archaeological records of very early domestic rice from Southeast Asia and India (now known to be not so old as first reported). Proponents of the southern-origin theory point out that early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were already highly developed and that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation is missing. They argue that the first hunter-gatherers to develop rice agriculture must have done so in this southern zone, within the apparent present-day geographic range of wild rice.

Yet while most stands of wild rice reported in a 1984 survey were concentrated to the south of the Yangtze drainage, two northern outlier populations were also discovered in provinces along the middle and lower Yangtze, evidence that the Yangtze wetlands may fall within both the present-day and the historical geographic ranges of rice’s wild ancestor.

2.1. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly undermine the conclusion that the author makes based on the 1984 survey?

A. Areas south of the Yangtze basin currently have less wild-rice habitat than they once did.

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B. Surveys since 1984 have shown wild rice populations along the upper Yangtze as well as along the middle and lower Yangtze.

C. The populations of wild rice along the Yangtze represent strains of wild rice that migrated to the north relatively recently.

D. Early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were not as highly developed as archaeologists once thought.

E. In East Asia, the historical geographic range of wild rice was more extensive than the present-day geographic range is.

2.2. Based on the passage, skeptics of the idea that rice cultivation began in the Yangtze River region can point to which of the following for support?

A. Lack of evidence supporting the existence of rice-farming societies along the Yangtze at an early date

B. Lack of evidence regarding the initial stages of rice cultivation in the Yangtze region

C. Recent discoveries pertaining to the historical geographic range of rice’s wild ancestor

D. New information regarding the dates of very early domestic rice from Southeast Asia

E. New theories pertaining to how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture in East Asia

2. 3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the “southern-origin theory”?

A. The theory is based on an unconventional understanding of how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture.

B. The theory fails to take into account the apparent fact that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation in the north is missing.

C. The theory was developed primarily in response to a 1984 survey of wild rice’s geographic range.

D. Reassessment of the dates of some archaeological evidence has undermined support for the theory.

E. Evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies in the Yangtze region provides support for the theory.

答案：CBD

3. The Color Purple

The publication of The Color Purple transformed Alice Walker from an indu-bitably serious black writer whose fiction belonged to a tradition of gritty, if occasionally “magical,” realism into a popular novelist, with all the perquisites and drawbacks attendant on that position. Unlike either The Third Life of Grange Copland (1970) or Meridian (1976), The Color Purple gained immediate and widespread public acceptance, winning both the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award for 1982-83. At the same time, however, it generated immediate and widespread critical unease over what appeared to be manifest flaws in its composition. Robert Towers, writing in the New York Review of Books, concluded that on the evidence of The Color Purple “Alice Walker still has a lot to learn about plotting and structuring what is clearly

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intended to be a realistic novel.” His opinion was shared by many reviewers, who pointed out variously that in the last third of the book the narrator-protagonist Celie and her friends are propelled toward a fairytale happy ending with more velocity than credibility; that the letters from Nettie, with their disconcertingly literate depictions of life in an African village, intrude into the middle of the main action with little apparent motivation or warrant; and that the device of the letters to God is especially unrealistic inasmuch as it foregoes the concretizing details that traditionally have given the epistolatory form its peculiar verisimilitude: the secret writing-place, the cache, the ruses to enable posting letters, and especially the letters received in return.

4. 英国女演员Actress的地位：

In the past, only men could become actors in some societies. In the ancient Greece and Rome and the medieval world, it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on the stage, and this belief persisted until the 17th century, when in Venice it was broken. In the time of William Shakespeare, women’s roles were generally played by men or boys.

When an eighteen-year Puritan prohibition of drama was lifted after the English Restoration of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England. Margaret Hughes is credited by some as the first professional actress on the English stage. This prohibition ended during the reign of Charles II in part due to the fact that he enjoyed watching actresses on stage. The first occurrence of the term actress was in 1700 according to the OED and is ascribed to Dryden.

In Japan, men (onnagata) took over the female roles in kabuki theatre when women were banned from performing on stage during the Edo period. This convention has continued to the present. However, some forms of Chinese drama have women playing all the roles.

In modern times, women sometimes play the roles of prepubescent boys. The stage role of Peter Pan, for example, is traditionally played by a woman, as are most principal boys in Britishpantomime. Opera has several “breeches roles” traditionally sung by women, usually mezzo-sopranos. Examples are Hansel in H?nsel und Gretel, Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro and Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier.

Women in male roles are uncommon in film with the notable exceptions of the films The Year of Living Dangerously and I’m Not There. In the former film Linda Hunt played the pivotal role of Billy Kwan, for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In the latter film Cate Blanchett portrayed Jude Quinn, a representation of Bob Dylan in the sixties, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Women playing men in live theatre is particularly common in presentations of older plays, such as those of Shakespeare, that have large numbers of male characters in roles where the gender no longer matters in modern times.

Having an actor dress as the opposite sex for comic effect is also a long-standing tradition in comic theatre and film. Most of Shakespeare’s comedies include instances of overt cross-dressing, such as Francis Flute in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The movie A Funny Thing

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Happened on the Way to the Forum stars Jack Gilford dressing as a young bride. Tony Curtisand Jack Lemmon famously posed as women to escape gangsters in the Billy Wilder film Some Like It Hot. Cross-dressing for comic effect was a frequently used device in most of the thirty Carry On films. Dustin Hoffman and Robin Williams have each appeared in a hit comedy film (Tootsie and Mrs. Doubtfire, respectively) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman.

Occasionally, the issue is further complicated, for example, by a woman playing a woman acting as a man pretending to be a woman, like Julie Andrews in Victor/Victoria, or Gwyneth Paltrow in Shakespeare in Love. In It’s Pat: The Movie, film watchers never learn the gender of the androgynous main characters Pat and Chris (played by Julia Sweeney and Dave Foley).

A few roles in modern films, plays and musicals are played by a member of the opposite sex (rather than a character cross-dressing), such as the character Edna Turnblad in Hairspray―played by Divine in the original film, Harvey Fierstein in the Broadway musical, and John Travolta in the 2007 movie musical. Linda Hunt won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously. Felicity Huffman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for playing Bree Osbourne (a male-to-female transsexual) in Transamerica.

5. 美洲人起源

Recent discoveries in New World archaeology along with new scientific methods for analyzing data have led to new ideas regarding the origin of the first peoples of the Americas and their time of arrival.

The traditional theory held that the first Americans crossed the land bridge from Siberia to Alaska around 11,500 years ago and followed an “ice-free corridor” between two large Canadian ice sheets (the Laurentide and Cordilleran) to reach unglaciated lands to the south. These first inhabitants, whose archaeological sites are scattered across North and South America, were called the Clovis people, named after the town in New Mexico where their fluted spear points used for hunting mammoth were first found in 1932.

There is now convincing evidence of human habitation sites that date earlier than the Clovis culture including sites located in South America. Monte Verde, a well-studied site located along a river near southern central Chile, dates 12,500 years ago. This site contains the buried remnants of dwellings, stone tools including large bifacial projectile points, and preserved medicinal and edible plants. How did people manage to settle this far south at such an early date? A coastal migration route is now gaining more acceptance, rather than the older view of small bands moving on foot across the middle of the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and into the continents. Emerging evidence suggests that people with boats moved along the Pacific coast into Alaska and northwestern Canada and eventually south to Peru and Chile by 12,500 years ago―and perhaps much earlier. Archaeological evidence in Australia, Melanesia, and Japan indicate boats were in use as far back as 25,000 to 40,000 years ago. Sea routes would have provided abundant food resources and easier and faster movement than land

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routes. Many coastal areas were unglaciated at this time, providing opportunities for landfall along the way. Several early sites along the coast of Canada, California, Peru, Ecuador, and Chile date between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. Many potential coastal sites are now submerged, making investigation difficult.

6. Honey bee的fungee

Ingestion of food containing spores of the pathogen Ascosphaera apis causes a fatal fungal disease known as chalk brood in honeybee larvae. However, larvae must be chilled to about 30°C(normal brood-comb temperature is 33-36°C)for the disease to develop. Accordingly, chalk brood is most common in spring and in small colonies. A recent study revealed that honeybees responsible for hive-temperature maintenance purposely raised the hives’ temperature when colonies were inoculated with A.apis this “fever,” or up-regulation of temperature, occurred before any larvae died, suggesting that the response is preventative and that either honeybee workers detect the infection before symptoms are visible or larvae communicate the ingestion of the pathogen. Temperature returned to normal by the end of the study, suggesting that increased temperature is not optimal when broods are not infected, as well as that the fever does not result merely from normal colony growth (i.e., an increase in the number of workers available for temperature maintenance).

6.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) discuss the findings and implications of a particular study

(B) illustrate a process that formerly had been misunderstood

(C) outline the methods used to investigate a problem

(D) provide evidence to support a controversial theory

(E) contrast alternative interpretations of certain date

6.2. According to the passage, researchers concluded that fever in honeybee coloniesis preventative because their study showed that such fever

(A) does not occur when hive temperatures are within normal range

(B) protests adult bees from contracting chalk brood infection

(C) occurs prior to the death of any larvae

(D) is more likely to occur in spring than in summer

(E) does not have an effect on uninfected broods

6.3. The passage implies that if hive temperature had not returned to normal by the end of the study in question, a probable conclusion of the researchers would have been that

(A) up-regulation of temperature is a preventative measure against chalkbrood

(B) honeybees are incapable of purposely raising hive temperatures

(C) A. apis cannot be completely eradicated throughup-regulation of temperature along

(D) honeybee larvae have a mechanism to alert adult honeybees to the presenceof A. apis

(E) honeybee larvae may benefit from increased hive temperature even when there is no A. apis present

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6.4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of chalk brood infection among honeybee larvae？

(A) Larvae in small colonies are more likely to pass the infection to adult honeybees than are larvae in large ones.

(B) Infection with chalk brood induces larvae to raise their hive’s temperature.

(C) The infection is more likely to affect larvae in winter than in spring.

(D) Larvae fail to develop symptoms of the disease when their brood �comb temperature remains within the normal range.

(E) Infected larvae exhibit visible symptoms of disease for a significant time before death.

答案：ACED

7. 十四修正案

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1868, prohibits state governments from denying citizens the “equal protection of the laws.” Although precisely what the framers of the amendment meant by this equal protection clause remains unclear, all interpreters agree that the framers’ immediate objective was to provide a constitutional warrant for the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed the citizenship of all persons born in the United States and subject to United States jurisdiction. This declaration, which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. The act was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who argued that the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, did not provide Congress with the authority to extend citizenship and equal protection to the freed slaves. Although Congress promptly overrode Johnson’s veto, supporters of the act sought to ensure its constitutional foundations with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. Yet for the first eight decades of the amendment’s existence, the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the amendment betrayed this ideal of equality. In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, for example, the Court invented the “state action” limitation, which asserts that “private” decisions by owners of public accommodations and other commercial businesses to segregate their facilities are insulated from the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law.

After the Second World War, a judicial climate more hospitable to equal protection claims culminated in the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that racially segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Two doctrines embraced by the Supreme Court during this period extended the amendment’s reach. First, the Court required especially strict scrutiny of legislation that employed a “suspect classification,” meaning discrimination against a group on grounds that could be construed as

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racial. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. Second, the Court relaxed the state action limitation on the Fourteenth Amendment, bringing new forms of private conduct within the amendment’s reach.

7.1. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?

(A) By presenting a list of specific rights, framers of the Fourteenth Amendment were attempting to provide a constitutional basis for broad judicial protection of the principle of equal citizenship.

(B) Only after the Supreme Court adopted the suspect classification approach to reviewing potentially discriminatory legislation was the applicability of the Fourteenth Amendment extended to include sexual discrimination.

(C) Not until after the Second World War did the Supreme Court begin to interpret the Fourteenth Amendment in a manner consistent with the principle of equal citizenship that it expresses.

(D) Interpreters of the Fourteenth Amendment have yet to reach consensus with regard to what its framers meant by the equal protection clause.

(E) Although the reluctance of judges to extend the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment to nonracial discrimination has betrayed the principle of equal citizenship, the Supreme Court’s use of the state action limitation to insulate private activity from the amendment’s reach has been more harmful.

7.2. The passage suggests that the principal effect of the state action limitation was to

(A) allow some discriminatory practices to continue unimpeded by the Fourteenth Amendment

(B) influence the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v, Board of Education

(C) provide expanded guidelines describing prohibited actions

(D) prohibit states from enacting laws that violated the intent of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

(E) shift to state governments the responsibility for enforcement of laws prohibiting discriminatory practices

7.3. The author’s position regarding the intent of the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment would be most seriously undermined if which of the following were true?

(A) The framers had anticipated state action limitations as they are described in the passage.

(B) The framers had merely sought to prevent discriminatory acts by federal officials.

(C) The framers were concerned that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 would be overturned by the Supreme Court.

(D) The framers were aware that the phrase “equal protection of the laws” had broad implications.

(E) The framers believed that racial as well as nonracial forms of discrimination were unacceptable.

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7.4. According to the passage, the original proponents of the Fourteenth Amendment were primarily concerned with

(A) detailing the rights afforded by the principle of equal citizenship

(B) providing support in the Constitution for equal protection for all citizens of the United States

(C) closing a loophole that could be used to deny individuals the right to sue for enforcement of their civil rights

(D) asserting that the civil rights protected by the Constitution included nonracial discrimination as well as racial discrimination

(E) granting state governments broader discretion in interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1866

7.5. The author implies that the Fourteenth Amendment might not have been enacted if

(A) Congress’ authority with regard to legislating civil rights had not been challenged

(B) the framers had anticipated the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education

(C) the framers had believed that it would be used in deciding cases of discrimination involving nonracial groups

(D) most state governments had been willing to protect citizens’ civil rights

(E) its essential elements had not been implicit in the Thirteenth Amendment

7.6. According to the passage, which of the following most accurately indicates the sequence of the events listed below?

I. Civil Rights Act of 1866

II. Dred Scott v. Sandford

III. Fourteenth Amendment

IV. Veto by President Johnson

(A) I, II, III, IV

(B) I, IV, II, III

(C) I, IV, III, II

(D) II, I, IV, III

(E) III, II, I, IV

7.7. Which of the following can be inferred about the second of the two doctrines referred to in lines 39-41 of the passage?

(A) It caused some justices to rule that all types of discrimination are prohibited by the Constitution.

(B) It shifted the focus of the Supreme Court from racial to nonracial discrimination.

(C) It narrowed the concern of the Supreme Court to legislation that employed a suspect classification.

(D) It caused legislators who were writing new legislation to reject language that could be construed as permitting racial discrimination.

(E) It made it more difficult for commercial businesses to practice racial discrimination.

答案：

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8. Maya Culture

To understand the ancient Mayan people who lived in the area that is today southern Mexico and Central America and the ecological difficulties they faced, one must first consider their environment, which we think of as “jungle” or ‘tropical rainforest.” This view is inaccurate, and the reason proves to be important. Properly speaking, tropical rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain wet or humid all year round. But the Maya homeland lies more than sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at latitudes 17 to 22 degrees north, in a habitat termed a “seasonal tropical forest.” That is, while there does tend to be a rainy season from May to October, there is also a dry season from January through April. If one focuses on the wet months, one calls the Maya homeland a “seasonal tropical forest”; if one focuses on the dry months, one could instead describe it as a “seasonal desert.”

From north to south in the Yucatan Peninsula, where the Maya lived, rainfall ranges from 18 to 100 inches (457 to 2,540 millimeters) per year, and the soils become thicker, so that the southern peninsula was agriculturally more productive and supported denser populations. But rainfall in the Maya homeland is unpredictably variable between years; some recent years have had three or four times more rain than other years. As a result, modern farmers attempting to grow corn in the ancient Maya homelands have faced frequent crop failures, especially in the north. The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did better, but nevertheless they too must have faced risks of crop failures from droughts and hurricanes.

Although southem Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modem archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. In the northern peninsula the elevation is sufficiently low that the ancient Maya were able to reach the water table at deep sinkholes called cenotes, or at deep caves. In low-elevation north coastal areas without sinkholes, the Maya would have been able to get down to the water table by digging wells up to 75 feet (22 meters) deep. But much of the south lies too high above the water table for cenotes or wells to reach down to it. Making matters worse, most of the Yucatan Peninsula consists of karst, a porous sponge-like limestone terrain where rain runs straight into the ground and where little or no surface water remains available.

How did those dense southern Maya populations deal with the resulting water problem? It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.For example, reservoirs at the Maya city of Tikal

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held enough water to meet the drinking water needs of about 10,000 people for a period of 18 months. At the city of Coba the Maya built dikes around a lake in order to raise its level and make their water supply more reliable. But the inhabitants of Tikal and other cities dependent on reservoirs for drinking water would still have been in deep trouble if 18 months passed without rain in a prolonged drought. A shorter drought in which they exhausted their stored food supplies might already have gotten them in deep trouble, because growing crops required rain rather than reservoirs.

9. 鹿背上的hamp

Which of following most logically completes the argument?

The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant dear lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this animal as having a large hump on its back. Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any hump. Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard, since ______.

A some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump

B fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France

C animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which dose not fossilize

D the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago

E only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely resembles a hump

10. Mystery of the Anasazi

As the tourists prepare to depart Spruce Tree House, one asks Qumawunu the question that’s on everyone’s mind: Why, after having invested so much work in this place, did the ancestral Pueblo people leave it all behind?

The park ranger’s answer sounds well-rehearsed: “We can come up with so many thoughts about why they moved in and why they moved out. But no one really knows for sure.”

But it’s a mystery that is finally beginning to unravel.

But while Crow Canyon has brought professional archaeology to the masses, it has yet to dismantle the biggest misconception about Mesa Verde’s prehistory: that the ancestral Pueblo people simply vanished.

“I don’t think we really ever thought that they just vanished into thin air,” says Kuckelman. “I think the real enigma of the ancestral Pueblo people in the Mesa Verde region is, OEWhy did they leave?’”

The ancestral Pueblo people didn’t have a written language; no one left behind a detailed account of their last days in the Mesa Verde region. But Kuckelman believes that if she looks

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hard enough at places like Goodman Point Pueblo, she can find this story written on the walls — and on the floors and in the trash heaps.

There’s a partially excavated kiva, a subterranean dwelling near the northwest corner, that could hold part of the story. Standing over it, Kuckelman lifts the plywood covering that will protect the underground chamber over the winter and peers into the darkness. When this kiva was first excavated last summer, workers discovered prehistoric ash in the hearth and a rabbit skeleton nearby. Kuckelman thinks those findings may be the remains of one of the last meals ever eaten in the village.

She believes that when researchers dissolve the ash in liquid and analyze what remains, they’ll find markedly little evidence of maize, compared to the amount of maize refuse in rubbish pits around the village. This isn’t a wild guess. Kuckelman and her co-workers noticed the pattern when they ran similar tests at a nearby contemporary ruin, Sand Canyon Pueblo. These findings helped Kuckelman piece together a new theory about the ancestral Pueblo’s departure, a theory she hopes to bolster with evidence from Goodman Point Pueblo and other excavations.

Kuckelman believes that as more and more people settled in the Mesa Verde region in the thirteenth century, they overwhelmed wild food sources in the area, such as deer and wild plants. As a result, they became increasingly dependent on maize crops — not just for food, but for feed for domesticated turkeys — as evidenced by the ubiquity of maize in refuse pits, essentially time capsules of the villagers’ eating habits and customs. But then something wiped out their ability to cultivate their crops, as indicated by the limited maize remains in hearths. The rabbit skeleton may also be a clue, suggesting that turkey populations may have died out and forced these people to fall back on small wild game. This could mean that Kuckelman has found more than just evidence of the last meals ever eaten by the ancestral Pueblo people in the Mesa Verde region; she’s found a possible impetus for their leaving: to search out new means of sustenance.

“The folks in this area had become very, very dependent on crops, like maize, and wild turkeys. Ultimately, I think that system backfired and collapsed on them,” she says.

But why did the system backfire? Why did the entire population collapse? For a while, archaeologists thought they had the single answer: a great drought.

This idea was born from ancient wooden beams found in Mesa Verde ruins, beams whose tree rings captured the exact date and climate conditions of the prehistoric time period. Andrew E. Douglass, the father of tree-ring dating, studied these beams and, in a 1929 National Geographic article evocatively titled “The Secret of the Southwest Solved by Talkative Tree-rings,” announced that he’d cleared up the mystery of the prehistoric migration. The beams, he wrote, showed evidence of a massive drought in the region from 1276 to 1299. Drought can be apocalyptic in the Mesa Verde region — soil turns to powder, trees hold less moisture than kiln-dried wood — and this one, it seemed, had led to a mass exodus.

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Scholars are skeptical of single-factor explanations. Could one drought, no matter how devastating, be enough to depopulate an entire region? But for decades, no one had the hard evidence to challenge the drought theory. “Interpretations were kind of all over the board,” says Kuckelman. That changed seventeen years ago, thanks to the work of a Ph.D. student named Carla Van West.

11. 彗星的pristine relics

The long-held perspective that comets are pristine remnants from the formation of the solar system has evolved from the prevailing views of 30 years ago, finds planetary scientist Dr. S. Alan Stern in a paper published in the journal Nature.

“It’s fair to say that a sea change has taken place,” says Stern, director of the Space Studies Department in the SwRI Space Science and Engineering Division. “We used to consider comets as wholly unchanged relics that had been stored ever since the era of solar system formation in a distant, cold, timeless deep freeze called the Oort cloud. We now appreciate that a variety of processes slowly modify comets during their storage there,” he says. “As a result, it’s become clear that the Oort cloud and its cousin the Kuiper Belt are not such perfect deep freezes.”

The first evolutionary process to be recognized as affecting comets during their long storage was radiation damage, followed by the discovery that sandblasting from dust grains in the interstellar medium plays an important role. Next, researchers theorized that comets in the Oort cloud are heated to scientifically significant temperatures by passing stars and supernovae, says Stern. More recently, researchers are finding that comets in the Kuiper Belt are heavily damaged by collisions.

“It also now seems inevitable that most comets from the Kuiper Belt, though constructed of ancient material, cannot themselves be ancient — instead they must be ‘recently’ created chips off larger Kuiper Belt Objects, formed as a result of violent impacts,” says Stern. “This is truly a paradigm shift. Many of the short-period comets we see aren’t even ancient!”

The classical view that comets do not evolve while they are stored far from the sun in the Oort cloud and Kuiper Belt began to change as far back as the 1970s, but the pace of discoveries about the way comets evolve picked up considerably in the 1980s and 1990s.

As a result of these findings, astronomers now better appreciate that comets, though still the most pristine bodies known, have been modified in several important ways since their birth, says Stern.

The realization that comets evolve during their long storage in the Oort cloud and Kuiper Belt provides insight and context to more confidently evaluate the results of astronomical and space mission observations of comets. So, too, it suggests that cometary sample return

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missions now on the drawing board for NASA should employ relatively deep subsurface sampling if truly pristine, ancient material is to be collected.

12. .法国二月革命

In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the February Days, as this revolt is called, have been largely ignored by social historians of the past two decades. For each of the three other major insurrections in nineteenth-century Paris―July 1830, June 1848, and May 1871―there exists at least a sketch of participants’ backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the reasons for the occurrence of the uprisings. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.

Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious. First, the insurrection of February has been overshadowed by that of June. The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama. Its successor, on the other hand, appeared to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as marking a historical departure. Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished. Second, like other “successful” insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most desirable kinds of historical records. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities’ efforts to search out and punish the rebels.

Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848. Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities. Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or in rare cases, of celebratory articles in contemporary periodicals. And it is true that the publicly acknowledged leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs. However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.

12.1. According to the passage, “a useful description of participants” (lines 11-12) exists for which of the following insurrections of nineteenth-century France?

I. The July Insurrection of 1830

II. The February Revolution of 1848

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III. The June insurrection of 1848

IV. The May insurrection of 1871

(A) I and III only

(B) II and IV only

(C) I, II, and III only

(D) I, III, and IV only

(E) II, III, and IV only

12.2. It can be inferred from the passage that support for the objectives of the February Revolution was

(A) negligible

(B) misguided

(C) fanatical

(D) spontaneous

(E) widespread

12.3. Which of the following, best describes the organization of the second paragraph?

(A) The thesis of the passage is stated and supporting evidence systematically presented.

(B) Two views regarding the thesis presented in the first paragraph are compared and contrasted.

(C) Evidence refuting the thesis presented in the first paragraph is systematically presented.

(D) The thesis presented in the first paragraph is systematically supported.

(E) The thesis presented in the first paragraph is further defined and a conclusion drawn.

12.4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers which of the following essential for understanding a revolutionary mobilization?

(A) A comprehensive theory of revolution that can be applied to the major insurrections of the nineteenth century

(B) Awareness of the events necessary for a revolution to be successful

(C) Access to narratives and memoirs written by eyewitnesses of a given revolution

(D) The historical perspective provided by the passage of a considerable amount of time

(E) Knowledge of the socioeconomic backgrounds of a revolution’s participants

12.5. Which of the following can be inferred about the “detailed judicial dossiers” referred to in line 49?

(A) Information contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a revolution’s participants.

(B) The dossiers closely resemble the narratives written by the revolution’s leaders in their personal memoirs.

(C) The information that such dossiers contain is untrustworthy and unrepresentative of a revolution’s participants.

(D) Social historians prefer to avoid such dossiers whenever possible because they are excessively detailed.

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(E) The February Revolution of 1848 produced more of these dossiers than did the June insurrection.

12.6. Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made in lines 38-39?

(A) The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830.

(B) The backgrounds and motivations of participants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been identified, however cursorily.

(C) Even less is known about the July insurrection of 1830 than about the February Revolution of 1848.

(D) Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during the May insurrection of 1871.

(E) The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance of the February Revolution of 1848.

12.7. With which of the following statements regarding revolution would the author most likely agree?

(A) Revolutionary mobilization requires a great deal of planning by people representing disaffected groups.

(B) The objectives of the February Revolution were more radical than those of the June insurrection.

(C) The process of revolutionary mobilization varies greatly from one revolution to the next.

(D) Revolutions vary greatly in the usefulness of the historical records that they produce.

(E) As knowledge of the February Revolution increases, chances are good that its importance will eventually eclipse that of the June insurrection.

答案：

13. 小说Mary Barton

Mary Barton, particularly in its early chapters, is a moving response to the suffering of the industrial worker in the England of the 1840’s. What is most impressive about the book is the intense and painstaking effort made by the author, Elizabeth Gaskell, to convey the experience of everyday life in working-class homes. Her method is partly documentary in nature: the novel includes such features as a carefully annotated reproduction of dialect, the exact details of food prices in an account of a tea party, an itemized description of the furniture of the Bartons’ living room, and a transcription (again annotated) of the ballad “The Oldham Weaver.” The interest of this record is considerable, even though the method has a slightly distancing effect.

As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as an outside observer and a reporter, and the reader of the novel is always conscious of this fact. But there is genuine imaginative re-creation in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys Fields, of tea at the Bartons’ house, and of John Barton and his friend’s discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the chapter “Poverty and Death.” Indeed, for a similarly convincing re-creation of such families’ emotions and responses (which are more crucial than the material

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details on which the mere reporter is apt to concentrate), the English novel had to wait 60 years for the early writing of D. H. Lawrence. If Gaskell never quite conveys the sense of full participation that would completely authenticate this aspect of Mary Barton, she still brings to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings that has its own sufficient conviction.

The chapter “Old Alice’s History” brilliantly dramatizes the situation of that early generation of workers brought from the villages and the countryside to the urban industrial centers. The account of Job Legh, the weaver and naturalist who is devoted to the study of biology, vividly embodies one kind of response to an urban industrial environment: an affinity for living things that hardens, by its very contrast with its environment, into a kind of crankiness. The early chapters―about factory workers walking out in spring into Green Heys Fields; about Alice Wilson, remembering in her cellar the twig-gathering for brooms in the native village that she will never again see; about Job Legh, intent on his impaled insects―capture the characteristic responses of a generation to the new and crushing experience of industrialism. The other early chapters eloquently portray the development of the instinctive cooperation with each other that was already becoming an important tradition among workers.

13.1. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward Gaskell’s use of the method of documentary record in Mary Barton?

(A) Uncritical enthusiasm

(B) Unresolved ambivalence

(C) Qualified approval

(D) Resigned acceptance

(E) Mild irritation

13.2. According to the passage, Mary Barton and the early novels of D. H. Lawrence share which of the following?

(A) Depiction of the feelings of working-class families

(B) Documentary objectivity about working-class circumstances

(C) Richly detailed description of working-class adjustment to urban life

(D) Imaginatively structured plots about working-class characters

(E) Experimental prose style based on working-class dialect

13.3. Which of the following is most closely analogous to Job Legh in Mary Barton, as that character is described in the passage?

(A) An entomologist who collected butterflies as a child

(B) A small-town attorney whose hobby is nature photography

(C) A young man who leaves his family’s dairy farm to start his own business

(D) A city dweller who raises exotic plants on the roof of his apartment building

(E) A union organizer who works in a textile mill under dangerous conditions

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13.4. It can be inferred from examples given in the last paragraph of the passage that which of the following was part of “the new and crushing experience of industrialism” (lines 46-47) for many members of the English working class in the nineteenth century?

(A) Extortionate food prices

(B) Geographical displacement

(C) Hazardous working conditions

(D) Alienation from fellow workers

(E) Dissolution of family ties

13.5. It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that Mary Barton might have been an even better novel if Gaskell had

(A) concentrated on the emotions of a single character

(B) made no attempt to re-create experiences of which she had no firsthand knowledge

(C) made no attempt to reproduce working-class dialects

(D) grown up in an industrial city

(E) managed to transcend her position as an outsider

13.6. Which of the following phrases could best be substituted for the phrase “this aspect of Mary Barton” in line 29 without changing the meaning of the passage as a whole?

(A) the material details in an urban working-class environment

(B) the influence of Mary Barton on lawrence’s early work

(C) the place of Mary Barton in the development of the English novel

(D) the extent of the poverty and physical suffering among England’s industrial workers in the 1840’s

(E) the portrayal of the particular feelings and responses of working-class characters

13.7. The author of the passage describes Mary Barton as each of the following EXCEPT:

(A) insightful

(B) meticulous

(C) vivid

(D) poignant

(E) lyrical

14. 冰川沉积物

Tills are commonly classified according to the perceived process of deposition. However, it is increasingly recognised that this classification, which is mainly based on macroscopic field data, has severe limitations. At the same time the concept of the deforming glacier bed has become more realistic as a framework for discussing tills and their properties, and this (tectonic) concept is irreconcilable with the existing (depositional) till classification scheme. Over the last 20 years large thin sections have been used to study tills, which has provided new insights into the textural and structural properties of tills. These results have revolutionised till sedimentology as they show that, in the main, subglacial tills possess deformational characteristics. Depositional properties are rare.

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Based on this new insight the process of subglacial till formation is discussed in terms of glacier/ice sheet basal velocity, clay, water and carbonate content and the variability of these properties in space and time. The end result of this discussion is: till, the deforming glacier bed. To distinguish subglacial till from depositional sediments the term ‘tectomict’ is proposed. Within the single framework of subglacial till as the deforming glacier bed, many textural, structural and geomorphological features of till beds can be more clearly and coherently explained and understood.

15. 云和气候变化预测

As of the late 1980’s, neither theorists nor large-scale computer climate models could accurately predict whether cloud systems would help or hurt a warming globe. Some studies suggested that a four percent increase in stratocumulus clouds over the ocean could compensate for a doubling in atmospheric carbon dioxide, preventing a potentially disastrous planetwide temperature increase. On the other hand, an increase in cirrus clouds could increase global warming.

That clouds represented the weakest element in climate models was illustrated by a study of fourteen such models. Comparing climate forecasts for a world with double the current amount of carbon dioxide, researchers found that the models agreed quite well if clouds were not included. But when clouds were incorporated, a wide range of forecasts was produced. With such discrepancies plaguing the models, scientists could not easily predict how quickly the world’s climate would change, nor could they tell which regions would face dustier droughts or deadlier monsoons.

15.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A) confirming a theory

(B) supporting a statement

(C) presenting new information

(D) predicting future discoveries

(E) reconciling discrepant findings

15.2. It can be inferred that one reason the fourteen models described in the passage failed to agree was that

(A) they failed to incorporate the most up-to-date information about the effect of clouds on climate

(B) they were based on faulty information about factors other than clouds that affect climate

(C) they were based on different assumptions about the overall effects of clouds on climate

(D) their originators disagreed about the kinds of forecasts the models should provide

(E) their originators disagreed about the factors other than clouds that should be included in the models

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15.3. It can be inferred that the primary purpose of the models included in the study discussed in the second paragraph of the passage was to

(A) predict future changes in the world’s climate

(B) predict the effects of cloud systems on the world’s climate

(C) find a way to prevent a disastrous planetwide temperature increase

(D) assess the percentage of the Earth’s surface covered by cloud systems

(E) estimate by how much the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere will increase

15.4. The information in the passage suggests that scientists would have to answer which of the following questions in order to predict the effect of clouds on the warming of the globe?

(A) What kinds of cloud systems will form over the Earth?

(B) How can cloud systems be encouraged to form over the ocean?

(C) What are the causes of the projected planetwide temperature increase?

(D) What proportion of cloud systems are currently composed of cirrus of clouds?

(E) What proportion of the clouds in the atmosphere form over land masses?

答案：

16. Supernova

Astronomers observe a supernova that is dimmer than expected because of dust screening，If a supernova (the explosion of a massive star) triggered star formation from dense clouds of gas and dust, and if the most massive star to be formed from the cloud evolved into a supernova and triggered a new round of star formation, and so on, then a chain of star-forming regions would result. If many such chains were created in a differentially rotating galaxy, the distribution of stars would resemble the observed distribute in a spiral galaxy.

This line of reasoning underlies an exciting new theory of spiral-galaxy structure. A computer simulation based on this theory has reproduced the appearance of many spiral galaxies without assuming an underlying density wave, the hallmark of the most widely accepted theory of the large-scale structure of spiral galaxies. That theory maintains that a density wave of spiral form sweeps through the central plane of a galaxy, compressing clouds of gas and dust, which collapse into stars that form a spiral pattern.

16.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) describe what results when a supernova triggers the creation of chains of star-forming regions

(B) propose a modification in the most widely accepted theory of spiral-galaxy structure

(C) compare and contrast the roles of clouds of gas and dust in two theories of spiral-galaxy structure

(D) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and contrast it with the most widely accepted theory

(E) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and discuss a reason why it is inferior to the most widely accepted theory

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16.2. The passage implies that, according to the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure, a spiral galaxy can be created by supernovas when the supernovas are

(A) producing an underlying density wave

(B) affected by a density wave of spiral form

(C) distributed in a spiral pattern

(D) located in the central plane of a galaxy

(E) located in a differentially rotating galaxy

16.3. Which of the following, if true, would most discredit the new theory as described in the passage?

(A)The exact mechanism by which a star becomes a supernova is not yet completely known and may even differ for different stars.

(B) Chains of star-forming regions like those postulated in the new theory have been observed in the vicinity of dense clouds of gas and dust.

(C) The most massive stars formed from supernova explosions are unlikely to evolve into supernovas.

(D) Computer simulations of supernovas provide a poor picture of what occurs just before a supernova explosion.

(E) A density wave cannot compress clouds of gas and dust to a density high enough to create a star.

答案：DEC

17. 鸟叫研究

Over the years, biologists have suggested two main pathways by which sexual selection may have shaped the evolution of male birdsong. In the first, male competition and intrasexual selection produce relatively short, simple songs used mainly in territorial behavior. In the second, female choice and intersexual selection produce longer, more complicated songs used mainly in mate attraction; like such visual ornamentation as the peacock’s tail, elaborate vocal characteristics increase the male’s chances of being chosen as a mate, and he thus enjoys more reproductive success than his less ostentatious rivals. The two pathways are not mutually exclusive, and we can expect to find examples that reflect their interaction. Teasing them apart has been an important challenge to evolutionary biologists.

Early research confirmed the role of intrasexual selection. In a variety of experiments in the field, males responded aggressively to recorded songs by exhibiting territorial behavior near the speakers. The breakthrough for research into intersexual selection came in the development of a new technique for investigating female response in the laboratory. When female cowbirds raised in isolation in sound-proof chambers were exposed to recordings of male song, they responded by exhibiting mating behavior. By quantifying the responses, researchers were able to determine what particular features of the song were most important. In further experiments on song sparrows, researchers found that when exposed to a single

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song type repeated several times or to a repertoire of different song types, females responded more to the latter. The beauty of the experimental design is that it effectively rules out confounding variables; acoustic isolation assures that the female can respond only to the song structure itself.

If intersexual selection operates as theorized, males with more complicated songs should not only attract females more readily but should also enjoy greater reproductive success. At first, however, researchers doing fieldwork with song sparrows found no correlation between larger repertoires and early mating, which has been shown to be one indicator of reproductive success; further, common measures of male quality used to predict reproductive success, such as weight, size, age, and territory, also failed to correlate with song complexity.

The confirmation researchers had been seeking was finally achieved in studies involving two varieties of warblers. Unlike the song sparrow, which repeats one of its several song types in bouts before switching to another, the warbler continuously composes much longer and more variable songs without repetition. For the first time, researchers found a significant correlation between repertoire size and early mating, and they discovered further that repertoire size had a more significant effect than any other measure of male quality on the number of young produced. The evidence suggests that warblers use their extremely elaborate songs primarily to attract females, clearly confirming the effect of intersexual selection on the evolution of birdsong.

17.1. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) showing that intrasexual selection has a greater effect on birdsong than does intersexual selection

(B) contrasting the role of song complexity in several species of birds

(C) describing research confirming the suspected relationship between intersexual selection and the complexity of birdsong

(D) demonstrating the superiority of laboratory work over field studies in evolutionary biology

(E) illustrating the effectiveness of a particular approach to experimental design in evolutionary biology

17.2. The author mentions the peacock’s tail in line 8 most probably in order to

(A) cite an exception to the theory of the relationship between intrasexual selection and male competition

(B) illustrate the importance of both of the pathways that shaped the evolution of birdsong

(C) draw a distinction between competing theories of intersexual selection

(D) give an example of a feature that may have evolved through intersexual selection by female choice

(E) refute a commonly held assumption about the role of song in mate attraction

17.3. According to the passage, which of the following is specifically related to intrasexual selection?

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(A) Female choice

(B) Territorial behavior

(C) Complex song types

(D) Large song repertoires

(E) Visual ornamentation

17.4. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly demonstrate the interaction mentioned in lines 11-13?

(A) Female larks respond similarly both to short, simple songs and to longer, more complicated songs.

(B) Male canaries use visual ornamentation as well as elaborate song repertoires for mate attraction.

(C) Both male and female blackbirds develop elaborate visual and vocal characteristics.

(D) Male jays use songs to compete among themselves and to attract females.

(E) Male robins with elaborate visual ornamentation have as much reproductive success as rivals with elaborate vocal characteristics.

17.5. The passage indicates that researchers raised female cowbirds in acoustic isolation in order to

(A) eliminate confounding variables

(B) approximate field conditions

(C) measure reproductive success

(D) quantify repertoire complexity

(E) prevent early mating

17.6. According to the passage, the song sparrow is unlike the warbler in that the song sparrow

(A) uses songs mainly in territorial behavior

(B) continuously composes long and complex songs

(C) has a much larger song repertoire

(D) repeats one song type before switching to another

(E) responds aggressively to recorded songs

17.7. The passage suggests that the song sparrow experiments mentioned in lines 37-43 failed to confirm the role of intersexual selection because

(A) females were allowed to respond only to the song structure

(B) song sparrows are unlike other species of birds

(C) the experiments provided no evidence that elaborate songs increased male reproductive success

(D) the experiments included the songs of only a small number of different song sparrows

(E) the experiments duplicated some of the limitations of previous field studies

答案：

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18. 恐龙灭绝和行星撞地球(逻辑)

Iridium, a hard, whitish metal similar to platinum, is extremely rare on Earth. Extremely high concentrations of iridium on Earth result from only two scenarios: massive volcanic eruptions that release iridium from deep within the Earth and meteorites that shower down on Earth from space. When scientists found concentrations of iridium 30 times higher than normal in rock stratum from 65 million years ago, they concluded that a massive meteor or comet hit the Earth and caused the massive extinction of the dinosaurs.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientist’s conclusion?

A. Volcanoes massive enough to generate high concentrations of iridium are very rare.

B. Massive volcanic eruptions occurred frequently 80 million years ago.

C. Most scientists support the hypothesis that a cosmic impact wiped out the dinosaurs.

D. The massive extinction that occurred 70 million years ago killed not only the dinosaurs but also 70 percent of all life on Earth.

E. A comet struck the earth some 120 million years ago, but no widespread extinction occurred.

答案：

19. Design–-Engineering：

Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers―using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.

The creative shaping process of a technologist’s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.

Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail “hard thinking,” nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of

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cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.

If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.

19.1. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologists

(B) stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design

(C) proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technology

(D) contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists

(E) criticizing engineering schools for emphasizing science in engineering curricula

19.2. It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are

(A) strengthened when they include courses in design

(B) weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to develop mathematical skills

(C) strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the courses

(D) strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control systems

(E) strong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinking

19.3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of lines 1-28 of the passage?

(A) When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair it.

(B) Each component of an automobile―for example, the engine or the fuel tank―has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that component’s function.

(C) A telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thought.

(D) The designer of a new refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators before deciding on its final form.

(E) The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer’s conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site.

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19.4.Which of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to the passage?

(A) The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technological developments must be derived from science ignores the many nonscientific decisions made by technologists.

(B) Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the success of technological development.

(C) As knowledge of technology has increased, the tendency has been to lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form, arrangement, and texture.

(D) A movement in engineering colleges toward a technician’s degree reflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once common among engineers.

(E) A technologist thinking about a machine, reasoning through the successive steps in a dynamic process, can actually turn the machine over mentally.

19.5 The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record “paradoxical” (lines 36-37) most probably because

(A) the publication needed drawings that its own staff could not make

(B) architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students

(C) college students were qualified to make the drawings while practicing engineers were not

(D) the drawings needed were so complicated that even students in architectural schools had difficulty making them

(E) engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record the development of their own discipline

19.6. According to the passage, random failures in automatic control systems are “not merely trivial aberrations” (lines 53) because

(A) automatic control systems are designed by engineers who have little practical experience in the field

(B) the failures are characteristic of systems designed by engineers relying too heavily on concepts in mathematics

(C) the failures occur too often to be taken lightly

(D) designers of automatic control systems have too little training in the analysis of mechanical difficulties

(E) designers of automatic control systems need more help from scientists who have a better understanding of the analytical problems to be solved before such systems can work efficiently

19.7. The author uses the example of the early models of high-speed railroad cars primarily to

(A) weaken the argument that modern engineering systems have major defects because of an absence of design courses in engineering curricula

(B) support the thesis that the number of errors in modern engineering systems is likely to increase

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(C) illustrate the idea that courses in design are the most effective means for reducing the cost of designing engineering systems

(D) support the contention that a lack of attention to the nonscientific aspects of design results in poor conceptualization by engineers

(E) weaken the proposition that mathematics is a necessary part of the study of design

答案：

20. 能源消费（逻辑）

Between 1970 and 1980, energy consumption by United States industry peaked and then declined, so that by 1980 total industrial use of energy was below the 1970 level even though total industrial output had grown substantially in the same period. Industry must have instituted highly effective energy conservation measures in those years to have achieved such impressive results.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion of the argument?

(A) Many industries switched to the greatest extent possible from high-priced oil to lower-priced alternatives throughout the 1970’s.

(B) Total residential energy consumption was higher in the United States in 1980 than it had been in 1970

(C) Many industrial users of energy had paid little attention to energy conservation prior to 1970.

(D) Industrial output grew less rapidly from 1970 to 1980 than it had from 1960 to 1970.

(E) The industries whose production dropped sharply during the 1970’s included a disproportionately large number of energy-intensive industries.

21. 地球冷暖周期通过石头含铁量推定

Recent studies of sediment in the North Atlantic’s deepwaters reveal possible cyclical patterns in the history of Earth’s climate. Therock fragments in these sediments are too large to have been transported thereby ocean currents; they must have reached their present locations by travelingin large icebergs that floated long distances from their point of origin beforemelting.

Geologist Gerard Bond noticed that some of the sedimentgrains were stained with ironoxide, evidence that they originated in localeswhere glaciers had overrun outcrops of red sandstone. Bond’s detailed analysisof deepwater sediment cores showed changes in the mix of sediment sources overtime: the proportion of these red-stained grains fluctuated back and forth fromlows of 5 percent to highs of about 17 percent, and these fluctuations occurredin a nearly regular 1,500-year cycle.

Bond hypothesized that the alternating cycles might beevidence of changes in ocean-water circulation and therefore in Earth’sclimate. He knew that the sources of the red-stained grains were generallycloser to the North Pole than were the places yielding a high

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proportion of“clean” grains. At certain times, apparently, more icebergs from the ArcticOcean in the far north were traveling south well into the North Atlantic beforemelting and shedding their sediment. Ocean waters are constantly moving, andwater temperature is both a cause and an effect of this movement. As watercools, it becomes denser and sinks to the ocean’s bottom. During some periods,the bottom layer of the world’s oceans comes from cold, dense water sinking inthe far North Atlantic. This causes the warm surface waters of the Gulf Streamto be pulled northward. Bond realized that during such periods, the influx ofthese warm surface waters into northern regions could cause a large proportionof the icebergs that bear red grains to melt before traveling very far into theNorth Atlantic. But sometimes the ocean’s dynamic changes, and waters from theGulf Stream do not travel northward in this way. During these periods, surfacewaters in the North Atlantic would generally be colder, permitting icebergsbearing red-stained grains to travel farther south in the North Atlantic beforemelting and depositing their sediment.

The onset of the so-called Little Ice Age (1300-1860),which followed the Medieval Warm Period of the eighth through tenth centuries,may represent the most recent time that the ocean’sdynamic changed in this way. If ongoing climate-history studies support Bond’shypothesis of 1,500-year cycles, scientists may establish a major natural rhythmin Earth’s temperatures that could then be extrapolated into the future.Because the midpoint of the Medieval Warm Period was about A.D. 850, anextension of Bond’s cycles would place the midpoint of the next warm intervalin the twenty-fourth century.

21.1. According to the passage, which of the following istrue of the rock fragments contained in the sediments studied by Bond?

A. The majority of them are composed of red sandstone.

B. They must have reached their present location over 1,500 years ago.

C. They were carried byicebergs to their present location.

D. Most of them were carried to their present location during a warm period inEarth’s climatic history.

E. They are unlikely to have been carried to their present location during theLittle Ice Age.

21.2. In the final paragraph of the passage (lines 27-33),the author is concerned primarily with

A. answering a question about Earth’s climatic history

B. pointing out a potential flaw in Bond’s hypothesis

C. suggesting a new focus for the study of ocean sediments

D. tracing the general history of Earth’s climate

E. discussing possibleimplications of Bond’s hypothesis

21.3. According to the passage, Bond hypothesized that whichof the following circumstances would allow red-stained sediment grains to reachmore southerly latitudes?

A. Warm waters being pulled northward from the GulfStream

B. Climatic conditions causing icebergs to melt relatively quickly

C. Icebergs containing a higher proportion of iron oxide than usual

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D. The formation of more icebergs than usual in the far north

E. The presence of coldsurface waters in the North Atlantic

21.4. It can be inferred from the passage that in sedimentcores from the North Atlantic’s deep waters, the portions that correspond tothe Little Ice Age

A.. differ very little in composition from theportions that correspond to the Medieval Warm Period

B. fluctuate significantly in composition between the portions corresponding tothe 1300s and the portions corresponding to the 1700s

C. would be likely tocontain a proportion of red-stained grains closer to 17 percent than to 5percent

D. show a much higher proportion of red-stained grains in cores extracted fromthe far north of the North Atlantic than in cores extracted from further south

E. were formed in part as

答案：CEEC

22. 飞鼠寻找食物

The objective of this study was to evaluate how northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) locate truffles (Gautieria monticola), a subterranean and ephemeral but primary food source. Thus, we evaluated the importance of three factors to the foraging behavior of northern flying squirrels: (i) olfactory chemicals that emanate from truffles; (ii) the presence of coarse woody debris (decaying logs), which are often associated with fungi; and (iii) we explored the potential role animal memory could play in truffle detection as well. In a foraging arena, squirrels successfully retrieved buried truffles that lacked aboveground cues in 19 of 30 trials and failed to search near treatments that lacked truffles altogether, confirming the importance of olfaction to squirrel foraging. However, squirrels also retrieved truffles that were associated most frequently with surface logs (27 of 30). In addition, the initial detection rate of the truffle + log treatment was significantly greater than the truffle-only treatment. Thus, although squirrels search for truffles primarily using olfaction, they may also benefit by searching near coarse woody debris on the forest floor as an aboveground cue to truffle locations. In addition, because 82% of Sierra Nevada truffle-fruiting locations that were marked in 1996 yielded truffles again the following 2 years, mycophagous animals like northern flying squirrels may benefit by memorizing fruiting locations and foraging at these same locations from year to year.

23. 戏剧家Lloyd Webber

A standard criticism of Lloyd Webber, especially from drama critics, is that his music is derivative―a gloss on his betters when it is not an outright theft. Since most drama critics are, to put it charitably, nonmusical, this is an odd criticism, and one that smacks of received opinion: “Puccini-esque” is a term one encounters often in criticism of Lloyd Webber’s music,

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but aside from “Growltiger’s Last Stand,” which parodies the first-act love duet from Madama Butterfly, there is precious little Puccini in Cats.

Indeed, Lloyd Webber has always been more highly regarded by music critics, who not only know the repertoire he is alleged to be pilfering, but also can place him correctly in a dramatic-operatic context. Far from being the love child of Puccini and Barry Manilow, as some would have it, Lloyd Webber is more correctly seen as a kind of latter-day Giacomo Meyerbeer, the king of the Paris Opera in the mid-19th century, whose name was synonymous with spectacle. But a little ignorance goes a long way, and with “Memory” the notion that Lloyd Webber is a secondhand pastiche artist―if not an outright plagiarist―got its start.

This is partly Lloyd Webber’s own fault. His melodies sometimes skirt perilously close to earlier classical and Broadway sources, and while the showbiz axiom that “good writers borrow, great writers steal” may well apply, it is also true that some of his tunes, both large and small, evoke earlier sources. As drama critic John Simon wrote after the première of Phantom: “It’s not so much that Lloyd Webber lacks an ear for melody as that he has too much of a one for other people’s melodies…. I predict that Gershwin and Rodgers, let alone Puccini and Ravel (another of his magnets), have nothing to fear from him.” Other critics have been less subtle: “Webber’s music isn’t so painful to hear, if you don’t mind its being so soiled from previous use,” wrote Michael Feingold of the Village Voice.

24. 蝴蝶产卵（逻辑）

Upon maturity,monarch butterflies travel hundreds of miles from their places of origin and lay their eggs on milkweed. The caterpillars that emerge feed on milkweed and absorb the glycosides in milkweed sap. The specific glycosides present in milkweed differ from region to region within the monarch butterfly’s range. Mature butterflies retain the glycosides in a mature monarch butterfly could be used to determine its place of origin.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Mature monarch butterflies do not feed on parts of milkweed that contain glycosides.

B. The glycosides in milkweed sap are slightly toxic to caterpillars of other species.

C. The vast majority of the monarch butterflies that are laying eggs in a given region will have traveled there from a single region.

D. There are substances other than glycosides in milkweed sap that accumulate in a monarch caterpillar and are retained in the body of the mature butterfly.

E. There are certain glycosides that are found in the sap of all milkweeds, no matter where they grow within the monarch butterfly’s range.

25. Sea Cow

The dis appearance of Steller’s sea cow from the Bering and Copper is lands by 1768 has long been blamed on intensive hunting. But its dis appearance took only 28 years from the time Steller first described the species, a remarkably short time for hunting alone to depopulate the is lands, especially given the large populations initially reported. However, by 1750, huntershad also targeted nearby sea otter populations . Fewer otters would have allowed s ea urchin

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populations on which the otterspreyed to expand and the urchins ‘ grazing pressure on kelp forests to increase. Sea cows were totally dependent on kelp for food, and within a decade of the onset of otter hunting Steller noted that the is lands’ sea cows appeared malnourished.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the pas s age about kelp forests in the Bering and Copper is lands between 1750 and 1768?

A. They were reduced significantly.

B. They disappeared entirely from the region.

C. They were the primary food source for sea otters .

D. They were harvested in record numbers by humans

E. They increased pressure on sea urchin populations.

2. According to the pas s age, it is likely that during the m id-1700s, s ea urchin populations near the Bering and Copper is lands

A. were diminished by sea cow predation

B. experienced substantial increases

C. migrated to waters with more plentiful food supplies

D. were reduced by the pressures of hunting

E. appeared to be malnourished

答案：AB

26. 舞蹈物理动作分析

Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer’s s kill. Although dancers seldom see themselves totally in physical term s ―as body mass moving through s pace under the influence of well-known forces and obeying physical

laws ―neither can they afford to ignore the physics of movement. For example, no matter how much a dancer wishes to leap off the floor and then s tart turning, the law of conservation of angular momentum absolutely prevents such a movement.

Some movements involving primarily vertical or horizontal motions of the body as a whole, in which rotations can be ignored, can be studied using simple equations of linear motion in three dimensions . However, rotational motions require more complex approaches that involve analyses of the way the body’s m as s is distributed, the axes of rotation involved in different types of

m t, and the sources of the forces that produce the rotational movement.

26.1 The primary purpose of the pas s age is to

(A) initiate a debate over two approaches to analyzing a field of study

(B) describe how one field of knowledge can be applied to another field

(C) point out the contradictions between two distinct theories

(D) define and elaborate on an accepted scientific principle

(E) discuss the application of a new theory within a new setting

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26.2. The author mentions all of the following as contributing to an understanding of the physics of dance EXCEPT:

(A) the law of conservation of angular momentum

(B) analyses of the way in which the body’s m as s is distributed

(C) equations of linear motion in three dimensions

(D) analyses of the sources that produce rotational motions

(E) the technical term s form ovements such as leaps and turns

26.3.The author implies that dancers can become more s killed by doing which of the following?

(A) Ignoring rotational movements

(B) Understanding the forces that perm it various movements

(C) Solving simple linear equations

(D) Learning the technical term s utilized by choreographers

(E) Circumventing the law of conservation of angular momentum

26.4.Analysis of which of the following would require the kind of complex approach described in the last sentence?

(A) A long leap across space

(B) As hort jump upward with a return to the s am e place

(C) As us tained and controlled turn in place

(D) Short, rapid steps forward and then backward without turning

(E) Quick s ides teps in a diagonal line

答案：BEBC

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