目　录

编写说明

List 1　第一天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 2　第二天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 3　第三天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 4　第四天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 5　第五天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 6　第六天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 7　第七天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

附录　新托福历年词汇题（单词题）全集

后记

7天搞定托福单词

无老师　编著

中国人民大学出版社

·北京·

图书在版编目（CIP）数据

7天搞定托福单词／无老师编著．—北京：中国人民大学出版社，2011.4

ISBN 978-7-300-13538-0

Ⅰ．①7　Ⅱ．①无　Ⅲ．①TOFFL－词汇－自学参考资料　Ⅳ．①H313

中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2011）第047550号

7天搞定托福单词

无老师　编著

7 Tian Gaoding Tuofu D anci

出版发行　中国人民大学出版社

社　　址　北京中关村大街31号　　　　邮政编码　100080

电　　话　010-62511242（总编室）　　010-62511398（质管部）

010-82501766（邮购部）　　010-62514148（门市部）

010-62515195（发行公司）　010-62515275（盗版举报）

网　　址　http://www.crup.com.cn

http://www.1kao.com.cn（中国1考网）

经　　销　新华书店

印　　刷

规　　格　148mm×210mm　32开本　　版　　次　2011年5月第1版

印　　张　0.00　　　　　　　　　　　印　　次　2011年5月第1次印刷

字　　数　000000　　　　　　　　　　定　　价　45.00元（含光盘一张）

版权所有　侵权必究　　印装差错　负责调换

编写说明

1．《7天搞定托福单词》这本书将所有托福真题文章的内容合并在一起进行词频统计。统计结束之后，无老师再将所有单词根据出现频率由高到低排列，使我们先背出现次数多的，保证了背诵的最高效率。为了提高新托福考试的单词在这本单词书中的排位，本书在统计之前就已经将新托福文章里的单词按照两次进行计算，保证考友们背的单词是最鲜活的单词。

2．在词频统计结束之后，由无老师亲自筛选单词，将我们都已很熟悉的单词，比如apple、the等简单的单词全部去掉。这样极大地减少了考友们需要背的单词量。

3．由于这本《7天搞定托福单词》里的单词是按照出现频率从高到低的次序排列的，因此极大地满足了不同考友的个性化需要。如果你需要考到100分以上，那么你就要把所有单词都背过，但是如果你仅需要考80分，那么你就可以不背出现频率为3次的单词，因为它们被考到的几率相对偏小。

4．在同一出现频率上，《7天搞定托福单词》也是打破了传统的排列方法，采用由Z～A的排列方式。这样可以防止在背诵时产生疲劳感。

5．无老师为了降低大家的劳动强度，还将同词根的所有单词放到了一起，以方便记忆。因为将单词进行扩展是很简单的，难就难在把这个单词背下来。把同词根的单词放到一起，保证了一个单词一旦背下来，相关的一系列单词也就记住了。

6．本单词书为了保持原汁原味，将单词在托福考试之中最常出现的形式作为默认显示方式列出，括号（　）之中的内容为单词的原形。

7．托福考试力求贴近生活，与国内考试的考试目的完全不同，因此国内考试会涉及的很多意项，在托福考试当中都不会考到。但是很多国内托福单词书，仅仅做了单词的罗列，根本没有列出考试之中常考什么不常考什么，结果就是我们经常有“这个单词背了，但是考试不考”的感觉。在这本书中，无老师对单词进行的解释均为在托福考试之中的常考意项，充分体现了“无老师了解托福界”这句话的本质。比如说since这个单词，在托福考试之中最常见的意思是“因为”，parallel这个单词有“相同，相似”的意项，等等，这些在其他托福单词书中都没有解决的问题，在本书之中一次性解决了。

8．本单词书之中所有的例句均为托福考试真题中出现的原句，保证本书每一个细节都是最贴近托福考试的。

9．某些单词虽然出现次数很多，但是要么是人名，要么是只在一篇文章之中出现，因而这部分单词其实是无效的，无老师将这些单词全部挑出，放在了单词书的最后面。这样做是为了减少大家的工作量，节省背单词的时间。

10．由于本书单词是按照词频从高到低的顺序排列的，我们不仅可以用来背单词，也可以把它当成考前冲刺单词复习用书。

下面的“实例讲解”清晰地展示了本书的使用细节，方便广大考生阅读。

实例讲解

在本书编写过程中，吕蕾、张靖娴、贾玉梅、江源、杨志、贾新颖、陈婧婧、贾明、赵敏、殷博、付静文、周传明、卢丹、李英、付立明、姜淑华等也参与了资料收集及部分编写工作，在此一并感谢。

特别鸣谢：“shirley”、“lanmingda”，“微型诗”等一众大陆、台湾、香港及北美地区新托福考友的倾情助力。

List 1　第一天

本天前测

在开始本章单词背诵之前，请先在10分钟之内完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

states (state [steɪt] ) n. 状况

deformed (deform [di:ˈfɔ:m] ) v. 使变形

plants (plant [plɑ:nt] ) n. 工厂

produced (produce [prəˈdju:s] ) v. 生产

cause [kɔ:z] n. 原因

sentence [ˈsentəns] v. 宣判

fossils (fossil [ˈfɒsl] ) n. 化石

term [tə:m] v. 把……称为

mass [mæs] n. 块

since [sɪns] conj. 因为

occur [əˈkɜ:] v. 发生

sediment [ˈsedɪmənt] n. 沉淀物

objects (object [ˈɒbdʒɪkt] ) v. 反对

structure [ˈstrʌktʃə] n. 结构

ancient [ˈeɪnʃənt] adj. 远古的

nest [nest] n. 巢

evidence [ˈevɪdəns] v. 证明

upper [ˈʌpə] adj. 上面的

urban [ˈə:bən] adj. 都市的

insects (insect [ˈɪnsekt] ) n. 昆虫

manufacturing (manufacture[ mænjʊˈfætʃə] ) vt./n.（大量）制造

established (establish [ɪsˈtæblɪʃ] ) v. 建立

relatively [ˈrelətɪvlɪ] adv. 相当地

colonial [kəˈləʊnjəl] adj. 殖民地的

meteorites (meteorite [ˈmi:tjəraɪt] ) n. 陨石

amount [əˈmaʊnt] n. 数（量）

goods [ɡʊdz] n. 货物

crafts (craft [krɑ:ft] ) n. 技艺，手艺

reflect [rɪˈflekt] v. 反射；反映

instruments (instrument [ˈɪnstrʊmənt] ) n. 乐器；器具

range [reɪndʒ] n. 山脉

carbon [ˈkɑ:bən] n. 碳

predators (predator [ˈpredətə] ) n. 掠夺者

gradually [ˈɡrædjʊəlɪ] adv. 慢慢地

democrats (democrat [ˈdeməkræt] ) n. 民主主义者

projects (project [ˈprɒdʒekt] ) n. 计划　v. 计划；投掷；突出；预计；推断

grain [ɡreɪn] n. 小颗粒

rural [ˈrʊər(ə)l] adj. 乡下的

remove [rɪˈmu:v] v. 去掉

currents (current [ˈkʌrənt] ) n. 气流

impulses (impulse [ˈɪmpʌls] ) n. 冲动

survive [səˈvaɪv] v. 幸存

skeletons (skeleton [ˈskelɪtən] ) n. 骨骼

deposits (deposit [dɪˈpɒzɪt] ) n. 存款

physical [ˈfɪzɪkəl] adj. 身体的

acorns (acorn [ˈeɪkɔ:n] ) n. 橡树果

spot [spɒt] n. 斑点

volcanic [vɒlˈkænɪk] adj. 火山的

renaissance [rəˈneɪsəns] n. 复活

feathers (feather [ˈfeðə] ) n. 羽毛

crust [krʌst] n. 地壳

390 states (state [steɪt] ) n. 状况，状态　v. 陈述

56 statements (statement [ˈsteɪtmənt] ) n. 陈述

Example: Various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain.

311 form [fɔ:m] n. 形状　v. 形成

5 deformed (deform [di:ˈfɔ:m] ) v. 使变形；使成畸形

3 reform [rɪˈfɔ:m] v. 改造；改革　n. 改良

Example: Some mountains were formed as a result of these plates crashing into each other and forcing up the rock at the plate margins.

281 plants (plant [plɑ:nt] ) n. 植物，工厂　v. 种植

10 plantation [plænˈteɪʃən] n. 种植园，大农场

3 transplanted (transplant [trænsˈplɑ:nt] ) v. 移居，迁移

Example: Animal dung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.

275 mentioned (mention [ˈmenʃən] ) v. 提到

Example: In 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321.

274 century [ˈsentʃurɪ] n. 世纪；百年

Example: Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.

274 author [ˈɔ:θə] n. 作者

11 authority [ɔ:ˈθɒrɪtɪ] n. 专家，威信

Example: The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.

248 species [ˈspi:ʃɪz]（单复数同型）n. 种类；人类

3 subspecies [ˈsʌb spi:ʃi:z] n. 亚种

Example: Some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue.

226 art [ɑ:t] n. 艺术

Example: Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact.

191 produced (produce [prəˈdju:s] ) v. 生产　n. 产品

69 production [prəˈdʌkʃən] n. 生产

53 products (product [ˈprɒdəkt] ) n. 产品

25 reproduction [ˌri:prəˈdʌkʃən] n. 生殖；复制

16 reproduce [ˌri:prəˈdju:s] v. 繁殖；翻拍；复制

10 productivity [ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvətɪ] n. 生产力

6 productive [prəˈdʌktɪv] adj. 多产的

6 reproductive [ˈri:prəˈdʌktɪv] adj. 再生的；复制的

Example: Other...may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce block mountains.

167 increase [ɪnˈkri:s] v. 增加

Example: To increase the society's prosperity...

150 cause [kɔ:z] v. 导致　n. 原因

Example: Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.

136 regions (region [ˈri:dʒən] ) n. 区域

Example: It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4, 500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3, 500～4, 500 meters in the moist tropics.

131 sentence [ˈsentəns] v. 宣判　n. 句子

Example: Where would the sentence best fit?

129 population [ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 居民；人口

Example: Have populations that are unstable been in response to climate conditions?

124 study [ˈstʌdɪ] v. 研究　n. 研究

Example: It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt.

124 fossils (fossil [ˈfɒsl] ) n. 化石

9 fossilization [ˌfɒsəlaɪ'zeɪʃən] n. 化石作用

7 fossilized (fossilize ['fɒsəlaɪz] ) v. 使成化石

Example: Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.

121 theory [ˈθɪərɪ] n. 理论，……论

11 theorists (theorist [ˈθɪərɪst] ) n. 理论家

4 theorized (theorize [ˈθɪəraɪz] ) v. 建立理论；理论化

Example: According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression.

121 term [tə:m] v. 把……称为　n. 学期，任期

Example: During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig Party.

121 artists (artist [ˈɑ:tɪst] ) n. 艺术家

40 artistic [ɑ:ˈtɪstɪk] adj. 艺术的；美术的

Example: For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for...

117 design [dɪˈzaɪn] v. 设计

6 designers (designer [dɪˈzaɪnə] ) n. 设计者

Example: Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.

113 source [sɔ:s] n. 来源，根源

Example: This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.

110 environment [ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt] n. 环境

7 environmentalists (environmentalist [ɪn vaɪrənˈmentəlɪst] ) n. 环境保护论者

Example: Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.

108 period [ˈpɪərɪəd] n. 时期

6 periodic [pɪərɪˈɒdɪk] adj. 定期的

5 periodically [ˌpɪərɪˈɒdɪk(ə)lɪ] adv. 周期性地；偶尔

Example: In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity.

107 society [səˈsaɪətɪ] n. 社会

Example: Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to govern other members of society.

107 activities (activity [ækˈtɪvɪtɪ] ) n. 行动；活动

Example: There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes.

106 mass [mæs] n. 块　adj. 大规模的

Example: The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater.

105 since [sɪns] conj. 因为，从……至今

Example: Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

105 emotions (emotion [ɪˈməʊʃən] ) n. 情绪

35 emotional [ɪˈməuʃənl] adj. 情绪的

Example: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions...

105 communities (community [kəˈmju:nɪtɪ] ) n. 人群，很多个体的集合体，社区

Example: Each SMSA would contain at least one central city with 50, 000 inhabitants or more or two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50, 000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15, 000.

104 organisms (organism [ˈɔ:ɡənɪzəm] ) n. 生物

5 microorganisms (microorganism [ˈmaɪkrəʊˈɔ:gənɪz(ə)m] ) n. 微生物

Example: We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.

102 process [prəˈses] n. 过程　v. 加工；处理，办理

Example: In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.

101 individual [ɪndɪˈvɪdjʊəl] n. 个人，个体　adj. 个别的

4 individualism [ɪndɪˈvɪdjʊəlɪz(ə)m] n. 利己主义

Example: Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods.

101 effect [ɪˈfekt] n. 结果　v. 造成

34 effective [ɪˈfektɪv] adj. 有效的

4 effectiveness [ɪˈfektɪvnɪs] n. 效力

Example: But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.

101 culture [ˈkʌltʃə] n. 文化；耕种　v. 耕种

35 cultural [ˈkʌltʃər(ə)l] adj. 有修养的，有文化的

Example: The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures.

99 occur [əˈkɜ:] v. 发生，出现

8 occurrences (occurrence [əˈkʌrəns] ) n. 发生，事件

Example: They occur at the end of a succession.

99 include [ɪnˈ klu:d] v. 包括，包含

4 inclusion [ɪnˈklu:ʒən] n. 内含，内含物

Example: Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

98 provide [prəˈvaɪd] v. 提供

Example: The land under wind turbines can be used for grazing cattle and other purposes, and leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and ranchers.

98 indicate [ˈɪndɪkeɪt] v. 指出

11 indications (indication [ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃən] ) n. 指出；迹象

Example: To indicate that trance states were often associated with activities that took place inside caves,...

96 sediment [ˈsedɪmənt] n. 沉淀物，沉积

10 sedimentary [ˌsedɪˈmentərɪ] adj. 沉积的

7 sedimentation [ˌsedɪmenˈteɪʃən] n. 沉淀作用；沉降

Example: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment.

96 pressure [ˈpreʃə(r)] n. 压力　v. 对……施加压力；迫使

Example: Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

96 particular [pəˈtɪkjulə] adj. 特别的，独有的

Example: She needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.

95 influence [ˈɪnfluəns] v. 影响　n. 影响

5 influential [ˌɪnfluˈenʃəl] adj. 有影响的

Example: Impacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and seriously influence the evolution of life all over the planet.

94 modern [ˈmɒdən] adj. 现代的，时髦的

Example: To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to the laws of physics,...

94 impact [ˈɪmpækt] v. 影响；撞击　n. 作用，冲击

Example: If an impact is large enough, it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe.

93 heat [hi:t] v. 把……加热；使激动　n. 热，高潮，热度

Example: Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment and turn the organic remains into petroleum.

93 objects (object [ˈɒbdʒɪkt] ) v. 反对，抗议　n. 物体；目标

3 objective [əbˈdʒektɪv] adj. 客观的，外在的　n. 目的，实物

Example: They engraved animal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.

90 types (type [taɪp] ) n. 类型　v. 作为代表，打字

Example: They may have used figurines to portray an ideal type or to express a desire for fertility.

90 power [ˈpaʊə] n. 力；势力；权力　v. 使……有力量，激励

4 hydropower [ˈhaɪdrəʊ paʊə] n. 水力发出的电力

Example: In the future, wind power is likely to become a major source of the world's energy supply.

90 major [ˈmeɪdʒə] adj. 主要的，大部分的　n. 主修专业

12 majority [məˈdʒɒrɪtɪ] n. 多数，大多数

Example: The technology is in place for a major expansion of wind power worldwide.

90 gas [ɡæs] n. 气体

4 gasoline [ˈɡæsəli:n] n. 汽油

3 outgassing [ˈaʊtɡæsɪŋ] n. 除气作用

Example: These periods are times when wind turbines are powered by hydrogen gas.

88 cave [keɪv] n. 洞穴　v. 挖洞

5 caverns (cavern [ˈkævən] ) n. 巨穴

Example: Scholars have wondered about the meaning of the subjects, location, and overpainting of Lascaux cave images.

87 techniques (technique [tekˈni:k] ) n. 技巧；技法

Example: Artists developed special techniques for painting the walls.

87 structure [ˈstrʌktʃə] n. 结构，构造　v. 建筑，组织

15 structural [ˈstrʌktʃərəl] adj. 结构的，建筑的

Example: The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.

87 rapid [ˈræpɪd] adj. 迅速的，急促的　n. 急流

Example: A very dehydrated person,... cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication.

86 ocean [ˈəuʃən] n. 海洋

8 oceanic [ˌəuʃɪˈænɪk] adj. 海洋的

3 oceanographers (oceanographer [ˌəʊʃɪəˈnɒgrəfə(r)] ) n. 海洋学者

Example: It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean.

86 ancient [ˈeɪnʃənt] adj. 远古的，年老的

Example: To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone,...

86 contained (contain [kənˈteɪn] ) v. 包含

12 containers (container [kənˈteɪnə] ) n. 容器；集装箱

Example: The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water.

84 glaciers (glacier [ˈɡleɪsjə] ) n. 冰河

30 glacial [ˈɡleɪsjəl] adj. 冰的；冰河的

6 glaciation [ˌgleɪsɪˈeɪʃən] n. 冰蚀

3 interglacial [ˌɪntəˈɡleɪʃəl] n. 两个冰河世纪之间的温暖时间段

Example: Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.

82 theater [ˈθɪətə(r)] n. 剧场；电影院

Example: They produced and prerecorded the material that was shown in the theaters.

81 conditions (condition [kənˈdɪʃən] ) n. 情况；环境

Example: In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions.

81 behavior [bɪˈheɪvjə] n. 行为，举止

6 behavioral [bɪˈheɪvjər(ə)l] adj. 行为的

Example: When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior.

80 variety [vəˈraɪətɪ] n. 变化，多样性

68 various [ˈvεərɪəs] adj. 各种的

50 vary [ˈveərɪ] v. 改变，变更，变化

4 variables (variable [ˈveərɪəb(ə)l] ) n. 变数，可变物

4 invariably [ɪnˈveərɪəb(ə)lɪ] adv. 不变地，一定地

Example: Facial expressions and emotional states interact with each other through a variety of feedback mechanisms.

80 nest [nest] n. 巢　v. 造巢

Example: Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water.

80 characteristics (characteristic [ˌkærɪktəˈrɪstɪk] ) n. 特性，特色　adj.特有的

30 characterized (characterize [ˈkærɪktəraɪz] ) v. 赋予特色

Example: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form.

79 government [ˈɡʌvənmənt] n. 政府

4 governing (govern [ˈɡʌvən] ) v. 统治；决定

Example: In contrast to the Democrats, the Whigs favored government aid for education.

79 energy [ˈenədʒɪ] n. 精力；精神

5 energetic [ˌenəˈdʒetɪk] adj. 精力充沛的

Example: Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy.

78 involve [ɪnˈvɒlv] v. 包括

5 involvement [ɪnˈvɒlvmənt] n. 包含

Example: Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea.

78 essential [ɪˈsenʃəl] adj. 重要的，本质的

14 essentially [ɪˈsenʃəlɪ] adv. 实质上；本来

Example: The paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony.

77 movement [ˈmu:vmənt] n. 运动；运转

Example: A united, highly successful labor movement took shape.

77 evidence [ˈevɪdəns] v. 证明　n. 证据，迹象

Example: Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives.

77 European [ˌjʊərəˈpi:ən] adj. 欧洲的　n. 欧洲人

Example: Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.

76 national [ˈnæʃənəl] n. 国民　adj. 国家的

Example: Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands.

76 location [ləʊˈkeɪʃən] n. 位置

43 located (locate [ləʊˈkeɪt] ) v. 找出，位于

Example: Limiting drilling to accessible locations,...

76 aggressive [əˈɡresɪv] adj. 侵犯的；有进取精神的

40 aggression [əˈɡreʃən] n. 进攻；侵略

4 aggressiveness [əˈgresɪvnɪs] n. 侵犯；进取

Example: When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.

75 upper [ˈʌpə] adj. 上面的，上级的

Example: Ekman's observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress.

75 atmosphere [ˈætməsfɪə] n. 大气；气氛

13 atmospheric [ˌætməsˈferɪk] adj. 大气的

Example: The explosion lifted about 100 trillion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to the surface.

74 iron [ˈaɪən] n. 铁；熨斗　adj. 铁的

Example: Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder.

74 facial [ˈfeɪʃəl] adj. 脸的，脸部的

Example: A person's facial expression may reflect the person's emotional state.

72 clay [kleɪ] n. 黏土

Example: The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.

71 urban [ˈə:bən] adj. 都市的

4 urbanization [ˌɜ:bənaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 都市化

Example: Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.

71 painting [peɪntɪŋ] n. 画，绘画

29 painters (painter [ˈpeɪntə] ) n. 漆工

29 painted (paint [peɪnt] ) v. 油漆；画

3 overpainting [ˌəʊvəˈpeɪntɪŋ] n.（油画）覆盖色，复绘

Example: In Southwest France in the 1940's, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals.

71 economic [ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk] adj. 经济上的；合算的

62 economy [i(:)ˈkɒnəmɪ] n. 经济

11 economically [i:kəˈnɔmɪkəlɪ] adv. 节俭地

6 economical [ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪkəl] adj. 节俭的

Example: To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation,...

70 popular [ˈpɒpjʊlə] adj. 受欢迎的，流行的

Example: Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being.

68 technology [tekˈnɒlədʒɪ] n. 技术，工艺

24 technological [ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 技术的，工艺的

Example: The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen.

68 layer [ˈleɪə] n. 层；地层　v. 分层堆积

Example: The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge, movable segments, called plates, which float on a soft plastic layer of rock.

68 insects (insect [ˈɪnsekt] ) n. 昆虫

Example: Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.

68 ability [əˈbɪlətɪ] n. 能力；才能

Example: Ekman argued that the ability to accurately recognize the emotional content of facial expressions was valuable for human beings.

67 generally [ˈdʒenərəlɪ] adv. 通常，普遍地，逐渐地；一般来说

Example: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra.

67 applied (apply [əˈplaɪ] ) vi. 使用；适用于　vt. 使用

12 application [ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 申请（表，书）

Example: To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations,...

66 transportation [ˌtrænspɔ:ˈteɪʃən] n. 运输

35 transport [trænsˈpɔ:t] v. 传送，运输

Example: Transportation networks began to decline.

66 methods (method [ˈmeθəd] ) n. 方法；秩序

Example: The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time.

66 manufacturing (manufacture [ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃə] ) vt. / n.（大量）制造

3manufacturers (manufacturer [ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərə] ) n. 制造商

Example: After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.

66 contributed (contribute [kənˈtrɪbju:t] ) v. 有助于

12 contributions (contribution [ˌkɒntrɪˈbju:ʃən] ) n. 贡献

Example: Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes.

63 quality [ˈkwɒlətɪ] n. 品质，特质

Example: They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.

63 marine [məˈri:n] adj. 海的；航海的；海产的

6 submarine [ˈsʌbməri:n] n. 海底生物

Example: Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud.

63 mammals (mammal [ˈmæməl] ) n. 哺乳动物

Example: The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines.

61 established (establish [ɪsˈtæblɪʃ] ) v. 建立，制定

10 establishment [ɪsˈtæblɪʃmənt] n. 确立；设施

Example: Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire.

60 extinction [ɪksˈtɪŋkʃən] n. 消失

35 extinct [ɪksˈtɪŋkt] adj. 灭绝的

Example: This break in Earth's history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct.

60 complex [ˈkɒmpleks] adj. 复杂的，合成的　n. 复合物，综合体

9 complexity [kəmˈpleksɪtɪ] n. 复杂，复杂性

Example: Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.

60 climate [ˈklaɪmɪt] n. 气候

17 climatic [klaɪˈmætɪk] adj. 气候上的

Example: We know that over the past 1000 years the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention.

59 relatively [ˈrelətɪvlɪ] adv. 相当地；比较而言

14 relative [ˈrelətɪv] adj. 相对的，有关系的

Example: To suggest that wind turbines result in relatively few bird deaths,...

59 Jupiter [ˈdʒu:pɪtə] n. 木星

Example: The world anxiously watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter.

58 native [ˈneɪtɪv] adj. 本国的；本地的；与生俱来的

Example: Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans, camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.

58 erosion [ɪˈrəʊʒən] n. 冲蚀，侵蚀

32 erode [ɪˈrəud] v. 腐蚀；侵蚀

Example: Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.

58 contrast [ˈkɒntræst] n. 对比；差异；对照，相反　v. 使对比，使对照

Example: To contrast them to desert mammals,...

58 construction [kənˈstrʌkʃən] n. 建造，建造物

21 constructed (construct [kənˈstrʌkt] ) vt. 建造

8 reconstruct [ˈri:kənˈstrʌkt] vt. 重建

6 reconstruction [ˈri:kənˈstrʌkʃən] n. 重建

4 constructive [kənˈstrʌktɪv] adj. 建设性的

Example: It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.

58 architecture [ˈɑ:kɪtektʃə] n. 建筑学

31 architectural [ˌɑ:kɪˈtektʃərəl] adj. 建筑学的

17 architects (architect [ˈɑ:kɪtekt] ) n. 建筑师

Example: To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.

57 supply [səˈplaɪ] vt. 供给

Example: To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply,...

57 colonial [kəˈləʊnjəl] adj. 殖民地的

39 colonies (colony [ˈkɒlənɪ] ) n. 殖民地

3 colonized (colonize [ˈkɒlənaɪz] ) vt. 建立殖民地

3 colonization [ˌkɒlənaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 殖民；殖民地化

Example: During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States.

56 valley [ˈvælɪ] n. 山谷

Example: In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.

56 meteorites (meteorite [ˈmi:tjəraɪt] ) n. 陨石

Example: Twice in the twentieth century, large meteorite objects are known to

have collided with Earth.

56 factors (factor [ˈfæktə] ) n. 因素

Example: Various environmental factors may play a role.

56 desert [ˈdezət] n. 沙漠

25 desertification [ˌdezətɪfɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 沙漠化

Example: Many factors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recent decades.

56 appear [əˈpɪə] vi. 出现

32 appearance [əˈpɪərəns] n. 出现

17 disappear [ˌdɪsəˈpɪə] vi. 消失

Example: Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression.

56 amount [əˈmaʊnt] n. 数（量）　vi.（to）合计

Example: There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag.

55 summary [ˈsʌmərɪ] n. 总结　adj. 摘要的

3 summarize [ˈsʌməraɪz] v. 总结，概括

Example: Calculating a numerical summary of each solution,...

55 stored (store [stɔ:] ) vt. 贮藏　n. 商店

7 storefront [ˈstɔ:frʌnt] n. 店面

Example: Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored.

55 political [pəˈlɪtɪkəl] a. 政治的

16 politicians (politician [pɒlɪˈtɪʃən] ) n. 政治家

Example: The Democratic and Whig Parties developed in response to the needs of competing economic and political constituencies.

55 plates (plate [pleɪt] ) n. 盘子；平板

3 plateau [ˈplætəʊ] n. 高原

Example: In the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.

55 goods [ɡʊdz] n. 货物，商品

Example: This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.

55 exposed (expose [ɪksˈpəʊz] ) vt. 暴露

10 exposition [ˌekspəˈzɪʃən] n. 讲解；展览会

3 exposure [ɪkˈspəʊʒə] n. 暴露

Example: The exposed rocks are attacked by the various weather processes and gradually broken down into fragments, which are then carried away and later deposited as sediments.

55 elements (element [ˈelɪmənt] ) n. 元素；组成成分

Example: It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch.

55 complete [kəmˈpli:t] v. 使齐全；完成　adj. 完整的

32 completely [kəmˈpli:tlɪ] adv. 完整地；彻底地

8 incomplete [ˌɪnkəmˈpli:t] adj. 不完全的

4 complement [ˈkɒmplɪmənt] n. 补足物

Example: Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes.

55 based (base [beɪs] ) n. 基础　vt.（on）建在……的基础上

Example: Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical

laws.

55 advantage [ədˈvɑ:ntɪdʒ] n. 优势；好处

9 disadvantage [ˌdɪsədˈvɑ:ntɪdʒ] n. 不利（条件）

4 advantageous [ˌædvənˈteɪdʒəs] adj. 有利的

Example: Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places.

54 rarely [ˈreəlɪ] adv. 很少

Example: They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.

54 rate [reɪt] n. 比率，率　vt. 评估　vi. 被评价

Example: Given the aquifer's low recharge rate, its use for irrigation is causing water tables to drop and will eventually lead to its depletion.

54 protected (protect [prəˈtekt] ) v. 保护

16 protection [prəˈtekʃən] n. 保护，保卫

Example: Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.

54 pheromones (pheromone [ˈferə məʊn] ) n. 外激素

Example: The information contained in pheromones,...

54 features (feature [ˈfi:tʃə] ) n. 特征，特色

Example: It is a nonselective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals—whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals—have in common.

54 expressions (expression [ɪkˈspreʃən] ) n. 表达，措辞

52 expressed (express [ɪkˈspres] ) n. 快递　v. 表达，表示

8 expressive [ɪkˈspresɪv] adj. 表达的

Example: The differences between the written and oral modes of expression are not without consequences for an understanding of Native American literature.

54 defined (define [dɪˈfaɪn] ) v. 给（词语等）下定义；阐明（某事）

17 definition [ˌdefɪˈnɪʃən] n. 定义

Example: The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

53 local [ˈləʊkəl] n. 当地居民，本地人　adj. 当地的；地方的

7 localized (localize [ˈləʊkəlaɪz] ) v. 使局部化；使具地方色彩

4 locally [ˈləʊkəlɪ] adv. 当地地；地方地

Example: National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings.

53 mark [mɑ:k] v. 做记号于；标明　n. 痕迹；污点；记号

4 markedly [mɑ:ktlɪ] adv. 显著地；明显地

Example: The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous Lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration.

53 ecosystems (ecosystem [ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm] ) n. 生态系统

Example: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.

53 crafts (craft [krɑ:ft] ) n. 技艺，手艺

10 craftspeople [ˈkrɑ:fts pi:pl] n. 艺术家

6 handcrafted [ˈhænd krɑ:ftɪd] adj. 手工制作的

3 craftsmanship [ˈkrɑ:ftsmənʃɪp] n. 技能；技术

Example: The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England—especially Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition.

52 experience [ɪksˈpɪərɪəns] n. 经验，经历　v. 经历；感受

Example: Even the most mundane beads may have traveled great distances and　been exposed to many human experiences.

51 reflect [rɪˈflekt] v. 反射；反映

7 reflection [rɪˈflekʃən] n. 反射；倒影

Example: Their products, primarily silver plates and bowls, reflected their exalted status and testified to their customers’ prominence.

51 origins (origin [ˈɒrɪdʒɪn] ) n. 起源；起因

40 original [əˈrɪdʒənəl] n. 原物，原作　adj. 最初的，独创的

Example: They are of more recent origin than the Laetoli prints.

51 literature [ˈlɪtərɪtʃə] n. 文学；著作

Example: Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making.

51 instruments (instrument [ˈɪnstrʊmənt] )　n. 乐器；器具

7 instrumental [ˌɪnstrəˈmentl] adj. 仪器的

Example: For a century and a half the piano has been one of the most popular solo instruments for Western music.

51 identified (identify [aɪˈdentɪfaɪ] ) v. 确认；识别

4 identifiable [aɪˈdentɪfaɪəbl] adj. 可认明的；可识别的

Example: To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West,...

50 substances (substance [ˈsʌbstəns] ) n. 物质，主旨

Example: Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their external environment.

50 role [rəʊl] n. 角色；作用，任务

play a...role 起到了一个……样的作用

Example: They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individual effort was ineffective.

55 range [reɪndʒ] n. 山脉，范围，行列　v. 排列，使并列

7 ranged [reɪndʒd] adj. 排列的

6 ranging [ˈreɪndʒɪŋ] n. 测距；距离修正

Example: Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.

50 quantities (quantity [ˈkwɒntɪtɪ] ) n. 量，总数

Example: Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris.

50 primarily [ˈpraɪmərɪlɪ] adv. 首先；首要地；起初

25 primary [ˈpraɪmərɪ] n. 首选　adj. 主要的，根本的

Example: In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw.

50 considered (consider [kənˈsɪdə] ) v. 考虑；认为

23 considerable [kənˈsɪdərəbl] adj. 可观的，相当的

4 considerably [kənˈsɪdərəbəlɪ] adv. 相当地

Example: Some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

50 aspect [ˈæspekt] n. 方面，外观

Example: We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.

50 approach [əˈprəʊtʃ] n. 方法；接近　v. 靠近，接近

Example: Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports.

49 pacific [pəˈsɪfɪk] adj. 和解的；温和的

Pacific [pəˈsɪfɪk] n. 太平洋　adj. 太平洋的

Example: The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment.

49 grasses (grass [ɡrɑ:s] ) n. 草，草原　v. 使吃草，放牧

4 grasshoppers (grasshopper [ˈɡrɑ:shɒpə] ) n. 蚱蜢；轻型飞机

3 grassland [ˈɡrɑ:slænd] n. 牧草地；草原

Example: In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.

49 carbon [ˈkɑ:bən] n. 碳

8 carbohydrates (carbohydrate [ˈkɑ:bəʊˈhaɪdreɪt] ) n. 碳水化合物，糖类

6 carbonate [ˈkɑ:bəneɪt] n. 碳酸盐　v. 使变成碳酸盐

3 carboniferous [ˌkɑ:bəˈnɪfərəs] adj. 含碳或煤的

3 carbonic [kɑ:ˈbɒnɪk] adj. 碳的；由碳得到的

Example: Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycle.

48 Whigs (Whig [wɪɡ] ) n. 辉格党（英国历史上的一个政党）

Example: The Democratic and Whigs Parties developed in response to the needs of competing economic and political constituencies.

48 predators (predator [ˈpredətə] ) n. 掠夺者，食肉动物

4 predatory [ˈpredətərɪ] adj. 掠夺的，捕食生物的

4 predation [prɪˈdeɪʃən] n. 动物的捕食行为

Example: First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers.

48 particles (particle [ˈpɑ:tɪkl] ) n. 粒子，极小量

Example: The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders.

48 forces (force [fɔ:s] ) n. 力量，势力，武力　v. 强迫，推动

16 forced [fɔ:st] adj. 强迫的；不得已的

Example: To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1930s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.

48 advanced (advance [ədˈvɑ:ns] ) n. 前进；增长　v. 使向前移动；推进　adj. 先行的

3 advancement [ədˈvɑ:nsmənt] n. 前进；促进；进展

Example: Some 800 years ago, Alaska's Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 500 years later.

47 squares (square [skweə] ) n. 广场；方形物　adj. 正方形的；平方的

Example: Steam was accumulated in a large, double-acting vertical cylinder, but the steam reached only a few pounds of pressure per square inch.

47 rise [raɪz] n. 上升，上涨，增加　v. 上升，上涨

Example: Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.

47 gradually [ˈɡrædjʊəlɪ] adv. 慢慢地；渐渐地

Example: Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods.

47 frequently [ˈfri:kwəntlɪ] adv. 频繁地，屡次地

11 frequent [ˈfri:kwənt] adj. 时常发生的

Example: Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.

47 diversity [daɪˈvɜ:sɪtɪ] n. 差异；多样性

17 diverse [daɪˈvɜ:s] adj. 不同的；变化多的

5 diversions (diversion [daɪˈvɜ:ʃən] ) n. 转移

Example: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable.

47 democrats (democrat [ˈdeməkræt] ) n. 民主主义者

9 democratic [ˌdeməˈkrætɪk] adj. 民主的

Example: In contrast to the Democrats, the Whigs favored government aid for education.

46 style [staɪl] n. 风格，作风　v. 称呼；设计

5 stylized (stylize [ˈstaɪlaɪz] ) v. 使风格化

3 stylistic [staɪˈlɪstɪk] adj. 格式上的

Example: The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces.

46 significant [sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt] adj. 重要的

17 significance [sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns] n. 重要性；意义

15 significantly [sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntlɪ] adv. 意味深长地；值得注目地

Example: The design of an object is considered more significant than its function.

46 projects (project [ˈprɒdʒekt] ) n. 计划　v. 计划；投掷；突出；预计；推断

31 projection [prəˈdʒekʃən] n. 发射；突出部分；计划

11 projector [prəˈdʒektə] n. 放映机

Example: The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen.

46 preserved (preserve [prɪˈzɜ:v] ) v. 保存，保藏

17 preservation [ˌprezə(:)ˈveɪʃən] n. 保存，保护

Example: Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.

46 grain [ɡreɪn] n. 小颗粒；谷物　v. 使成粒状

Example: In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them.

45 whale [weɪl] n. 鲸

Example: Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food.

45 thus [ðʌs] adv. 如此，因此

Example: Inevitably, the practical functions that shelters are designed to fulfill play a strong role in determining their appearance and thus, in part, their artistic character.

45 shape [ʃeɪp] n. 外形，形态　v. 使成形；塑造

37 shapes [ʃeɪps] n. 外形，形态

Example: Florida gars are sometimes confused with a similarly shaped but unrelated needlefish, which are marine but commonly enter freshwater.

45 relationship [rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp] n. 关系，关联

Example: Scientists have discovered that for the last 160, 000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet.

45 lack [læk] n. 欠缺；不足　v. 缺乏，不足

12 lacked [lækd] v. 欠缺；不足

6 lacks [læks] n. 欠缺；不足

Example: American producers often lacked knowledge about the necessary equipment for the transition to sound films.

45 galaxies (galaxy [ˈɡæləksɪ] ) n. 星系；银河

Example: Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galaxy and in other galaxies as well.

45 draw [drɔ:] n. 平局；吸引人的事物　v. 取，画

Example: This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.

45 discovered (discover [dɪsˈkʌvə] ) v. 发现；找到

Example: The best-known specimens are the remarkable tracks discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leaky.

45 decades (decade [ˈdekeɪd] ) n. 十年

Example: Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades.

44 labor [ˈleɪbə] n. 劳工；劳动

3 laborious [ləˈbɔ:rɪəs] adj. 费力的，吃力的

3 laborer [ˈleɪbərə] n. 劳动者

Example: The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron, hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor.

44 function [ˈfʌŋkʃən] n. 功能　v. 活动；运行

20 functional [ˈfʌŋkʃənl] adj. 功能的；实用的

4 functionalism [ˈfʌNkʃənəlɪzəm] n. 功能主义

Example: Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself.

44 craters (crater [ˈkreɪtə] ) n. 火山口

Example: Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon.

43 sculpture [ˈskʌlptʃə] n. 雕刻，雕刻品　v. 雕刻

5 sculptural [ˈskʌlptʃərəl] adj. 雕刻的，雕刻般的

6 sculptures [ˈskʌlptʃəs] n. 雕像，雕刻品

Example: In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.

43 rural [ˈrʊər(ə)l] adj. 乡下的，乡村风味的

Example: Local studies indicate that nearly three-quarters of the population—in the North and South, in the emerging cities of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West—changed their residence each decade.

43 replaced (replace [rɪ(:)ˈpleɪs] ) v. 取代

Example: To maintain the cave system, the elements of fire under ice must remain in equilibrium, enough snow must fill the crater each year to replace that melted from below.

43 held (hold [həʊld] ) v. 认为；握着

Example: Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when they are compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers.

43 dioxide [daɪˈɒksaɪd] n. 二氧化物

Example: We assume that volcanoes spewed out the same gasses then as they do today: mostly water vapor (about 80 percent), carbon dioxide (about ten percent), and up to a few 10 percent nitrogen.

43 cetaceans (cetacean [sɪˈteɪʃjən] )　n. 鲸

Example: Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans.

42 organic [ɔ:ˈɡænɪk] adj. 器官的，组织的；有机的

8 organs (organ [ˈɔ:ɡən] ) n. 器官

3 organically [ɔ:ˈɡænɪklɪ] adv. 有机耕作地

Example: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment.

42 remove [rɪˈmu:v] v. 去掉；移动

6 removing [rɪˈmu:vɪŋ] n. 拆迁；消除

4 removal [rɪˈmu:vəl] n. 移动；搬迁

Example: In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions.

42 entire [ɪnˈtaɪə] adj. 全体的，全部的

Example: For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.

42 depended (depend [dɪˈpend] ) v. 依靠；相信

11 dependent [dɪˈpendənt] n. 依赖他人者　adj. 依赖的，从属的

3 interdependence [ˌɪntədɪˈpendəns] n. 互相依赖

Example: Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges.

42 currents (current [ˈkʌrənt] ) n. 气流；倾向；电流　adj. 当前的；流行的

Example:Example: Their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial.

42 adapted (adapt [əˈdæpt] ) v. 使适应；改写

21 adaptations (adaptation [ˌædæpˈteɪʃən] ) n. 适应；改写本；改编

3 adaptive [əˈdæptɪv] adj. 适合的；适应的

3 adaptability [ədæptəˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 顺应性；适合性

Example: Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adapt at avoiding them.

41 steam [sti:m] n. 蒸气

7 steamboats (steamboat [ˈsti:mbəʊt] ) n. 汽船，轮船

Example: In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive steam.

41 folk [fəʊk] n. 人们　adj. 民间的，民众的

Example: A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly selfsufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.

41 fibers (fiber [ˈfaɪbə] ) n. 纤维

Example: Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts".

41 feet [fi:t] n. 脚；英尺

Example: Today, well over a century later, there is still little direct evidence of what lies beneath our feet.

41 drilling (drill [drɪl] ) n. 钻，钻头　v. 钻，钻孔

Example: Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.

41 act [ækt] n. 法案　v. 扮演；举动像……

Example: A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides information concerning how people think and act.

40 wire [ˈwaɪə] n. 电线

Example: Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containing magnesium wire and some oxygenrich substance, such as potassium chlorate.

40 remains (remain [rɪˈmeɪn] ) v. 剩下；保持不变

Example: After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience.

40 related (relate [rɪˈleɪt] ) v. 将（两事物）联系起来

11 relation [rɪˈleɪʃən] n. 关系

Example: The TVA is a unique institution in that it brings all the water-related functions of the federal government under a single body.

40 impulses (impulse [ˈɪmpʌls] ) n. 冲动；刺激；脉冲

Example: Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses).

40 illustrate [ˈɪləstreɪt] v. 举例说明，阐明

6 illustrations (illustration [ˌɪləsˈtreɪʃən] ) n. 例证，插图

Example: Three of the answer choices below are used in the passage to illustrate constructive processes and two are used to illustrate destructive processes.

40 huge [hju:dʒ] adj. 巨大的

Example: As the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.

40 emphasize [ˈemfəsaɪz] v. 强调

12 emphasis [ˈemfəsɪs] n. 对……的强调，加强

Example: Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.

39 survive [səˈvaɪv] v. 活下来，幸存

30 survival [səˈvaɪvəl] n. 留住生命，生存

Example: In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections.

39 settlers (settler [ˈsetlə] ) n. 移民者

11 settle [ˈsetl] v. 决定；安放

24 settlement [ˈsetlmənt] n. 解决；殖民

Example: It made it increasingly possible for settlers to obtain land in the West.

39 paleolithic [ˌpælɪəʊˈlɪθɪk] adj. 旧石器时代的

Example: Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.

39 interest [ˈɪntrɪst] n. 利息；利益；嗜好　v. 使感兴趣

Example: The Democratic Party primarily represented the interests of the market, banks, and commerce.

39 demonstrate [ˈdemənstreɪt] v. 论证，证明

Example: This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.

39 artisans (artisan [ˌɑ:tɪˈzæn] ) n. 工匠；技工

Example: Unlike modern industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels.

39 affected (affect [əˈfekt] ) v. 影响

Example: Historian David Donald has written,"Social atomization affected every segment of society", and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded".

38 skeletons (skeleton [ˈskelɪtən] ) n. 骨骼；梗概　adj. 骨骼的；概略的

Example: The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.

38 plains (plain [pleɪn] )　n. 平原，草原　adj. 简单的

Example: The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

38 oxygen [ˈɒksɪdʒən] n. 氧

Example: The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment.

38 interior [ɪnˈtɪərɪə] n. 内部，内政　adj. 内的，内侧的

Example: Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems.

38 engines (engine [ˈendʒɪn] ) n. 引擎

18 engineering [ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ] n. 工程

Example: To provide evidence that airplane engines have studied the design of fish bodies...

38 electricity [ɪlekˈtrɪsɪtɪ] n. 电，电学，电流

15 electrical [ɪˈlektrɪk(ə)l] adj. 与电有关的，用电的

13 electric [ɪˈlektrɪk] adj. 导电的，电动的

Example: In 1994 there were nearly 20, 000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3, 000 megawatts of electricity.

38 deposits (deposit [dɪˈpɒzɪt] ) n. 存款；堆积物

3 deposition [ˌdepəˈzɪʃən] n. 罢免；宣誓作证

Example: Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

38 crows (crow [krəʊ] ) n. 乌鸦；欢呼声　v. 啼，报晓

Example: When it comes to substantive—particularly behavioral—information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor to cite one obvious example.

38 continue [kənˈtɪnju:] v. 继续，延长

15 continuous [kənˈtɪnjʊəs] adj. 连续的，连续不断的

4 continuum [kənˈtɪnjʊəm] n. 连续

3 continuity [ˌkɒntɪˈnju:ɪtɪ] n. 连续性

Example: Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate.

38 cells (cell [sel] ) n. 单元，电池

6 celled [seld] adj. 含有某种或若干小细胞的

Example: Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines.

38 attract [əˈtrækt] v. 引起

24 attractive [əˈtræktɪv] adj. 吸引人的

6 attraction [əˈtrækʃən] n. 吸引

Example: Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.

37 private [ˈpraɪvɪt] adj. 私人的，私立的

Example: With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private.

37 physical [ˈfɪzɪkəl] adj. 身体的，自然的，物质的　n. 体格检查

6 physicists (physicist [ˈfɪzɪsɪst] ) n. 物理学者

Example: Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects.

37 gathering (gather [ˈɡæðə] ) v. 使聚集

Example: Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation.

37 dyes (dye [daɪ] ) n. 染料；染色　v. 染，染色

Example: Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.

37 decline [dɪˈklaɪn] n. 下降；衰退　v. 下降，下跌

Example: Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society.

37 consisting (consist [kənˈsɪst] ) v. 组成，构成

15 consistent [kənˈsɪstənt] adj. 一致的，并立的

Example: The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.

36 tunas (tuna [ˈtju:nə] ) n. 金枪鱼

Example: Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills.

36 responses (response [rɪsˈpɒns] ) n. 反应，响应

Example: The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.

36 specific [spɪˈsɪfɪk] n. 特性　adj. 特殊的，明确的

3 specifically [spɪˈsɪfɪkəlɪ] adv. 特别地；具体地

Example: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.

36 promote [prəˈməʊt] v. 晋升；促进

5 promotion [prəˈməʊʃən] n. 晋级，增进

Example: The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.

36 audience [ˈɔ:djəns] n. 观众，听众

Example: They not only hide the real face of the mask wearer but they often evoke powerful emotions in the audience—anger, fear, sadness, joy.

36 acorns (acorn [ˈeɪkɔ:n] ) n. 橡树果

Example: Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots.

35 traditional [trəˈdɪʃən(ə)l] adj. 传统的

28 tradition [trəˈdɪʃən] n. 传统，惯例

Example: If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense.

35 stability [stəˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 稳定，稳定性

Example: In the years following 1820, after several decades of relative stability, the economy entered a period of sustained and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the nineteenth century.

35 spot [spɒt] n. 斑点，斑块　v. 点缀，认出

Example: The pale, smooth desert plain provides a perfect backdrop for spotting meteorites, which are usually dark brown or black.

35 sculptors (sculptor [ˈskʌlptə(r)] ) n. 雕刻家

Example: He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and literature.

35 obtained (obtain [əbˈteɪn] ) v. 得到，获得

Example: Blues were obtained from indigo, which was widely...

35 nitrogen [ˈnaɪtrədʒən] n. 氮

Example: The Earth's atmosphere, by comparison, is mainly nitrogen, with a fair amount 5 of oxygen as well.

35 melting (melt [melt] ) v. 融化；溶化

Example: The resulting internal heat keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface.

35 landscape [ˈlændskeɪp] n. 风景，地容地貌

Example: Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles.

35 evolution [ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃən] n. 进化，进展

16 evolutionary [ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃənərɪ] adj. 发展的；渐进的

Example: They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason—in this case, for flight.

35 eventually [ɪˈventjʊəlɪ] adv. 最后；终于

Example: The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds.

35 distinguished (distinguish [dɪsˈtɪŋɡwɪʃ] ) v. 区别……；辨认出

Example: Still, the proclivity to play hot distinguished the jazz musician from other instrumentalists.

35 core [kɔ:] n. 争论的核心，果心

Example: Their composition is thought to be similar to that of Earth's iron core and indeed they might have once made up the core of a large planetoid that disintegrated long ago.

35 composed (compose [kəmˈpəʊz] ) v. 组成；作曲

30 composition [ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən] n. 写作；作品

16 composers (composer [kɒmˈpəʊzə] ) n. 作曲家，设计者

Example: They are composed of iron and nickel along with sulfur, carbon, and traces of other elements.

34 volcanic [vɒlˈkænɪk] adj. 火山的

10 volcanoes (volcano [vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ] ) n. 火山

Example: These hominids walked across a stretch of moist volcanic ash, which was subsequently turned to mud by rain, and which then set like concrete.

34 vast [vɑ:st] adj. 巨大的，非常的

Example: When heated, the mixture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes.

34 trail [treɪl] n. 痕迹；足迹；跟踪

Example: When a bloodhound trails a human being, what does it actually smell? The human body, which consists of about 60 trillion living cells, sheds exposed skin at a rate of 50 million cells a day.

34 renaissance [rɪˈneɪsəns] n. 复活，文艺复兴

Example: The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920's, marked the twentieth century's first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and music in the United States.

34 religious [rɪˈlɪdʒəs] adj. 宗教性的

9 religion [rɪˈlɪdʒən] n. 宗教；宗教团体

Example: The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.

34 reactions (reaction [rɪ(:)ˈækʃən] )　n. 反应

9 react [rɪˈækt] v. 对……做出反应

Example: As the children's book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructive enough to allay adult distrust of fiction, American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812 with the British.

34 petroleum [pɪˈtrəʊlɪəm] n. 石油

Example: Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.

34 observations (observation [ˌəbzɜ:ˈveɪʃən] ) n. 观察

Example: A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.

34 oak [əʊk] n. 橡树

Example: An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.

34 normally [ˈnɔ:məlɪ] adv. 正规地，正常地

Example: Normally, the remains of a plant or animal are completely destroyed through predation and decay.

34 focus [ˈfəʊkəs] n. 焦点；中心　v. 使聚焦，聚焦在

Example: These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life.

34 flight [flaɪt] n. 飞行；飞跃

Example: Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.

34 feathers (feather [ˈfeðə] ) n. 羽毛

Example: By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats.

34 evolved (evolve [ɪˈvɒlv] ) v. 逐渐形成；进化

Example: Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air.

34 estimated (estimate [ˈestɪmeɪt] ) v. 估计

Example: In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash.

34 crust [krʌst] n. 地壳；外壳

4 crustal [ˈkrʌstəl] adj. 地壳的

Example: Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface.

34 conflict [ˈkɒnflɪkt] n. 冲突，矛盾　v. 矛盾，冲突

Example: Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.

本天乱序

在本章单词背诵结束后，请完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

attraction [əˈtrækʃən] n. 吸引

distinguished (distinguish [dɪsˈtɪŋɡwɪʃ] ) v. 区别……；辨认出

core [kɔ:] n. 争论的核心，果心

volcanoes (volcano [vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ] ) n. 火山

physicists (physicist [ˈfɪzɪsɪst] ) n. 物理学者

vast [vɑ:st] adj. 巨大的，非常的

trail [treɪl] n. 痕迹；足迹；跟踪

gas [ɡæs] n. 气体

economical [ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪkəl] adj. 节俭的

popular [ˈpɒpjʊlə] adj. 受欢迎的，流的行的

technology [tekˈnɒlədʒɪ] n. 技术，工艺的

majority [məˈdʒɒrɪtɪ] n. 多数，大多数

technological[ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 技术的，工艺的

layer [ˈleɪə] n. 层；地层　v. 分层堆积

insects (insect [ˈɪnsekt] ) n. 昆虫

ability [əˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 能力；才能

generally [ˈdʒenərəlɪ] adv. 通常，普遍地，逐渐地；一般来说

applied (apply [əˈplaɪ] ) vi. 使用；适用于　vt. 使用

application [ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 申请（表，书）

produced (produce [prəˈdju:s] ) v. 生产　n. 产品

reproduction [ˌri:prəˈdʌkʃən] n. 生殖；复制

various [ˈvεərɪəs] adj. 各种的

invariably [ɪnˈveərɪəb(ə)lɪ] adv. 不变地，一定地

nest [nest] n. 巢　v. 造巢

characteristics (characteristic [ˌkærɪktəˈrɪstɪk] ) n. 特性，特色　adj. 特有的

reproductive [ˈri:prəˈdʌktɪv] adj. 再生的；复制的

increase [ɪnˈkri:s] v. 增加

cause [kɔ:z] v. 导致　n. 原因

regions (region [ˈri:dʒən] ) n. 区域

sentence [ˈsentəns] v. 宣判　n. 句子

population [ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 居民；人口

study [ˈstʌdɪ] v. 研究　n. 研究

fossils (fossil [ˈfɒsl] ) n. 化石

oceanographers（oceanographer[ˌəʊʃɪəˈnɒɡrəfə(r)] n. 海洋学者

indications (indication [ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃən] ) n. 指出；迹象

sediment [ˈsedɪmənt] n. 沉淀物，沉积

theory [ˈθɪərɪ] n. 理论，……论

architecture [ˈɑ:kɪtektʃə] n. 建筑学

theorists (theorist [ˈθɪərɪst] ) n. 理论家

term [tə:m] v. 把……称为　n. 学期，任期

artists (artist [ˈɑ:tɪst] ) n. 艺术家

design [dɪˈzaɪn] v. 设计

designers (designer [dɪˈzaɪnə] ) n. 设计者

illustrations (illustration [ˌɪləsˈtreɪʃən] ) n. 例证，插图

huge [hju:dʒ] adj. 巨大的

emphasize [ˈemfəsaɪz] v. 强调

survival [səˈvaɪvəl] n. 留住生命，生存

settlement [ˈsetlmənt] n. 解决；殖民

paleolithic [ˌpælɪəʊˈlɪθɪk] adj. 旧石器时代的

functionalism [ˈfʌNkʃənəlɪzəm] n. 功能主义

interest [ˈɪntrɪst] n. 利息；利益；嗜好　v. 使感兴趣

demonstrate [ˈdemənstreɪt] v. 论证，证明

artisans（artisan [ɑ:tɪˈzæn] ) n. 工匠；技工

affected (affect [əˈfekt] ) v. 影响

skeletons (skeleton [ˈskelɪtən] ) n. 骨骼；梗概　adj. 骨骼的；概略的

plains (plain [pleɪn] ) n. 平原，草原　adj. 简单的

oxygen [ˈɒksɪdʒən] n. 氧

interior [ɪnˈtɪərɪə] n. 内部，内政　adj. 内的，内侧的

engines (engine [ˈendʒɪn] ) n. 引擎

engineering [ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ] n. 工程

electricity [ɪlekˈtrɪsɪtɪ] n. 电，电学，电流

extinct [ɪksˈtɪŋkt] adj. 灭绝的

complex [ˈkɒmpleks] adj. 复杂的，合成的　n. 复合物，综合体

electrical [ɪˈlektrɪk(ə)l] adj. 与电有关的，用电的

appear [əˈpɪə] vi. 出现

projector [prəˈdʒektə] n. 放映机

preserved (preserve [prɪˈzɜ:v] ) v. 保存，保藏

advancement [ədˈvɑ:nsmənt] n. 前进；促进；进展

squares (square [skweə] ) n. 广场；正方形的；平方的

rise [raɪz] n. 上升，上涨，增加　v. 上方形物　adj. 升，上涨

gradually [ˈɡrædjʊəlɪ] adv. 慢慢地；渐渐地

frequently [ˈfri:kwəntlɪ] adv. 频繁地，屡次地

deposition [ˌdepəˈzɪʃən] n. 罢免；宣誓作证

crows (crow [krəʊ] ) n. 乌鸦；欢呼声　v. 啼，报晓

continuity [ˌkɒntɪˈnju:ɪtɪ] n. 连续性

cells (cell [sel] ) n. 单元；电池

celled [seld] adj. 含有某种或若干小细胞的

attract [əˈtrækt] v. 引起

adaptive [əˈdæptɪv] adj. 适合的；适应的

artistic [ɑ:ˈtɪstɪk] adj. 艺术的；美术的

private [ˈpraɪvɪt] adj. 私人的，私立的

structural [ˈstrʌktʃərəl] adj. 结构的，建筑的

physical[ˈfɪazɪkəl] dj. 身体的，自然的，物质的　n. 体格检

查traditional [trəˈdɪʃən(ə)l] adj. 传统的

colonization [ˌkɒlənaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 殖民；殖民地化

definition [ˌdefɪˈnɪʃən] n. 定义

local [ˈləʊkəl] n. 当地居民，本地人　adj. 当地的；地方的

localized (localize [ˈləʊkəlaɪz] ) v. 使局部化；使具地方色彩

removal [rɪˈmu:vəl] n. 移动；搬迁

adaptability [əˌdæptəˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 顺应性；适合性

steam [sti:m] n. 蒸气　attractive [əˈtræktɪv] adj. 吸引人的

tradition [trəˈdɪʃən] n. 传统，惯例

stability [stəˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 稳定，稳定性

spot [spɒt] n. 斑点，斑块　v. 点缀；认出

sculptors (sculptor [ˈskʌlptə(r)] ) n. 雕刻家

emotional [ɪˈməʊʃənl] adj. 情绪的

obtained (obtain [əbˈteɪn] ) v. 得到，获得

nitrogen [ˈnaɪtrədʒən] n. 氮

continuous[kənˈtɪnjʊəs] adj. 连续连续不断的

stylized (stylize [ˈstaɪlaɪz] ) v. 使风格化

melting (melt [melt] ) v. 融化；溶化

landscape [ˈlændskeɪp] n. 风景，地容地貌

evolution [ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃən] n. 进化，进展

predatory[ˈpredətərɪ] adj. 掠夺的，捕食生物的

complement [ˈkɒmplɪmənt] n. 补足物

reconstruction [ˈri:kənˈstrʌkʃən] n. 重建

periodic [pɪərɪˈɒdɪk] adj. 定期的

eventually [ɪˈventjʊəlɪ] adv. 最后；终于

react [rɪˈækt] v. 对……做出反应

petroleum [pɪˈtrəʊlɪəm] n. 石油

observations (observation[ˌəbzɜ:ˈveɪʃən] ) n. 观察

oak [əʊk] n. 橡树

normally [ˈnɔ:məlɪ] adv. 正规地，正常地

focus [ˈfəʊkəs] n. 焦点；中心　v. 使聚焦，聚焦在

flight [flaɪt] n. 飞行；飞跃

feathers (feather [ˈfeðə] ) n. 羽毛

evolved (evolve [ɪˈvɒlv] ) v. 逐渐形成；进化

transportation [ˌtrænspɔ:ˈteɪʃən] n. 运输

estimated (estimate [ˈestɪmeɪt] ) v. 估计

crust [krʌst] n. 地壳

conflict [ˈkɒnflɪkt] n. 冲突

source [sɔ:s] n. 来源，根源

environmentalists (environmentalist [ɪnˌvəɪərənˈmentlɪst] ) n. 环境保护论者

period [ˈpɪərɪəd] n. 时期

settle [ˈsetl] v. 决定；安放

society [səˈsaɪətɪ] n. 社会

activities (activity [ækˈtɪvɪtɪ] ) n. 行动；活动

mass [mæs] n. 块　adj. 大规模的

since [sɪns] conj. 因为，从……至今

emotions (emotion [ɪˈməʊʃən] ) n. 情绪

communities (community [kəˈmju:nɪtɪ] ) n. 人群，很多个体的集合体，社区

organisms (organism [ˈɔ:ɡənɪzəm] ) n. 生物

microorganisms (microorganism [ˌmaɪkrəʊˈɔ:gənɪz(ə)m] ) n. 微生物

process [prəˈses] n. 过程　v. 加工；处理，办理

individual [ˌɪndɪˈvɪdjʊəl] n. 人，个体　adj. 个别的

cultural [ˈkʌltʃər(ə)l] adj. 有修养的，有文化的

storefront [ˈstɔ:frʌnt] n. 店面

political [pəˈlɪtɪkəl] adj. 政治的

occur [əˈkɜ:] v. 发生，出现

sedimentation [ˌsedɪmenˈteɪʃən] n. 沉淀作用；沉降

pressure [ˈpreʃə(r)] n. 压　v. 对……施加压力；迫使

particular [pəˈtɪkjʊlə] adj. 特别的，独

particularinfluence [ˈɪnflʊəns] v. 影响　n. 影响

fossilization [ˌfɒsəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 化石作用

incomplete [ˌɪnkəmˈpli:t] adj. 不完全的

settlers (settler [ˈsetlə] ) n. 移民者

constructive [kənˈstrʌktɪv] adj. 建设性的

modern [ˈmɒdən] adj. 现代的，时髦的

impact[ˈɪmpækt] v. 影响；撞击　n. 作用，冲击

renaissance [rəˈneɪsəns] n. 复活，文艺复兴

religious [rɪˈlɪdʒəs] adj. 宗教性的

productivity [ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvɪtɪ] n. 生产力

vary [ˈveərɪ] v. 改变，变更；变化

religion [rɪˈlɪdʒən] n. 宗教；宗教团体

reactions (reaction [rɪ(:)ˈækʃən] ) n. 反应

economy [i(:)ˈkɒnəmɪ] n. 经济

caverns (cavern [ˈkævən] ) n. 巨穴

techniques (technique [tekˈni:k] ) n. 技巧；技法

structure [ˈstrʌktʃə] n. 结构，构造　v. 建筑，组织

rapid d[ˈræpɪd] adj. 迅速的，急促的急流　n. 急流

ocean [ˈəʊʃən] n. 海洋

production [prəˈdʌkʃən] n. 生产

ancient [ˈeɪnʃənt] adj. 远古的，年老的

contained (contain [kənˈteɪn] ) v. 包含

composed (compose [kəmˈpəʊz] ) v. 组成；作曲

glaciation [ˌgleɪsɪˈeɪʃən] n. 冰蚀

interglacial [ˌɪntəˈɡleɪʃəl] n. 两个冰河世纪之间的温暖时间段

theater [ˈθɪətə(r)] n. 剧场；电影院

conditions (condition [kənˈdɪʃən] ) n. 情况；环境

behavior [bɪˈheɪvjə] n. 行为，举止

variety [vəˈraɪətɪ] n. 变化，多样性

considerably [kənˈsɪdərəbəlɪ] adv. 相当地

aspect [ˈæspekt] n. 方面，外观

approach [əˈprəʊtʃ] n. 方法；接近　v. 靠近，接近

pacific [pəˈsɪfɪk] adj. 和解的；温和的

emphasis [ˈemfəsɪs] n. 对……的强调，加强

survive [səˈvaɪv] v. 活下来，幸存

characterized (characterize[ˈkærɪktəraɪz] ) v. 赋予特色

government [ˈɡʌvənmənt] n. 政府

es sentially [ɪˈsenʃəlɪ] adv. 实质上；本来

movement [ˈmu:vmənt] n. 运动；运转

evidence [ˈevɪdəns] v. 证明　n. 证据，迹象

diversions (diversion [daɪˈvɜ:ʃən] ) n. 转移

democrats (democrat [ˈdeməkræt] ) n. 民主主义者

reconstruct [ˈri:kənˈstrʌkt] vt. 重建

submarine [ˈsʌbməri:n] n. 海底生物

considerable [kənˈsɪdərəbl] adj. 可观的，相当的

European [ˌjʊərəˈpi(:)ən] adj. 欧洲的　n. 欧洲人

located (locate [ləʊˈkeɪt] ) v. 找出，位于

aggressive [əˈɡresɪv] adj. 侵犯的；有使进取精神的

carbonate [ˈkɑ:bəneɪt] n. 碳酸盐　v. 变成碳酸盐

atmospheric [ˌætməsˈferɪk] adj. 大气的

iron [ˈaɪən] n. 铁；熨斗　adj. 铁的

variables (variable [ˈvεərɪəbl] ) n. 变数，可变物

productive [prəˈdʌktɪv] adj. 多产的

energetic [ˌenəˈdʒetɪk] adj. 精力充沛的

involve [ɪnˈvɒlv] v. 包括

economically [i:kəˈnɔmɪkəlɪ] adv. 节俭地

heat [hi:t] v. 把……加热；使激动　n. 热，高潮，热度

objects（object [ˈɒbdʒɪkt] ) v. 反对，抗议　n. 物体；目标

reflection [rɪˈflekʃən] n. 反射；倒影

origins (origin [ˈɔrɪdʒɪn] ) n. 起源；起因

original [əˈrɪdʒənəl] n. 原物，原作　adj. 最初的，独创的

literature [ˈlɪtərɪtʃə] n. 文学；著作

types (type [taɪp] ) n. 类型　v. 作为代

power [ˈpaʊə] n. 力；势力；权力　v. 使……有力量，激励

hydropower [ˈhaɪdrəʊpaʊə] n. 水力发出的电力

fossilized (fossilize [ˈfɒsəlaɪz] ) v. 使成化石

major [ˈmeɪdʒə] adj. 主要的，大部分的　n. 主修专业

environment [ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt] n. 环境

gasoline [ˈɡæsəli:n] n. 汽油

influential [ˌɪnfluˈenʃəl] adj. 有影响的

outgassing [ˈaʊtɡæsɪŋ] n. 除气作用

cave [keɪv] n. 洞穴　v. 挖洞

involvement [ɪnˈvɑlvmənt] n. 包含

essential [ɪˈsenʃəl] adj. 重要的，本质的

facial [ˈfeɪʃəl] adj. 脸的，脸部的

clay [kleɪ] n. 黏土

urban [ˈə:bən] adj. 都市的

protection [prəˈtekʃən] n. 保护，保卫

pheromones (pheromone [ˈferə məʊn] ) n. 外激素

features (feature [ˈfi:tʃə] ) n. 特征，特色

expressions (expression [ɪkˈspreʃən] ) n. 表达，措辞

painted (paint [peɪnt] ) v. 油漆；画

overpainting [ˌəʊvəˈpeɪntɪŋ] n.（油画）

economic [ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk] adj. 经济上的；合算的

behavioral [bɪˈheɪvjər(ə)l] adj. 行为的

periodically [ˌpɪərɪˈɒdɪk(ə)lɪ] adv. 周期性地；偶尔

manufacturing (manufacture [ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃə] ) vt. / n（.大量）制造

contributions (contribution [ˌkɒntrɪˈbu:ʃən] ) n. 贡献

quality [ˈkwɒlɪtɪ] n. 品质，特质

marine [məˈri:n] adj. 海的；航海的；海产的

transport [trænsˈpɔ:t] v. 传送，运输

methods (method [ˈmeθəd] ) n. 方法；秩序

states (state [steɪt] ) n. 状况

statements (statement [ˈsteɪtmənt] ) n. 陈述

form [fɔ:m] n. 形状　v. 形成

carboniferous [ˌkɑ:bəˈnɪfərəs] adj. 含碳或煤的

plantation [plænˈteɪʃən] n. 种植园，大农场

transplanted (transplant [trænsˈplɑ:nt] ) v. 移居，迁移

mentioned (mention [ˈmenʃən] ) v. 提到

century [ˈsentʃʊrɪ] n. 世纪；百年

author [ˈɔ:θə] n. 作者

species [ˈs pi:ʃɪz]（单复数同型）n. 种类；人类

subspecies [ˈsʌb spi:ʃi:z] n. 亚种

art [ɑ:t] n. 艺术

mammals (mammal [ˈmæməl] ) n. 哺乳动物

established (establish [ɪsˈtæblɪʃ] ) v. 建立，制定

laborious [ləˈbɔ:rɪəs] adj. 费力的，吃力的

laborer [ˈleɪbərə] n. 劳动者

function [ˈfʌŋkʃən] n. 功能　v. 活动；运行

establishment [ɪsˈtæblɪʃmənt] n. 确立；设施

extinction [ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən] n. 消失

exposition [ˌekspəˈzɪʃən] n. 讲解；展览会

occurrences (occurrence [əˈkʌrəns] ) n. 发生，事件

include [ɪnˈ klu:d] v. 包括，包含

products (product [ˈprɒdəkt] ) n. 产品

oceanic [ˌəʊʃɪˈænɪk] adj. 海洋的

sedimentary [ˌsedɪˈmentərɪ] adj. 沉积的

exposure [ɪkˈspəʊʒə] n. 暴露

complexity [kəmˈpleksɪtɪ] n. 复杂，复杂性

climate [ˈklaɪmɪt] n. 气候

glacial [ˈɡleɪsjəl] adj. 冰的；冰河的

reform [rɪˈfɔ:m] v. 改造；改革　n. 改良

inclusion [ɪnˈklu:ʒən] n. 内含，内含物

provide [prəˈvaɪd] v. 提供

indicate [ˈɪndɪkeɪt] v. 指出

relatively [ˈrelətɪvlɪ] adv. 相当地；比较而言

manufacturers (manufacturer [ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃərə] ) n. 制造商

contributed (contribute [kənˈtrɪbju:t] ) v. 有助于

relative [ˈrelətɪv] adj. 相对的，有关系的

ʊupiter [ˈdʒu:pɪtə] n. 木星

native [ˈneɪtɪv] adj. 本国的；本地的；

erosion [ɪˈrəʊʒən] n. 冲蚀，侵蚀

composers (composer [kɒmˈpəʊzə] ) n. 作曲家，设计者

volcanic [vɒlˈkænɪk] adj. 火山的

containers (container [kənˈteɪnə] ) n.容器；集装箱

glaciers (glacier [ˈɡleɪsjə] ) n. 冰河

constructed (construct [kənˈstrʌkt] ) vt. 建造

diverse [daɪˈvɜ:s] adj. 不同的；变化多的

significance [sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns] n. 重要性；意义

architectural [ˌɑ:kɪˈtektʃərəl] adj. 建筑学的

supply [səˈplaɪ] vt. 供给

colonial [kəˈləʊnjəl] adj. 殖民地的

valley [ˈvælɪ] n. 山谷

meteorites (meteorite [ˈmi:tjəraɪt] ) n. 陨石

factors (factor [ˈfæktə] ) n. 因素

desert [ˈdezət] n. 沙漠

individualism [ɪndɪˈvɪdjʊəlɪz(ə)m] n.利己主义

effect [ɪˈfekt] n. 结果　v. 造成

disappear [ˌdɪsəˈpɪə] vi. 消失

amount [əˈmaʊnt] n. 数（量）　vi. (to)合计

summary [ˈsʌmərɪ] n. 总结　adj. 摘要的

plateau [ˈplætəʊ] n. 高原

goods [ɡʊdz] n. 货物，商品

exposed (expose [ɪksˈpəʊz] ) vt. 暴露

carbohydrates (carbohydrate[ˈkɑ:bəʊˈhaɪdreɪt] ) n. 碳水化合物，糖类

continuum [kənˈtɪnjʊəm] n. 连续

related (relate [rɪˈleɪt] ) v. 将（两事物）联系起来

completely [kəmˈpli:tlɪ] adv. 完整地；彻底地

significant [sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt] adj. 重要的

based (base [beɪs]) n. 基础　vt. （on）建在……的基础上

advantage [ədˈvɑ:ntɪdʒ] n. 优势；好处

disadvantage [ˌdɪsədˈvɑ:ntɪdʒ] n. 不利（条件）

advantageous [ˌædvənˈteɪdʒəs] adj. 有利的

rarely [ˈreəlɪ] adv. 很少

rate [reɪt] n. 比率，率　vt. 评估　vi. 被评价

protected (protect [prəˈtekt] ) v. 保护

expressed（express [ɪksˈpres] ) n. 快递　v. 表达，表示

Pacific [pəˈsɪfɪk] n. 太平洋　adj. 太平洋的

grasses (grass [ɡrɑ:s] ) n. 草，草原　v.使吃草，放牧

gathering (gather [ˈɡæðə] ) v. 使聚集

dyes (dye [daɪ] ) n. 染料；染色　v. 染，染色

decline [dɪˈklaɪn] n. 下降；衰退　v. 下降，下跌

urbanization [ˌɜ:bənaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 都市化

painting [peɪntɪŋ] n. 画，绘画

ecosystems (ecosystem [ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm] ) n. 生态系统

erode [ɪˈrəud] v. 腐蚀；侵蚀

contrast [ˈkɒntræst] n. 使对比；差异；对照，相反　v. 使对比，使对照

construction [kənˈstrʌkʃən] n. 建造，建造物

climatic [klaɪˈmætɪk] adj. 气候上的

crafts (craft [krɑ:ft] ) n. 技艺，手艺

aggressiveness [əˈgresɪvnɪs] n. 侵犯；进取

upper [ˈʌpə] adj. 上面的，上级的

atmosphere [ˈætməsfɪə] n. 大气；气氛

primary [ˈpraɪmərɪ] n. 首选　adj. 主要的，根本的

considered (consider [kənˈsɪdə] ) v.考虑；认为

audience [ˈɔ:djəns] n. 观众，听众

acorns (acorn [ˈeɪkɔ:n] ) n. 橡树果

grasshoppers (grasshopper [ˈɡrɑ:shɒpə] ) n. 蚱蜢；轻型飞机

predation [prɪˈdeɪʃən] n. 动物的捕食行为

evolutionary [ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃənərɪ] adj. 发展的；渐进的

summarize [ˈsʌməraɪz] v. 作总结，作概括

stored (store [stɔ:] ) vt. 贮藏　n. 商店

politicians (politician [pɒlɪˈtɪʃən] ) n. 政治家

plates (plate [pleɪt] ) n. 盘子；平板

grassland [ˈɡrɑ:slænd] n. 牧草地；草原

carbon [ˈkɑ:bən] n. 碳

Whig [wɪɡ] n. 辉格党（英国历史上的一个政党）

predators (predator [ˈpredətə] ) n. 掠夺者，食肉动物

electric [ɪˈlektrɪk] adj. 导电的，电动的

deposits (deposit [dɪˈpɒzɪt] ) n. 存款；堆积物

particles (particle [ˈpɑ:tɪkl] ) n. 粒子，极小量

forces (force [fɔ:s] ) n. 力量，势力，武力　v. 强迫，推动

advanced (advance[ədˈvɑ:ns]) n. 前进；增长　v. 使向前移动；推进　adj. 先行的

desertification [ˌdezətɪfɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 沙漠化

frequent [ˈfri:kwənt] adj. 时常发生的

diversity [daɪˈvɜ:sɪtɪ] n. 差异；多样性

identifiable[aɪˈdentɪfaɪəbl] adj. 可认明的；可识别的

consisting (consist [kənˈsɪst] ) v. 组成，构成

promotion [prəˈməʊʃən] n. 晋级，增进

expressive [ɪksˈpresɪv] adj. 表达的

defined（define [dɪˈfaɪn]　v. 给（词语等）下定义；阐明（某事）

colonies (colony [ˈkɒlənɪ] ) n. 殖民地

locally [ˈləʊkəlɪ] adv. 当地地；地方地

mark [mɑ:k] v. 做记号于；标明　n. 痕迹；污点；记号

effective [ɪˈfektɪv] adj. 有效的

appearance [əˈpɪərəns] n. 出现

markedly [mɑ:ktlɪ] adv. 显著地；明显地

substances (substance [ˈsʌbstəns] ) n. 物质，主旨

role [rəʊl] n. 角色；作用，任务

range [reɪndʒ] n. 山脉，范围，行列　v. 排列，使并列

quantities (quantity [ˈkwɒntɪtɪ] ) n. 量，总数

primarily [ˈp raɪmərɪlɪ] adv. 首先；首要地；起初

aggression [əˈɡreʃən] n. 进攻；侵略

democratic [ˌdeməˈkrætɪk] adj. 民主的

style [staɪl] n. 风格，作风　v. 称呼；设计

continue [kənˈtɪnju:] v. 继续，延长

objective [əbˈdʒektɪv] adj. 客观的，外在的　n. 目的，实物

stylistic [staɪˈlɪstɪk] adj. 格式上的

significantly [sɪgˈnɪfɪkəntlɪ] adv. 意味深长地；值得注目地

projects (project [ˈprɒdʒekt] ) n. 计划　v. 计划；投掷；突出

projection [prəˈdʒekʃən] n. 发射，突出部分，计划

effectiveness [ɪˈfektɪvnɪs] n. 效力

culture [ˈkʌltʃə] n. 文化，耕种　v. 耕种

preservation [ˌprezə(:)ˈveɪʃən] n. 保存，保护

grain [ɡreɪn] n. 小颗粒；谷物　v. 使成粒状

whale [weɪl] n. 鲸

thus [ðʌs] adv. 如此，因此

shape [ʃeɪp] n. 外形，形态　v. 使成形；塑造

relationship [rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp] n. 关系，关联

lack [læk] n. 欠缺；不足　v. 缺乏，不足

galaxies (galaxy [ˈɡæləksɪ] ) n. 星系；银河

draw [drɔ:] n. 平局；吸引人的事物　v. 取，画

discovered (discover [dɪsˈkʌvə] ) v. 发现；找到

decades (decade [ˈdekeɪd] ) n. 十年

labor [ˈleɪbə] n. 劳工；劳动

painters (painter [ˈpeɪntə] ) n. 漆工

functional [ˈfʌŋkʃənl] adj. 功能的；实用的

responses (response [rɪsˈpɒns] ) n. 反应，响应

specific [spɪˈsɪfɪk] n. 特性　adj. 特殊的，明确的

craters (crater [ˈkreɪtə] ) n. 火山口

sculpture [ˈskʌlptʃə] n. 雕刻，雕刻品　v. 雕刻

sculptural [ˈskʌlptʃərəl] adj. 雕刻的；雕刻般的

rural [ˈrʊər(ə)l] adj. 乡下的，乡村风味的

replaced (replace [rɪ(:)ˈpleɪs] ) v. 取代

held (hold [həʊld] ) v. 认为；握着

dioxide [daɪˈɒksaɪd] n. 二氧化物

cetaceans (cetacean [sɪˈteɪʃjən] ) n. 鲸

organic [ɔ:ˈɡænɪk] adj. 器官的，组织的；有机的

organs (organ [ˈɔ:ɡən] ) n. 器官

organically [ɔ:ˈɡænɪklɪ] adv. 有机耕作地

remove [rɪˈmu:v] v. 去掉；移动

colonized (colonize [ˈkɒlənaɪz] ) vt. 建立殖民地

entire [ɪnˈtaɪə] adj. 全体的，全部的

depended (depend [dɪˈpend] ) v. 依靠；相信

dependent [dɪˈpendənt] n. 依赖他人者　adj. 依赖的，从属的

interdependence [ˌɪntədɪˈpendəns] n. 互相依赖

currents (current [ˈkʌrənt] ) n. 气流；倾向；电流　adj. 当前的；流行的

adapted (adapt [əˈdæpt] ) v. 使适应；改写

consistent [kənˈsɪstənt] adj. 一致的，并立的

tunas (tuna [ˈtju:nə] ) n. 金枪鱼

specifically [spɪˈsɪfɪkəlɪ] adv. 特别地；具体地

promote [prəˈməʊt] v. 晋升；促进

adaptations (adaptation [ˌædæpˈteɪʃən] ) n. 适应；改写本；改编

steamboats (steamboat [ˈsti:mbəʊt] ) n. 汽船，轮船

folk [fəʊk] n. 人们　adj. 民间的，民众的

craftspeople [ˈkrɑ:fts pi:pl] n. 艺术家

handcrafted [ˈhænd krɑ:ftɪd] adj. 手工制作的

craftsmanship [ˈkrɑ:ftsmənʃɪp] n. 技能；技术

experience [ɪksˈpɪərɪəns] n. 经验，经历　v. 经历；感受

reflect [rɪˈflekt] v. 反射；反映

instrumental [ˌɪnstrʊˈmentl] adj. 仪器的

theorized (theory [ˈθɪərɪ] ) v. 建立理论；理论化

authority [ɔ:ˈθɒrɪtɪ] n. 专家，威信

identified ( i dentify [aɪˈdentɪfaɪ] ) v. 确认；识别

national [ˈnæʃənəl] n. 国民　adj. 国家的

location [ləʊˈkeɪʃən] n. 位置

carbonic [kɑ:ˈbɒnɪk] adj. 碳的；由碳得到的

elements (element [ˈelɪmənt] ) n. 元素；组成成分

governing (govern [ˈɡʌvən] ) v. 统治；决定

energy [ˈenədʒɪ] n. 精力；精神

architects (architect [ˈɑ:kɪtekt] ) n. 建筑师

reproduce [ˌri:prəˈdju:s] v. 繁殖；翻拍；复制

complete [kəmˈpli:t] v. 使齐全；完成　adj. 完整的

deformed (deform [di:ˈfɔ:m] ) v. 使变形；变畸形

composition [kɔmpəˈzɪʃən] n. 写作；作品

plants (plant [plɔ:nt] ) n. 植物，工厂　v. 种植

instruments (instrument [ˈɪnstrʊmənt] ) n. 乐器；器具

fibers (fiber [ˈfaɪbə] ) n. 纤维

feet [fi:t] n. 脚；英尺

drilling [drɪl] ) n. 钻，钻头　v. 钻，钻孔

act [ækt] n. 法案　v. 扮演；举动像

wire [ˈwaɪə] n. 电线

remains [rɪˈmeɪn] ) v. 剩下；保持不变

relation [rɪˈleɪʃən] n. 关系

impulses（impulse [ˈɪmpʌls] ) n. 冲动；刺激；脉冲

illustrate [ˈɪləstreɪt] v. 举例

List 2　第二天

本天前测

在开始本章单词背诵之前，请先在10分钟之内完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

combined (combine [kəmˈbaɪn] ) v. 使结合

ritual [ˈrɪtjʊəl] n. 宗教仪式；典礼　adj.仪式的

era [ˈɪərə] n. 时代

dramatic [drəˈmætɪk] adj. 剧烈的；戏剧性的

characters (character [ˈkærɪktə] ) n. 个性；特点

aquifer [ˈækwɪfə] n. 含水土层，地下蓄水层

frame [freɪm] n. 框；结构　v. 构成；制定

contemporary [kənˈtempərərɪ] n. 同时代的人　adj. 同时代的

pots (pot [pɑt] ) n. 罐

routes (route [ru:t] ) n. 路径，轨道

flow [fləʊ] v. 流动；涨　n. 流

shelter [ˈʃeltə] n. 遮盖物；避难所　v. 掩蔽；保护

arch [ɑ:tʃ] n. 拱门；弓形　v. 使成弧拱起

rays (ray [reɪ] ) n. 射线；光线　v. 放形；射；显出

adopt [əˈdɒpt] v. 采取；收养

crystals (crystal [ˈkrɪstl] ) n. 水晶

comet [ˈkɒmɪt] n. 彗星

surge [sɜ:dʒ] v. 汹涌；蜂拥而至

habitats (habitat [ˈhæbɪtæt] ) n. 栖息地，居留地

timberline [ˈtɪmbə laɪn] n. 树带界线

former [ˈfɔ:mə] adj. 从前的；前者的；在前的

vessels (vessel [ˈvesl] ) n. 船；容器；血管；导管

commercial [kəˈmɜ:ʃəl] adj. 商业的

status [ˈsteɪtəs] n. 状态，地位

geological [dʒɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 地质学的

destructive [dɪˈstrʌktɪv] adj. 破坏的；消极的

capital [ˈkæpɪtəl] n. 资本；首府

apparently [əˈpærəntlɪ] adv. 显然地

raw [rɔ:] adj. 生的；未加工的；无经验的

pole [pəʊl] n. 电极；极地

vertebrates (vertebrate [ˈv ɜ:tɪbrɪt] ) n. 脊椎动物

adj. 有脊椎的tribe [traɪb] n. 部落

export [ˈekspɔ:t] v. 出口　n. 输出品

column [ˈkɒləm] n. 专栏；圆柱

atoms (atom [ˈætəm] ) n. 原子

auroras (aurora [ɔ:ˈrɔ:rə] ) n. 曙光，极光

whereas [(h)weərˈæz] conj. 但是

rites (rite [raɪt] ) n. 仪式

employed (employ [ɪmˈplɔɪ] ) v. 雇用；使从事于；使用

appealing (appeal [əˈpi:l] ) v. 要求；吸引　n. 请求；吸引力

pool [pu:l] n. 水塘，水池

hypothesis [haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs] n. 假设

compounds（compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd] ) n. 混合物　v. 使化合；使混合　adj. 合成的

ancestors (ancestor [ˈænsɪstə] ) n. 祖先；原型

string [strɪŋ] n. 弦

perspective [pəˈspektɪv] n.观点；角度

oral [ˈɔ:rəl] adj. 口头的

34 competing (compete [kəmˈpi:t] ) v. 比赛；与……竞争

27 competition [ˌkɒmpɪˈtɪʃən] n. 竞争；竞赛

20 competitors (competitor [kəmˈpetɪtə] ) n. 竞争者

19 competitive [kəmˈpetɪtɪv] adj. 竞争的

Example: In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.

34 combined (combine [kəmˈbaɪn] ) v. 使结合；混合

17 combination [ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃən] n. 结合；联合

Example: They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels.

33 ritual [ˈrɪtjʊəl] n. 宗教仪式；典礼　adj. 仪式的

Example: They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders met to plan festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart tribal lore to the younger generation.

33 released (release [rɪˈli:s] ) n. 释放；发行　v. 释放，解放

Example: This impact released an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as large as the lunar crater Tycho.

33 performance [pəˈfɔ:məns] n. 表现；执行

Example: The movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.

33 muscles (muscle [ˈmʌsl] ) n. 肌肉

Example: When the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involve strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.

33 era [ˈɪərə] n. 时代

Example: The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called "the vitamin period".

33 devices (device [dɪˈvaɪs] ) n. 装置；设计

Example: Bands, radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them, but this of course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappable of birds.

33 decrease [di:ˈkri:s] v. 减；减少

Example: As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly differentiated than ever before.

32 throughout [θrʊ(:)ˈaʊt] adv. 在所有各处，自始至终　prep. 在所有各处

Example: Unlike the National Endowment for the Arts or similar institutions throughout the world, there is no government money involved.

32 standard [ˈstændəd] n. 标准　adj. 标准的

Example: The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments.

32 scale [skeɪl] n. 刻度；天平；鳞

Example: The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

32 roots (root [ru:t] ) n. 根　v. 生根

Example: They spend more energy on their leaves, trunks and roots than on their acorns.

32 practices (practice [ˈpræktɪs] ) n. 练习；实行　v. 实践；练习

Example: Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested: direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early agricultural practices.

32 Philadelphia [ˌfɪləˈdelfjə] n. 费城

Example: Philadelphia also boasts some outstanding art museums, including the Rodin Museum.

32 hydrogen [ˈhaɪdrədʒən] n. 氢

Example: In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity.

32 dramatic [drəˈmætɪk] adj. 剧烈的；戏剧性的

16 drama [ˈdrɑ:mə] n. 戏剧

Example: Several other mass extinctions in the geological record have been tentatively identified with large impacts, but none is so dramatic as the Cretaceous event.

32 display [dɪˈspleɪ] n. 显示　v. 陈列；显示

Example: The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.

32 climax [ˈklaɪmæks] n. 高潮，极点

Example: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.

32 characters (character [ˈkærɪktə] ) n. 个性；特点

Example: Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations.

32 bottom [ˈbɒtəm] n. 底；下端　adj. 最下的

Example: If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense.

32 biological [baɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 生物学的

7 biologist [baɪˈɒlədʒɪst] n. 生物学家

4 microbiologist [ˈmaɪkrəʊbaɪˈɒlədʒɪst] n. 微生物学家

Example: An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people.

32 aquifer [ˈækwɪfə] n. 含水土层，地下蓄水层

Example: This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.

31 tone [təʊn] n. 音调，语调

Example: A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance.

31 solar [ˈsəʊlə] adj. 太阳的；太阳系的；日光的

Example: Among the most ancient bodies in the solar system are the carbonaceous chondrites that also contain carbon compounds that might have been the precursors of life on Earth.

31 revolution [ˌrevəˈlu:ʃən] n. 革命；旋转

3 revolutionary [ˌrevəˈlu:ʃənərɪ] adj. 革命的，革命性的

Example: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

31 prey [preɪ] n. 被掠食者，牺牲者　v. 捕食

Example: When other predators such as the gray wolf prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year's crop of young.

31 microscope [ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp] n. 显微镜

19 microscopic [ˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpɪk] adj. 用显微镜可见的

Example: The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals.

31 metal [ˈmetl] n. 金属，合金

10 metallic [mɪˈtælɪk] adj. 金属的，产生金属的

6 metalworkers (metalworker [ˈmetəl wɜ:kə] ) n. 制金属品工人

Example: A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once;　a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it.

31 helium [ˈhi:ljəm] n. 氦

Example: Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets.

31 frame [freɪm] n. 框；结构　v. 构成；制定

Example: The carpenter's shop probably provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another shop supplied the gold.

31 continent [ˈkɒntɪnənt] n. 大陆，陆地

14 continental [ˌkɒntɪˈnentl] adj. 大陆的，洲的

3 supercontinent [ˌsu:pəˈkɒntɪnent] n. 超大陆

Example: When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water.

31 contemporary [kənˈtempərərɪ] n. 同时代的人　adj. 同时代的

Example: Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion.

31 claims (claim [kleɪm] ) v. 要求；声称

Example: An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil.

30 tension [ˈtenʃən] n. 紧张；拉紧

Example: The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water.

30 task [tɑ:sk] n. 作业；任务

Example: Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded a particular way of cutting or drying the meat, and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils.

30 stimulated (stimulate [ˈstɪmjʊleɪt] ) v. 刺激；鼓舞

6 stimulation [ˌstɪmjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 激励；刺激

Example: Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

30 spread [spred] n. 传播，伸展，散布　v. 使伸展，使延伸

Example: Growing human populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth have upset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.

30 solid [ˈsɒlɪd] n. 固体　adj. 固体的，坚固的

3 solidified [səˈlɪdɪfaɪd] adj. 固化的；固体化的

Example: At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the "solid" ground underfoot to hold all this water.

30 presented (present [prɪˈzent] ) n. 目前；赠品　v. 赠送　adj. 在场的；当前的

22 presence [ˈprezns] n. 出席，存在

Example: Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

30 pots (pot [pɒt] ) n. 罐

Example: Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

30 measure [ˈmeʒə] n. 尺寸；量度标准　v. 测量；估量

9 measurements (measurement [ˈmeʒəmənt] ) n. 测量法；尺寸

3 immeasurably [ɪˈmeʒərəblɪ] adv. 不可测量地；广大无边地

Example: Clay is far too small to sieve accurately; therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water.

30 irrigation [ˌɪrɪˈgeɪʃən] n. 灌溉

11 irrigated (irrigate [ˈɪrɪɡeɪt] ) v. 灌溉

3 overirrigation [ˈəʊvəɪrɪˈgeɪʃən] n. 过度灌溉

Example: Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyperaccumulating species in targeted areas.

30 improvements (improvement [ɪmˈpru:vmənt] ) n. 改进；进步

26 improve [ɪmˈpru:v] v. 改良；改善

Example: During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856—the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson, published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.

30 buried (bury [ˈberɪ] ) v. 埋葬；隐藏

12 burial [ˈberɪəl] n. 埋葬，葬礼

Example: A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried.

30 attitudes (attitude [ˈætɪtju:d] ) n. 态度；看法

Example: Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market, banks, and commerce.

30 approximately [əˈprɒksɪmətlɪ] adv. 大概

Example: Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly$1, 000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each).

29 therefore [ˈðeəfɔ:] adv. 因此，所以

Example: The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.

29 subjects (subject [ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] ) n. 题目，科目，主题　v. 使隶属，使受到；使某人［某物］经历或遭受某事物　be subjected to 受制于

9 subjected [ˈsʌbdʒɪktɪd] adj. 所属的

3 subjecting [ˈsʌbdʒɪktɪŋ] n. 隶属于

Example: Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel.

29 stable [ˈsteɪbl] adj. 稳定的，牢固的

6 unstable [ˈʌnˈsteɪbl] adj. 不牢固的

Example: Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

29 signs (sign [saɪn] ) n. 记号，符号　v. 签

Example: One sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.

29 routes (route [ru:t] ) n. 路径，轨道

Example: Americans continued as in colonial times to depend wherever possible on water routes for travel and transportation.

29 preferred (prefer [prɪˈfɜ:] ) v. 宁可；更喜欢

3 preferences (preference [ˈprefərəns] ) n. 偏爱，优先选择

Example: Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.

29 opportunity [ˌɒpəˈtju:nɪtɪ] n. 机会，时机

27 opportunists (opportunist [ˈɒpətju:nɪst] )　n. 机会主义者，投机取巧者

4 opportunistic [ˌɒpətju:ˈnɪstɪk] adj. 机会主义的

Example: The opportunity to hear chronologically narrated stories may help three-year-old children produce long-lasting memories.

29 intense [ɪnˈtens] adj. 强烈的；非常的

12 intensive [ɪnˈtensɪv] adj. 加强的；精深的

7 intensity [ɪnˈtensɪtɪ] n. 强烈，强度

3 intensifies (intensify [ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ] ) v. 加强；强化

Example: The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

29 global [ˈɡləʊbəl] adj. 全世界的；球形的

Example: The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.

29 flow [fləʊ] v. 流动；涨　n. 流

Example: The keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce resistance (see the figure).

29 figures (figure [ˈfɪɡə] ) n. 图形；数字　v. 想出，估计

Example: Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.

29 familiar [fəˈmɪljə] adj. 熟悉的，亲密的

Example: The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.

29 differ [ˈdɪfə] v. 差异，不同

5 differentiated (differentiate [ˌdɪfəˈrenʃɪeɪt] ) v. 使有差异，区别

Example: Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties many differ between the sexes.

29 diet [ˈdaɪət] n. 饮食，食物　v. 节食

4 dietary [ˈdaɪətərɪ] adj. 饮食的

Example: The growing interest of consumers in the safety and more nutritional quality of the typical North American diet is a welcome development.

29 decorations (decoration [ˌdekəˈreɪʃən] ) n. 装饰，装潢

21 decorated (decorate [ˈdekəreɪt] ) v. 装饰；油漆

17 decorative [ˈdekərətɪv] adj. 装饰性的

Example: Brightly colored Slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel.

28 visible [ˈvɪzəbl] adj. 看得见的，显然的

5 invisible [ɪnˈvɪzəbl] adj. 看不见的

Example: Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves.

28 shelter [ˈʃeltə] n. 遮盖物；避难所　v. 掩蔽；保护

Example: The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered.

28 resemble [rɪˈzembl] v. 相似，像

Example: In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.

28 principal [ˈprɪnsəp(ə)l] adj. 主要的，首要的

Example: In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion.

28 maintained (maintain [meɪnˈteɪn] ) v. 维持

8 maintenance [ˈmeɪntɪnəns] n. 维护，维修

Example: On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of "oven wood," consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its walls were extremely hot.

28 fungi (fungus [ˈfʌŋɡəs] ) n. 菌类

Example: These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

28 lichens (lichen [ˈlaɪkən] ) n. 苔藓

Example: Its soil is pure silica, so barren it supports only lichens as ground cover.

28 emerging (emerge [ɪˈmɜ:dʒ] ) v. 浮现；源于

8 emergence [ɪˈmɜ:dʒəns] n. 出现；露头

Example: The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, a flattish disc of stars with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus.

28 desire [dɪˈzaɪə] n. 欲望，要求　v. 想要，请求

14 desired [dɪˈzaɪəd] adj. 渴望的，想得到的

9 desirable [dɪˈzaɪərəbl] adj. 值得向往的

4 undesirable [ˈʌndɪˈzaɪərəbl] adj. 不受欢迎的

Example: In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have it front on a water highway.

28 compared (compare [kəmˈpeə] ) v. 比较，与……比较

27 comparison [kəmˈpærɪsn] n. 比较

13 comparable [ˈkɒmpərəbl] adj. 比得上的

8 comparatively [kəmˈpærətɪvlɪ] adv. 相当地

Example: The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself.

28 communication [kə mju:nɪˈkeɪʃn] n. 沟通，交流

16 communicate [kəˈmju:nɪkeɪt] v. 沟通，交流思想

Example: The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized line communication through performance.

28 citizens (citizen [ˈsɪtɪzn] ) n. 市民；公民

Example: Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.

28 center [ˈsentə] n. 中心；中心点　v. 集中

Example: As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.

28 benefit [ˈbenɪfɪt] n. 利益，好处　v. 有益于；有助于

8 beneficial [benɪˈfɪʃəl] adj. 有益的；有帮助的

Example: Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income and expanding opportunity.

28 arch [ɑ:tʃ] n. 拱门；弓形　v. 使成弧形；拱起

Example: Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone.

28 analyze [ˈænəlaɪz] v. 分析

18 analysis [əˈnælɪsɪs] n. 分析；解析

3 analysts (analyst [ˈænəlɪst] ) n. 分析者；分解者

Example: Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity.

27 worth [wɜ:θ] n. 价值，财产　adj. 值钱的

Example: The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to

determine the best courses for the canals.

27 trace [treɪs] n. 痕迹；微量　v. 跟踪；查出

Example: The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.

27 texture [ˈtekstʃə] n. 质地，纹理

3 textural [ˈtekstʃərəl] adj. 质地的；组织的

Example: Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size.

27 surfaces (surface [ˈsɜ:fɪs] ) n. 面，表面

6 subsurface [ˈsʌb səfɪs] adj. 表面下的；地下的

Example: Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces.

27 rays (ray [reɪ] ) n. 射线；光线　v. 放射；显出

Example: Helium nuclei have also been found to be constituents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are not really a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of numerous different kinds).

27 permitted (permit [pə(:)ˈmɪt] ) n. 许可证　v. 允许

Example: Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions.

27 perfect [ˈpɜ:fɪkt] v. 使完美　adj. 完美的

Example: Grainy and quaint though they are, the photos show that the cat was dropped upside down, with no initial spin, and still landed on its body clockwise, the rear and tail twist counterclockwise, so that the total spin remains zero, in perfect accord with Newton's laws.

27 master [ˈmɑ:stə] n. 主人；师父；硕士

Example: The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush.

27 fit [fɪt] v. 合……身；适合于；符合；适合　adj. 适合的；恰当的

Example: The notion that an artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was completely alien to these deliberately produced works.

27 exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃən] n. 展览；展览会

25 exhibit [ɪɡˈzɪbɪt] v. 展现，展览

16 exhibitors (exhibitor [ɪgˈzɪbɪtə(r)] ) n. 展示者；参展者

Example: From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes.

27 efforts (effort [ˈefət] ) n. 努力；成就

Example: African American graphic artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.

27 dominated (dominate [ˈdɒmɪneɪt] ) v. 支配，控制

19 dominant [ˈdɒmɪnənt] adj. 占优势的

11 dominance [ˈdɒmɪnəns] n. 优势；支配

Example: To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop.

27 dinosaurs (dinosaur [ˈdaɪnəsɔ:] ) n. 恐龙

Example: While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs.

27 detailed (detail [ˈdi:teɪl] ) n. 细节；详情　v. 详述

Example: The group conducting the study concluded from a detailed analysis that impacts from meteorites can indeed be hazardous.

27 depression [dɪˈpreʃən] n. 衰退；消沉

3 depressed [dɪˈprest] adj. 沮丧的

Example: When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

27 charged (charge [tʃɑ:dʒ] ) n. 指控；费用　v. 对……索费；控诉；使充满；充电

5 recharge [ˈri:ˈtʃɑ:dʒ] v. 再充电于；再控告

Example: Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon.

27 beliefs (belief [bɪˈli:f] ) n. 相信；信念

Example: These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate.

27 basin [ˈbeɪsn] n. 盆地；盆；水池

Example: There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins.

27 adopt [əˈdɒpt] v. 采取；收养

4 adoption [əˈdɒpʃən] n. 采纳；收养

Example: Although early colonizers of the islands probably came from agriculture-based societies, they were obliged to adopt an economy based on fishing.

26 vapor [ˈveɪpə] n. 水汽，蒸气

15 evaporate [ɪˈvæpəreɪt] v. 使蒸发，蒸发

5 evaporation [ɪ væpəˈreɪʃən] n. 蒸发；消失

Example: As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.

26 reveal [rɪˈvi:l] v. 露出，透露，显示

Example: He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find.

26 typically [ˈtɪpɪkəlɪ] adv. 代表性地；典型地

24 typical [ˈtɪpɪkəl] adj. 典型的，象征性的

Example: The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found.

26 turbines (turbine [ˈtɜ:bɪn] ) n. 涡轮

Example: Responding to environmentalists concerned about birds killed by wind turbines, analysts point to other human developments that are even more dangerous to birds.

26 transformed (transform [trænsˈfɔ:m] ) v. 转换，改造

8 transformation [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən] n. 变化；改造

Example: The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950's onward, transformed the economy of the region.

26 strength [streŋθ] n. 力，力量

7 strengthened [ˈstreŋθənd] adj. 被加强的

Example: Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.

26 scholars (scholar [ˈskɒlə] ) n. 学者

Example: In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater.

26 rent [rent] n. 租金　v. 租用

7 rental [ˈrentl] n. 租金；租赁

Example: Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.

26 properties (property [ˈprɒpətɪ] )　n. 财产，性质

Example: Making fine-art objects stable requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress.

26 practical [ˈpræktɪkəl] adj. 实际的，实用性的

Example: Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.

26 photographs (photograph [ˈfəʊtəɡrɑ:f] ) n. 照片

10 photography [fəˈtɒɡrəfɪ] n. 摄影，摄影术

10 photographic [ˌfəʊtəˈgræfɪk] adj. 照相的

Example: A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry, a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints.

26 performed (perform [pəˈfɔ:m] ) v. 履行；完成

13 performers (performer [pəˈfɔ:mə(r)] ) n. 表演者

Example: Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light- and electron-based instruments.

26 motion [ˈməʊʃən] n. 运动；动作

Example: Feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while in constant motion.

26 minor [ˈmaɪnə] adj. 较小的

Example: Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire.

26 machinery [məˈʃi:nərɪ] n. 机器；结构

Example: After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.

26 crystals (crystal [ˈkrɪstl] ) n. 水晶

9 crystalline [ˈkrɪstəlaɪn] adj. 水晶的，结晶性的

Example: In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process.

26 canal [kəˈnæl] n. 运河，水道

Example: The participation of state governments in railroad, canal, and turnpike construction...

26 loose [lu:s] v. 放松；释放　adj. 宽松的

Example: Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.

26 profit [ˈprɔfɪt] n. 利润，利益　v. 有益

10 profitable [ˈprɔfɪtəbl] adj. 有利润的，赚钱的

Example: This law was intended to provide land for small farmers and to prevent land from being bought for resale at a profit or being owned by large landholders.

26 internal [ɪnˈtɜ:nl] n. 本质，本性　adj. 内在的

Example: If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have developed internal nuclear reactions.

26 inhabitants (inhabitant [ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] ) n. 居民，居住者

18 inhabited (inhabit [ɪnˈhæbɪt] ) v. 居住于，栖息

Example: "Urban population" was defined as persons living in towns of 8, 000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2, 500 or more inhabitants.

26 ideal [aɪˈdɪəl] n. 理想；典范　adj. 理想的

Example: It was, therefore, an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areas of color that were so much a part of the overall aesthetic of the time.

26 chimpanzee [ˌtʃɪmpənˈzi:] n. 黑猩猩

Example: The first time Gallup tried the experiment with a chimpanzee, the animal acted as if it knew that the reflection was its own, it touched the red

spot on its forehead.

26 feeding (feed [fi:d] ) v. 喂养；放牧

10 feedback [ˈfi:dbæk] n. 反应；反馈

Example: Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.

26 expansion [ɪkˈspænʃən] n. 扩充；膨胀

39 expanded (expand [ɪkˈspænd] ) v. 使膨胀；扩张

Example: The technology is in place for a major expansion of wind power worldwide.

26 solutions (solution [səˈlju:ʃən] ) n. 解决；溶液

Example: This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants.

26 portrayed (portray [pɔ:ˈtreɪ] ) v. 描写；画

Example: All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.

26 parlors (parlor [ˈpɑ:lə] ) n. 店

Example: Kinetoscope parlors for viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors.

26 merchants (merchant [ˈmɜ:tʃənt] ) n. 商人　adj. 商业的

Example: Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs.

26 extreme [ɪkˈstri:m] n. 极端，末端　adj. 极端的，尽头的

17 extremely [ɪkˈstri:mlɪ] adv. 极端地，很

Example: Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.

26 dust [dʌst] n. 灰尘，粉末

Example: Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide

layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.

26 distinct [dɪˈstɪŋkt] adj. 清楚的，明显的

15 distinctive [dɪˈstɪŋktɪv] adj. 有特色的

14 distinction [dɪˈstɪŋkʃən] n. 区别，差别

Example: Throughout history buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct "organ" systems in order to function.

26 comet [ˈkɒmɪt] n. 彗星

Example: Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings),　tailed comets, wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies, and so on.

26 beads (bead [bi:d] ) n. 珠子；水珠

Example: The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period.

26 basis [ˈbeɪsɪs] n. 基础

Example: The President began to address the Senate on a regular basis.

25 tulips (tulip [ˈtju:lɪp] ) n. 郁金香

Example: Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia.

25 textile [ˈtekstaɪl] n. 纺织品　adj. 纺织的

Example: Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage:　 streams flowed where nature intended them to and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.

25 terrestrial [tɪˈrestrɪəl] adj. 地球的，陆地的

Example: The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth, starting widespread fires that must have consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland.

25 surge [sɜ:dʒ] v. 汹涌；蜂拥而至　n. 巨浪；波动

Example: During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day.

25 specialized (specialize [ˈspeʃəlaɪz] ) v. 专攻；专门从事

7 specialization [ˌspeʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 特长；专门化

3 specially [ˈspeʃəlɪ] adv. 特别地

Example: Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture.

25 readily [ˈredɪlɪ] adv. 容易地；乐意地

Example: Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission.

25 potential [pəˈtenʃ(ə)l] adj. 有潜力的，潜在的

4 potentially [pəˈtenʃ(ə)lɪ] adv. 潜在地

Example: One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down.

25 migration [maɪˈgreɪʃən] n. 迁移

10 migrate [maɪˈɡreɪt] v. 迁移

6 migratory [ˈmaɪgrətərɪ] adj. 迁移的

4 immigration [ˌɪmɪˈgreɪʃən] n. 外来的移民

Example: Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians.

25 masks (mask [mɑ:sk] ) n. 遮蔽物；伪装　v. 掩饰

Example: Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations.

25 habitats (habitat [ˈhæbɪtæt] ) n. 栖息地，居留地

Example: Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists.

25 fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentl] n. 基本原则　adj. 基本的；重要的

Example: Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes.

25 cycle [ˈsaɪkl] n. 周期；循环　v. 循环

Example: If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles.

25 cattle [ˈkætl] n. 牛；牲口

Example: This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming.

25 California [kælɪˈfɔ:njə] n. 加利福尼亚州

Example: Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17, 000 machines produced 1 percent of the state's electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco).

25 brief [bri:f] adj. 简短的　n. 摘要；简报　v. 摘要

Example: The term "Cambrian explosion" refers to the geologically brief period during which all modern animal groups evolved.

25 avoid [əˈvɔɪd] v. 躲开，避开

Example: This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.

25 accurate [ˈækjʊrɪt] adj. 精确的；正确的

Example: Experiments revealed that caged starlings’ orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast.

24 vitamins (vitamin [ˈvaɪtəmɪn] ) n. 维生素

Example: Almost daily the public is besieged by claims for "no-aging" diets, new vitamins, and other wonder foods.

24 timberline [ˈtɪmbə laɪn] n. 树带界线

17 timber [ˈtɪmbə] n. 木材

Example: There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline.

24 pueblos (pueblo [ˈpwebləʊ] ) n. 印第安人村庄

Example: Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.

24 pollutants (pollutant [pəˈlu:tənt] ) n. 污染物质

4 polluted (pollute [pəˈlu:t] ) v. 污染，弄脏

Example: With a moderate to fairly high net energy yield, these systems emit no heat-trapping carbon dioxide or other air pollutants and need no water for cooling; manufacturing them produces little water pollution.

24 novel [ˈnɒvəl] n. 小说　adj. 新奇的

4 novelist [ˈnɒvəlɪst] n. 小说家

4 novelty [ˈnɒvəltɪ] n. 新颖

Example: The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a different and novel design.

24 mechanisms (mechanism [ˈmekənɪzəm] ) n. 机械；结构

Example: Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different.

24 industrialization [ɪn dʌstrɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃn] n. 工业化

4 industrialized [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəlaɪzd] adj. 工业化的

4 industrialism [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəlɪz(ə)m] n. 工业主义

4 preindustrial [ˌprɪɪnˈdʌstrɪəl] adj. 未工业化的

Example: For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.

24 independence [ˌɪndɪˈpendəns] n. 独立

11 independent [ˌɪndɪˈpendənt] adj. 独立自主的

Example: The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day.

24 immigrants (immigrant [ˈɪmɪɡrənt] ) n. 移民

Example: Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants.

24 former [ˈfɔ:mə] adj. 从前的；前者的；在前的

Example: When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

24 content [ˈkɔntənt] n. 内容

Example: They advised film-makers on appropriate movie content.

24 bacteria [bækˈtɪərɪə] n. 细菌

4 bacterial [bækˈtɪərɪəl] adj. 细菌的；细菌引起的

Example: Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader.

23 violin [ˌvaɪəˈlɪn] n. 小提琴

Example: In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.

23 vessels (vessel [ˈvesl] ) n. 船；容器；血管；导管

Example: Accidents involving oil tankers occur when tankers run into shore reefs or collide with other vessels.

23 tailed (tail [teɪl] ) n. 尾巴；尾部　adj. 尾部的；后部的

8 tails [teɪls] n. 尾巴；尾部

Example: The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans.

23 ridge [rɪdʒ] n. 屋脊，山脊

Example: The distance was more than 350 miles and there were ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate.

23 respond [rɪsˈpɒnd] v. 回答；响应

5 corresponding [ˌkɒrɪsˈpɒndɪŋ] adj. 符合的；一致的

3 respondents (respondent [rɪˈspɒndənt] ) n. 应答者

Example: The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.

23 principle [ˈprɪnsəpl] n. 原则；主义

Example: To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example...

23 prehistoric [ˌpri:hɪsˈtɒrɪk] adj. 史前的

Example: In Southwest France in the 1940's, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals.

23 isolated (isolate [ˈaɪsəleɪt] ) v. 使隔离；使绝缘

6 isolation [ˌaɪsəʊˈleɪʃən] n. 隔绝；孤立

Example: The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs’ control of the market economy.

23 constant [ˈkɒnstənt] adj. 不变的；坚决的；持续的

10 constantly [ˈkɒnstəntlɪ] adv. 不断地

Example: These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants.

23 consequences (consequence [ˈkɒnsɪkwəns] ) n. 结果；推论

14 consequently [ˈkɒnsɪkwəntlɪ] adv. 结果

11 sequence [ˈsi:kwəns] n. 序列，顺序

Example: The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions.

23 commercial [kəˈmɜ:ʃəl] adj. 商业的

17 commerce [ˈkɒmə(:)s] n. 商业，贸易

4 commercially [kəˈmɜ:ʃəlɪ] adv. 商业上

Example: Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild.

23 chemicals (chemical [ˈkemɪkəl] ) n. 化学物质　adj. 化学的

4 chemically [ˈkemɪkəlɪ] adv. 以化学方法

Example: If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants.

23 belong [bɪˈlɒŋ] v. 属于

Example: Animals in the Tommotian fossil beds were initially assigned to modern animal groups but are now thought to belong to groups that emerged and died out during the Cambrian period.

23 accumulated (accumulate [əˈkju:mjʊleɪt] ) v. 积聚，累积

9 accumulations (accumulation [ə kju:mjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n] ) n. 堆积；积聚

Example: Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.

23 action [ˈækʃən] n. 动作

Example: Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told.

23 status [ˈsteɪtəs] n. 状态，地位

Example: Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.

22 ware [weə] n. 制品，货物

Example: In all its myriad forms—as table ware, containers, in architecture and design—glass represents a major achievement in the history of technological developments.

22 surrounding (surround [səˈraʊnd] ) v. 围绕

Example: One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.

22 represented (represent [ˌreprɪˈzent] ) v. 描绘，表现

Example: Each pueblo represented an astonishing amount of well-organized labor.

22 pottery [ˈpɒtərɪ] n. 陶器

18 potters (potter [ˈpɒtə] ) n. 陶工

Example: Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths.

22 potash [ˈpɒtæʃ] n. 碳酸钾

Example: It was first made from a mixture of silica, lime and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century.

22 myths (myth [mɪθ] ) n. 神话

7 mythical [ˈmɪθɪkə l] adj. 神话的

Example: As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.

22 immediately [ɪˈmi:djətlɪ] adv. 立刻

12 immediate [ɪˈmi:djət] adj. 立即的

Example: Evidence of magical-religious activities has been found in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves.

22 highlighted (highlight [ˈhaɪlaɪt] ) v. 强调；使显著

Example: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

22 geological [dʒɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 地质学的

20 geologists (geologist [dʒɪˈɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 地质学者

3 geologic [dʒɪˈɔlɒdʒɪk] adj. 地质学的

Example: During a geologically brief 100-million-year period, all modern animal groups (along with other animals that are now extinct) evolved.

22 gar [ɡɑ:] n. 长嘴硬鳞鱼

Example: As with all gars, the Florida gar is predatory and is adept at catching smaller fish from schools by using a fast sideways snap of the jaws.

22 fragments (fragment [ˈfræɡmənt] ) n. 碎片

Example: The roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.

22 Florida [ˈflɒrɪdə] n. 佛罗里达州

Example: Florida's ancient scrub demonstrates this principle.

22 exist [ɪɡˈzɪst] v. 存在

18 existence [ɪɡˈzɪstəns] n. 存在

Example: According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.

22 destructive [dɪˈstrʌktɪv] adj. 破坏的；消极的

22 destruction [dɪˈstrʌkʃən] n. 破坏；毁灭

Example: There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.

22 defense [dɪˈfens] n. 防御，防护

3 defenseless [dɪˈfenslɪs] adj. 无防御的

Example: The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity.

22 cretaceous [krɪˈteɪʃəs] adj. 白垩的

Example: The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history.

22 concept [ˈkɒnsept] n. 观念；概念

5 conceptions (conception [kənˈsepʃən] ) n. 构想

Example: Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy.

22 capital [ˈkæpɪtəl] n. 资本；首府

7 capitalists (capitalist [ˈkæpɪtəlɪst] ) n. 资本家

Example: Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

22 component [kəmˈpəʊnənt] n. 零件；构成要素

Example: Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified.

22 appropriate [əˈprəʊprɪɪt] adj. 适当的

2 inappropriate [ˌɪnəˈprəʊprɪɪt] adj. 不适当的

Example: The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.

22 apparently [əˈpærəntlɪ] adv. 显然地

Example: Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval.

22 active [ˈæktɪv] adj. 积极的

Example: Whigs and Democrats differed not only in their attitudes toward the market but also about how active the central government should be in people's lives.

21 Sumerian [sju:ˈmɪərɪən] n. 苏美尔人

Example: Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890's have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well.

21 tropical [ˈtrɒpɪkl] adj. 热带的

8 tropics (tropic [ˈtrɒpɪk] ) n. 热带

Example: In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans.

21 tissues (tissue [ˈtɪsju:] ) n.（动植物的）组织

Example: Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the blood and from the blood to body tissues.

21 striking (strike [straɪk] ) n. 打击；罢工　v. 打，攻击

Example: What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.

21 squirrels (squirrel [ˈskwɪrəl] ) n. 松鼠

Example: Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.

21 raw [rɔ:] adj. 生的；未加工的；无经验的

Example: Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.

21 proved (prove [pru:v] ) v. 证明

3 disproved (disprove [dɪsˈpru:v] ) v. 证明……是虚假；反驳

Example: In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.

21 pole [pəʊl] n. 电极；极地

Example: When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.

21 personal [ˈpɜ:sənl] adj. 私人的

5 personality [ˌpɜ:səˈnælɪtɪ] n. 个性

Example: As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

21 permanently [ˈpɜ:məntlɪ] adv. 永远地

5 permanence [ˈpɜ:mənəns] n. 永久

Example: Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris.

21 vertebrates (vertebrate [ˈvɜ:tɪbrɪt] ) n. 脊椎动物　adj. 有脊椎的

4 invertebrates (invertebrate [ɪnˈvɜ:tɪbrɪt] ) n. 无脊椎动物

Example: Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates.

21 press [pres] n. 报刊；新闻界

Example: The Associated Press (AP) news service inaugurated its WirePhoto network and offered subscribing newspapers morning and afternoon weather maps redrafted by the AP’s Washington, B. C. office from charts provided by the government agency.

21 tribe [traɪb] n. 部落

Example: A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery: the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan.

21 physics (physic [ˈfɪzɪk] ) n. 医学　v. 给……服药，治愈

Example: The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered.

21 liquid [ˈlɪkwɪd] n. 液体　adj. 液体的

Example: Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions.

21 items (item [ˈaɪtəm] ) n. 名词；项目

Example: Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.

21 imported (import [ɪmˈpɔ:t] ) v. 进口　 [ˈɪmpɔ:t] n. 进口

Example: He imported such a Boulton and Watt engine from England to run the Clermont.

21 health [helθ] n. 健康

Example: But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods.

21 groundwater [ˈgraundwɔ:tə] n. 地下水

Example: This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.

21 export [eksˈpɔ:t] v. 出口　[ˈekspɔ:t] n. 输出品，出口

Example: Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.

21 explosion [ɪksˈpləʊʒən] n. 爆发；爆炸

Example: The Ediacara fossil formation provides the most information about the Cambrian explosion, while the earlier, Tommotian and Burgess Shale formations give clues about Precambrian evolution.

21 expected (expect [ɪksˈpekt] ) v. 期待

4 expectations (expectation [ˌekspekˈteɪʃən] ) n. 期待

Example: A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories.

21 electron [ɪˈlektrɒn] n. 电子

6 electronic [ɪlekˈtrɒnɪk] adj. 电子的

4 electronically [ˌɪlekˈtrɒnɪklɪ] adv. 电子地

Example: Their radio emission arises from the synchrotron process, in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed of light move through magnetic fields.

21 documented (document [ˈdɒkjʊmənt] ) n. 文件　v. 证明

Example: In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made.

21 depicted (depict [dɪˈpɪkt] ) v. 描述

Example: In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the right hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the example.

21 column [ˈkɒləm] n. 专栏；圆柱

Example: This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.

21 civil [ˈsɪvl] adj. 公民的

7 civilization [ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n] n. 文明

Example: However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture.

21 carving (carve [kɑ:v] ) v. 刻

11 carved [kɑ:vd] adj. 有雕刻的

Example: Archaeological records—paintings, drawings, and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands—indicate that humans have been predominantly right-handed for more than 5, 000 years.

21 atoms (atom [ˈætəm] ) n. 原子

Example: Ordinary light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.

21 auroras (aurora [ɔ:ˈrɔ:rə] ) n. 极光

Example: To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field.

20 whereas [(h)weərˈæz] conj. 但是

Example: The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area.

20 Venus [ˈvi:nəs] n. 金星

Example: Measurements taken from the Earth show a high concentration of carton dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus.

20 vent [vent] n. 出口　v. 发泄

Example: A desire to vent aggression on other family members...

20 valuable [ˈvæljʊəbl] adj. 宝贵的

Example: The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.

20 universe [ˈju:nɪvɜ:s] n. 宇宙

14 universal [ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:səl] adj. 普遍的

5 universality [ˌju:nɪvəˈsælɪtɪ] n. 普遍性

Example: It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.

20 unique [ju:ˈni:k] adj. 独一无二的

Example: The Cambrian explosion involved rapid evolutionary diversification, followed by the extinction of many unique animals.

20 topic [ˈtɒpɪk] n. 主题

Example: The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph.

20 steel [sti:l] n. 钢，钢铁　v. 使坚强　adj. 钢的

Example: When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter.

20 rites (rite [raɪt] ) n. 仪式

Example: In addition, there were performers, and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.

20 recognized (recognize [ˈrekəɡnaɪz] ) v. 认出，识别

17 recognition [ˌrekəgˈnɪʃən] n. 认出，识别

Example: More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers’ right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.

20 prior [ˈpraɪə] adj. 在先的

3 priority [praɪˈɒrɪtɪ] n. 先，优先

Example: It would be composed of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.

20 primitive [ˈprɪmɪtɪv] n. 原始人　adj. 原始的

Example: In this view, primitive vascular plants first colonized the margins of continental waters, followed by animals that fed on the plants, and lastly by animals that preyed on the plant-eater.

20 president [ˈprezɪdənt] n. 总统；院长

7 presidency [ˈprezɪdənsɪ] n. 总统职位

5 presidential [ˌprezɪˈdenʃəl] adj. 总统的

Example: The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by President Jefferson, was the most important official examination of the high plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812.

20 ordinary [ˈɔ:dɪnərɪ] adj. 平常的

4 extraordinary [ɪkˈstrɔ:dnrɪ] adj. 非常的

Example: Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

20 minerals (mineral [ˈmɪnərəl] ) n. 矿物　adj. 矿物的

Example: Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development.

20 livestock [ˈlaɪvstɒk] n. 家畜

Example: This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.

20 introductory [ˌɪntrəˈdʌktərɪ] adj. 介绍性的

Example: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

20 financial [faɪˈnænʃəl] adj. 财政的

Example: Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South.

20 employed (employ [ɪmˈplɔɪ] ) v. 雇用；使从事于；使用

5 employees (employee [ˌemplɔɪˈi:] ) n. 职员

4 employment [ɪmˈplɔɪmənt] n. 雇佣，工作

3 employers (employer [ɪmˈplɔɪə] ) n. 老板

Example: Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed.

20 ecological [ˌekəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 生态的

Example: Large meteorite impacts, such as one at the end of the Cretaceous period, can seriously affect climate, ecological niches, plants, and animals.

20 distribution [ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃən] n. 配给物；分发

10 distributed (distribute [dɪsˈtrɪbjʊ(:)t] ) v. 分发；分配

Example: Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress.

20 cucumber [ˈkju:kʌmbə] n. 黄瓜

Example: Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber.

20 canopy [ˈkænəpɪ] n. 帐篷；树冠

Example: Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy.

20 conducted (conduct [ˈkɒndʌkt] ) n. 行为；指导　[kənˈdʌkt] v. 引导；管理

3 conductor [kənˈdʌktə] n. 领导者

Example: The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson.

20 appealing (appeal [əˈpi:l] ) v. 要求；吸引　n. 请求；吸引力

Example: Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor.

20 academy [əˈkædəmɪ] n. 学院

8 academic [ˌækəˈdemɪk] n. 学者　adj. 学院的

Example: Aside from perpetuating itself, the sole purpose of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters is to "foster, assist and sustain an interest" in literature, music, and art.

19 thereby [ˈðeəˈbaɪ] adv. 因此

Example: He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses.

19 stress [stres] v. 强调；重读　n. 压力；逼迫

Example: Making fine-art objects stable requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution ,and stress.

19 sanctuaries (sanctuary [ˈsæŋktjʊərɪ] ) n. 教堂

Example: In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.

19 retain [rɪˈteɪn] v. 保持

Example: It retains heat while its viscosity changes.

19 restricted (restrict [rɪˈstrɪkt] ) v. 限制，限定

Example: At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War.

19 regular [ˈreɡjʊlə] adj. 规则的

14 irregular [ɪˈreɡjʊlə] adj. 不规则的

Example: Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine.

19 reduction [rɪˈdʌkʃən] n. 减少；削减

11 reducing (reduce [rɪˈdju:s] ) v. 减少；降低

Example: Some studies suggest that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression.

19 raised (raise [reɪz] ) n. 加薪；提高　v. 举起，抬起

Example: Other mountains may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce block mountains.

19 railroads (railroad [ˈreɪlrəʊd] ) n. 铁路

Example: The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem.

19 previously [ˈpri:vɪəslɪ] adv. 事先

16 previous [ˈpri:vɪəs] adj. 早先的

Example: Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time.

19 pool [pu:l] n. 水塘，水池

Example: Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools.

19 nouveau [ˈnu:vəʊ] adj. 新近到达的；新近生产的

Example: France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846～1904).

19 mud [mʌd] n. 泥

3 muddy [ˈmʌdɪ] adj. 泥泞的

Example: Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mud slides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favored fossilization.

19 hypothesis [haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs] n. 假设　hypotheses（复数）

3 hypothetical [ˌhaɪpəʊˈθetɪkəl] adj. 假设的，假定的

2 hypothesize [haɪˈpɒθɪsaɪz] v. 假设

Example: Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis.

19 gap [ɡæp] n. 缝隙；缺口

Example: For the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.

19 eroded (erode [ɪˈrəʊd] ) v. 腐蚀

Example: Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains.

19 ecologists (ecologist [ɪˈkɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 生态学者

Example: Ecologists use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.

19 cracks (crack [kræk] ) n. 裂缝　v. 爆裂

Example: Rain washes away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks.

19 corn [kɔ:n] n. 小麦；玉米

Example: Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States.

19 compounds (compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd] ) n. 混合物　v. 使化合；使混合　adj. 合成的

Example: At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one or at most a few species of insects or birds.

19 commonly [ˈkɒmənlɪ] adv. 通常地

Example: Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27, 000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other.

19 branches (branch [brɑ:ntʃ] ) n. 树枝　v. 分支

Example: Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.

19 block [blɒk] n. 街区；石块；阻碍　v. 阻塞；封锁

Example: Such a quantity of material would have blocked the sunlight completely from reaching the surface, plunging earth into a period of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months.

19 availability [ə veɪləˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 有效；可利用性

Example: Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability.

19 attacked (attack [əˈtæk] ) n. 攻击　v. 抨击

Example: The exposed rocks are attacked by the various weather processes and gradually broken down into fragments, which are then carried away and later deposited as sediments.

19 articles (article [ˈɑ:tɪkl] ) n. 物品；文章

Example: In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists.

19 ancestors (ancestor [ˈænsɪstə] ) n. 祖先；原型

Example: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans.

34 alder [ˈɔ:ldə(r)] n. 赤杨

Example: Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

19 accelerated (accelerate [ækˈseləreɪt] ) v. 使加速；加快

Example: This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.

18 wells (well [wel] ) n. 井

Example: The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930's.

18 viewed (view [vju:] ) n. 视野，见解　v. 看，视察

Example: Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.

18 upon [əˈpɒn] prep. 在……之上

Example: Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility.

18 string [strɪŋ] n. 弦

Example: Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments.

18 silver [ˈsɪlvə] n. 银，银器　adj. 银的

10 silversmiths (silversmith [ˈsɪlvəsmɪθ] ) n. 银器匠

Example: In addition to plates and bowls, some customers sought more intricate products, such as silver teapots.

18 sheets (sheet [ʃi:t] ) n. 帆；薄板　v. 覆盖

11 worksheet [ˈwɜ:kʃi:t] n. 工作表

Example: As the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.

18 responsible [rɪˈspɒnsəbl] adj. 有责任的

8 responsibility [rɪ spɒnsəˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 责任，负担

Example: The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts.

18 resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns] n. 抵抗，反抗

8 resistant [rɪˈzɪstənt] adj. 抵抗的

11 resist [rɪˈzɪst] v. 抵抗，抗

Example: Many of the adaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag).

18 remarkable [rɪˈmɑ:kəbl] adj. 显著的

Example: Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists.

18 psychodynamic [ˌsaɪkəʊdaɪˈnæmɪk] n. 精神力学

Example: Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression.

18 proportion [prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n. 比例，部分

4 disproportionate [ˌdɪsprəˈpɔ:ʃənɪt] adj. 不成比例的

Example: At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.

18 prevent [prɪˈvent] v. 防止；阻止

Example: According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression.

18 perspective [pəˈspektɪv] n. 观点；角度

Example: What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful or affected.

18 oral [ˈɔ:rəl] adj. 口头的

Example: The myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group's oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.

18 hominids (hominid [ˈhɒmɪnɪd] ) n. 原始人类

Example: One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect bipedal primates—including early humans.

18 goals (goal [ɡəʊl] ) n. 目标

Example: They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals.

本天乱序

在本章单词背诵结束后，请完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

metalworkers (metalworker [ˈmetəlˌwɜ:kə] ) n. 制金属品工人

contemporary [kənˈtempərərɪ] n. 同时代的人　adj. 同时代的

claims (claim [kleɪm] ) v. 要求；声称

tension [ˈtenʃən] n. 紧张；拉紧

unstable [ˈʌnˈsteɪbl] adj. 不牢固的

signs (sign [saɪn] ) n. 记号，符号　v. 签

routes (route [ru:t] ) n. 路径，轨道

preferred (prefer [prɪˈfɜ:] ) v. 宁可；更喜欢

stimulation [ˌstɪmjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 激励；刺激

spread [spred] n. 传播，伸展，散布　v. 使伸展，使延伸

solid [ˈsɒlɪd] n. 固体　adj. 固体的，坚固的

beneficial [benɪˈfɪʃəl] adj. 有益的；有帮助的

arch [ɑ:tʃ] n. 拱门，弓形　v. 使成弧形，拱起

analyze [ˈænəlaɪz] v. 分析

rental [ˈrentl] n. 租金；租赁

irrigation [ˌɪrɪˈgeɪʃən] n. 灌溉

ritual [ˈrɪtjʊəl] n. 宗教仪式；典礼　adj. 仪式的

released (release [rɪˈli:s] ) n. 释放；发行　v. 释放，解放

status [ˈsteɪtəs] n. 状态，地位

strengthened [ˈstreŋθənd] adj. 被加强的

scholars (scholar [ˈskɒlə] ) n. 学者

rent [rent] n. 租金　v. 租用

California [kælɪˈfɔ:njə] n. 加利福尼亚州

decorative [ˈdekərətɪv] adj. 装饰性的

visible [ˈvɪzəbl] adj. 看得见的，显然的

textural [ˈtekstʃərəl] adj. 质地的；组织的

surfaces (surface [ˈsɜ:fɪs] ) n. 面，表面

solidified [səˈlɪdɪfaɪd] adj. 固化的；固体化的

presented (present [prɪˈzent] ) n. 目前；赠品　v. 赠送　adj. 在场的；当前的

exhibit [ɪɡˈzɪbɪt] v. 展现，展览

communicate [kəˈmju:nɪkeɪt] v. 沟通，交流思想

citizens (citizen [ˈsɪtɪzn] ) n. 市民；公民

center [ˈsentə] n. 中心；中心点　v. 集中

benefit[ˈbenɪfɪt] n. 利益，好处　v. 有益于；有助于

emergence [ɪˈmɜ:dʒəns] n. 出现；露头

desire [dɪˈzaɪə] n. 欲望，要求　v. 想要，请求

immeasurably [ɪˈmeʒərəblɪ] adv. 不可测量地；广大无边地

maintenance [ˈmeɪntɪnəns] n. 维护，维修

fungi [ˈfʌndʒaɪ] n. 菌类

lichens (lichen [ˈlaɪkən] ) n. 苔藓

emerging (emerge [ɪˈmɜ:dʒ] ) v. 浮现；源于

overirrigation [ˈəʊvəɪrɪˈgeɪʃən] n. 过度灌溉

improvements (improvement [ɪmˈpru:vmənt] ) n. 改进；进步

geologic[dʒɪəˈlɒdʒɪk] adj. 地质学的

represented (represent [ˌreprɪˈzent] ) v. 描绘，表现

pottery [ˈpɒtərɪ] n. 陶器

parlors (parlor [ˈpɑ:lə] ) n. 店

recharge [ˈri:ˈtʃɑ:dʒ] v. 再充电于；再控告

beliefs (belief [bɪˈli:f] ) n. 相信；信念

texture [ˈtekstʃə] n. 质地，纹理

hypothesize [haɪˈpɒθɪsaɪz] v. 假设

gap [ɡæp] n. 缝隙；缺口

competitive [kəmˈpetɪtɪv] adj. 竞争的

combined (combine [kəmˈbaɪn] ) v. 使结合；混合

dietary [ˈdaɪətərɪ] adj. 饮食的

decorations (decoration [ˌdekəˈreɪʃən] ) n. 装饰，装潢

pe rformance [pəˈfɔ:məns] n. 表现；执行

migrate [maɪˈɡreɪt] v. 迁移

industrialism [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəlɪz(ə)m] n. 工业主义

buried (bury [ˈberɪ] ) v. 埋葬；隐藏

irrigated (irrigate [ˈɪrɪɡeɪt] ) v. 灌溉

distinction [dɪˈstɪŋkʃən] n. 区别，差别

comet [ˈkɒmɪt] n. 彗星

beads (bead [bi:d] ) n. 珠子；水珠

basis [ˈbeɪsɪs] n. 基础

competing (compete [kəmˈpi:t] ) v. 比赛；与……竞争

hypothetical [ˌhaɪpəʊˈθetɪkəl] adj. 假设的，假定的

portrayed (portray [pɔ:ˈtreɪ] ) v. 描写；画

inappropriate [ˌɪnəˈprəʊprɪɪt] adj. 不适当的

accurate [ˈækjʊrɪt] adj. 精确的；正确的

vitamins (vitamin [ˈvaɪtəmɪn] ) n. 维生素

timberline [ˈtɪmbə laɪn] n. 树带界线

properties (property [ˈprɒpətɪ] ) n. 财产，性质

practical [ˈpræktɪkəl] adj. 实际的，实用性的

invisible [ɪnˈvɪzəbl] adj. 看不见的

shelter[ˈʃeltə] n. 遮盖物；避难所　v. 掩蔽；保护

resemble [rɪˈzembl] v. 相似，像

desired [dɪˈzaɪəd] adj. 渴望的，想得到的

contin ental [ˌkɒntɪˈnentl] adj. 大陆的，洲的

analysis [əˈnælɪsɪs] n. 分析；解析

subsurface [ˈsʌb səfɪs] adj. 表面下的；地下的

rays (ray [reɪ] ) n. 射线；光线　v. 放射；显出

permitted (permit [pə(:)ˈmɪt] ) n. 许可证　v. 允许

accumulations (accumulation [ə kju:mjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n] ) n. 堆积；积聚

action [ˈækʃən] n. 动作

distinctive [dɪsˈtɪŋktɪv] adj. 有特色的

microscopic [ˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpɪk] adj. 用显微镜可见的

combination [ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃən] n. 结合；联合

employees (employee [ˌemplɔɪˈi:] ) n. 职员

adopt [əˈdɒpt] v. 采取；收养

typical [ˈtɪpɪkəl] adj. 典型的，象征性的

turbines (turbine [ˈtɜ:bɪn] ) n. 涡轮

roots (root [ru:t] ) n. 根　v. 生根

practices (practice [ˈpræktɪs] ) n. 练习；实行　v. 实践；练习

Philadelphia [ˌfɪləˈdelfjə] n. 费城

hydrogen [ˈhaɪdrədʒən] n. 氢

dramatic [drəˈmætɪk] adj. 剧烈的；戏剧性的

biologist [baɪˈɒlədʒɪst] n. 生物学家

microbiologist [ˈmaɪkrəʊbaɪˈɒlədʒɪst] n. 微生物学家

aquifer [ˈækwɪfə] n. 含水土层，地下蓄水层

tone [təʊn] n. 音调，语调

solar[ˈsəʊlə] adj. 太阳的；太阳系的；日光的

revolution [ˌrevəˈlu:ʃən] n. 革命；旋转

adoption [əˈdɒpʃən] n. 采纳；收养

vapor [ˈveɪpə] n. 水汽，蒸气

evaporate [ɪˈvæpəreɪt] v. 使蒸发，蒸发

dominant [ˈdɒmɪnənt] adj. 占优势的

intensive [ɪnˈtensɪv] adj. 加强的；精深的

transformed (transform [trænsˈfɔ:m] ) v. 转换，改造

feedback [ˈfi:dbæk] n. 反应；反馈

brief [b ri:f] adj. 简短的　n. 摘要；简报　v. 摘要

avoid [əˈvɔɪd] v. 躲开，避开

measurements (measurement [ˈmeʒəmənt] ) n. 测量法；尺寸

principal [ˈprɪnsəp(ə)l] adj. 主要的，首要的

maintained (maintain [menˈteɪn] ) v. 维持

analysts (analyst [ˈænəlɪst] ) n. 分析者；分解者

worth [wɜ:θ] n. 价值，财产　adj. 值钱的

trace [treɪs] n. 痕迹；微量　v. 跟踪；查出

polluted (pollute [pəˈlu:t] ) v. 污染，弄脏

novel [ˈnɒvəl] n. 小说　adj. 新奇的

mythical [ˈmɪθɪkə l] adj. 神话的

immediately [ɪˈmi:djətlɪ] adv. 立刻

conceptions (conception [kənˈsepʃən] ) n. 构想

capital [ˈkæpɪtəl] n. 资本；首府

muscles (muscle [ˈmʌsl] ) n. 肌肉

era [ˈɪərə] n. 时代

devices (device [dɪˈvaɪs] ) n. 装置；设计

immigration [ˌɪmɪˈgreɪʃən] n. 外来的移民

masks (mask [mɑ:sk] ) n. 遮蔽物；伪装　v. 掩饰

habitats (habitat [ˈhæbɪtæt] ) n. 栖息地，居留地

fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentl] n. 基本原则　adj. 基本的；重要的

cycle [ˈsaɪkl] n. 周期；循环　v. 循环

reveal [rɪˈvi:l] v. 露出，透露，显示

crystalline [ˈkrɪstəlaɪn] adj. 水晶的，结晶性的

canal [kəˈnæl] n. 运河，水道

loose [lu:s] v. 放松；释放　adj. 宽松的

profit [ˈprɒfɪt] n. 利润，利益　v. 有益

typically [ˈtɪpɪkəlɪ] adv. 代表性地；典型地

photographic [ˌfəʊtəˈgræfɪk] adj. 照相的

appropriate [əˈprəʊprɪɪt] adj. 适当的

performed (perform [pəˈfɔ:m] ) v. 履行；完成

timber [ˈtɪmbə] n. 木材

Pueblos (Pueblo [ˈpweblaʊ] ) n. 印第安人村庄

pollutants (pollutant [pəˈlu:tənt] ) n.污染物质

basin [ˈbeɪsn] n. 盆地；盆；水池

inhabited (inhabit [ɪnˈhæbɪt] ) v. 居住于，栖息

undesirable [ˈʌndɪˈzaɪərəbl] adj. 不受欢迎的

compared (compare [kəmˈpeə] ) v. 比较，与……比较

atribe [traɪb] n. 部落

physics (physic [ˈfɪzɪk] ) n. 医学　v. 给……服药，治愈

liquid [ˈlɪkwɪd] n. 液体　adj. 液体的

items (item [ˈaɪtem] ) n. 名词；项目

imported (import[ɪmˈpɔ:t] v. 进口　[ˈɪmpɔ:t] n. 进口

health [helθ] n. 健康

groundwater [ˈgraundwɔ:tə] n. 地下水

export[eksˈpɔ:t] v. 出口　[ˈekspɔ:t] n. 输出品，出口

ideal [aɪˈdɪəl] n. 理想；典范　adj. 理想的

chimpanzee [ˌtʃɪmpənˈzi:] n. 黑猩猩

feeding (feed [fi:d] ) v. 喂养；放牧

expanded (expand [ɪkˈspænd] ) v. 使膨胀；扩张

solutions (solution [səˈlju:ʃən] ) n. 解决；溶液

photographs (photograph [ˈfəʊtəɡrɑ:f] ) n. 照片

drama [ˈdrɑ:mə] n. 戏剧

academic [ˌækəˈdemɪk] n. 学者　adj. 学院的

thereby [ˈðeəˈbaɪ] adv. 因此

stress [stres] v. 强调；重读　n. 压力；逼迫

squirrels (squirrel [ˈskwɪrəl] ) n. 松鼠

raw [rɔ:] adj. 生的；未加工的；无经验的

proved (prove [pru:v] ) v. 证明

disproved (disprove [dɪsˈpru:v] ) v. 证明……是虚假；反驳

pole [pəʊl] n. 电极；极地

personal [ˈpɜ:sənl] adj. 私人的

metallic [mɪˈtælɪk] adj. 金属的，产生金属的

tulips (tulip [ˈtju:lɪp] ) n. 郁金香

corresponding [ˌkɒrɪsˈpɒndɪŋ] adj. 符合的；一致的

president [ˈprezɪdənt] n. 总统；院长

ancestors (ancestor [ˈænsɪstə] ) n. 祖先；原型

respondents (respondent [rɪsˈpɒndənt] ) n. 应答者

principle [ˈprɪnsəpl] n. 原则；主义

task [tɑ:sk] n. 作业；任务

stimulated (stimulate [ˈstɪmjʊleɪt] ) v. 刺激；鼓舞

exhibitors (exhibitor [ɪgˈzɪbɪtə(r)] ) n. 展示者；参展者

efforts (effort [ˈefət] ) n. 努力；成就

dominated (dominate [ˈdɒmɪneɪt] ) v. 支配，控制

potentially [pəˈtenʃ(ə)lɪ] adv. 潜在地

migratory [ˈmaɪgrətərɪ] adj. 迁移的

opportunists (opportunist [ˈɒpətju:nɪst] n. 机会主义者，投机取巧者

intensity [ɪnˈtensɪtɪ] n. 强烈，强度

differentiated (differentiate [ˌdɪfəˈrenʃɪeɪt] ) v. 使有差异；区别

improve [ɪmˈpru:v] v. 改良；改善

burial [ˈberɪəl] n. 埋葬，葬礼

attitudes (attitude [ˈætɪtju:d] ) n. 态度；看法

ware [weə] n. 制品，货物

surrounding (surround [səˈraʊnd] ) v. 围绕

diet [ˈdaɪət] n. 饮食，食物　v. 节食

decorated (decorate [ˈdekəreɪt] ) v. 装饰；油漆

presence [ˈprezns] n. 出席，存在

pots (pot [pɒt] ) n. 罐

measure [ˈmeʒə] n. 尺寸；量度标准　v. 测量；估量

prey [preɪ] n. 被掠食者，牺牲者　v. 捕食

microscope [ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp] n. 显微镜

metal [ˈmetl] n. 金属，合金

specially [ˈspeʃəlɪ] adv. 特别地

readily [ˈredɪlɪ] adv. 容易地；乐意地

potential [pəˈtenʃ(ə)l] adj. 有潜力的，潜在的

opportunistic [ˌɒpətju:ˈnɪstɪk] adj. 机会主义的

intense [ɪnˈtens] adj. 强烈的；非常的

master [ˈmɑ:stə] n. 主人；师父；硕士

fit [fɪt] v. 合……身；适合于；符合；适合　adj. 适合的；恰当的

exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃən] n. 展览；展览会

intensifies (intensify [ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ] ) v. 加强；强化

global [ˈɡləʊbəl] adj. 全世界的；球形的

flow [fləʊ] v. 流动；涨　n. 流

figures (figure [ˈfɪɡə] ) n. 图形；数字　v. 想出，估计

familiar [fəˈmɪljə] adj. 熟悉的，亲密的

differ [ˈdɪfə] v. 差异，不同

expansion [ɪksˈpænʃən] n. 扩充；膨胀

transformation [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən] n. 变化；改造

strength [streŋθ] n. 力，力量

approximately [əˈprɒksɪmətlɪ] adv. 大概

therefore [ˈðeəfɔ:] adv. 因此，所以

subjects (subject [ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] ) n. 题目，科目，主题　v. 使隶属，使受到；使某人［某物］经历或遭受某事物

stable [ˈsteɪbl] adj. 稳定的，牢固的

prehistoric [ˌpri:hɪsˈtɒrɪk] adj. 史前的

isolated (isolate [ˈaɪsəleɪt] ) v. 使隔离；使绝缘

destruction [dɪˈstrʌkʃən] n. 破坏；毁灭

railroads (railroad [ˈreɪlrəʊd] ) n. 铁路

previously [ˈpri:vɪəslɪ] adv. 事先

commercially [kəˈmɜ:ʃəlɪ] adv. 商业上

evaporation [ɪ væpəˈreɪʃən] n. 蒸发；消失

perfect [ˈpɜ:fɪkt] v. 使完美　adj. 完美的

dominance [ˈdɒmɪnəns] n. 优势；支配

expectations (expectation [ˌekspekˈteɪʃən] ) n. 期待

electron [ɪˈlektrɒn] n. 电子

dinosaurs (dinosaur [ˈdaɪnəsɔ:] ) n. 恐龙

raised (raise [reɪz] ) n. 加薪；提高　v.举起，抬起

apparently [əˈpærəntlɪ] adv. 显然地

migration [maɪˈgreɪʃən] n. 迁移

active [ˈæktɪv] adj. 积极的

Sumerian [sju:ˈmɪərɪən] n. 苏美尔人

tropical [ˈtrɒpɪkl] adj. 热带的

isolation [ˌaɪsəʊˈleɪʃən] n. 隔绝；孤立

irregular [ɪˈreɡjʊlə] adj. 不规则的

reduction [rɪˈdʌkʃən] n. 减少；削减

muddy [ˈmʌdɪ] adj. 泥泞的

hypothesis[haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs] n. 假设　hypotheses（复数）

industrialized [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəlaɪzd] adj. 工业化的

universal [ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:səl] adj. 普遍的

display [dɪˈspleɪ] n. 显示　v. 陈列；显示

climax [ˈklaɪmæks] n. 高潮，极点

internal [ɪnˈtɜ:nl] n. 本质，本性　adj. 内在的

existence [ɪɡˈzɪstəns] n. 存在

destructive [dɪˈstrʌktɪv] adj. 破坏的；消极的

sequence [ˈsi:kwəns] n. 序列，顺序

potters (potter [ˈpɒtə] ) n. 陶工

resist [rɪˈzɪst] v. 抵抗，抗

remarkable [rɪˈmɑ:kəbl] adj. 显著的

psychodynamic [ˌsaɪkəʊdaɪˈnæmɪk] n. 精神力学

proportion [prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n. 比例，部分

Florida [ˈflɒrɪdə] n. 佛罗里达州

exist [ɪɡˈzɪst] v. 存在

distinct [dɪˈstɪŋkt] adj. 清楚的，明显的

comparison [kəmˈpærɪsn] n. 比较

potash [ˈpɒtæʃ] n. 碳酸钾

myths (myth [mɪθ] ) n. 神话

constant [ˈkɒnstənt] adj. 不变的；坚决的；持续的

helium [ˈhi:ljəm] n. 氦

frame [freɪm] n. 框；结构　v. 构成；制定

continent [ˈkɒntɪnənt] n. 大陆，陆地

preferences（preference [ˈprefərəns] ) n. 偏爱，优先选择

opportunity [ˌɒpəˈtju:nɪtɪ] n. 机会，时机

decrease [di:ˈkri:s] v. 减；减少

throughout[θrʊ(:)ˈaʊt] adv. 在所有各处，自始至终　prep. 在所有各处

standard [ˈstændəd] n. 标准　adj. 标准的

scale [skeɪl] n. 刻度；天平；鳞

revolutionary [ˌrevəˈlu:ʃənərɪ] adj. 革命的，革命性的

supercontinent [ˌsu:pəˈkɒntɪnənt] n. 超大陆

chemically [ˈkemɪkəlɪ] adv. 以化学方法

electronic [ɪlekˈtrɒnɪk] adj. 电子的

competition [ˌkɒmpɪˈtɪʃən] n. 竞争；竞赛

sanctuaries (sanctuary [ˈsæŋktjʊərɪ] ) n. 教堂

retain [rɪˈteɪn] v. 保持

belong [bɪˈlɒŋ] v. 属于

accumulated (accumulate [əˈkju:mjʊleɪt] ) v. 积聚，累积

previous [ˈpri:vɪəs] adj. 早先的

desirable [dɪˈzaɪərəbl] adj. 值得向往的

valuable [ˈvæljʊəbl] adj. 宝贵的

universe [ˈju:nɪvɜ:s] n. 宇宙

recognition [ˌrekəgˈnɪʃən] n. 认出，识别

prior [ˈpraɪə] adj. 在先的

explosion [ɪksˈpləʊʒən] n. 爆发；爆炸

presidential [ˌprezɪˈdenʃəl] adj. 总统的

employers (employer [ɪmˈplɔɪə] ) n. 老板

eroded (erode [ɪˈrəʊd] ) v. 腐蚀

expected (expect [ɪksˈpekt] ) v. 期待

preindustrial [ˌprɪɪnˈdʌstrɪəl] adj. 未工业化的

gar [ɡɑ:] n. 长嘴硬鳞鱼

fragments [ˈfræɡmənt] ) n. 碎片

novelty [ˈnɒvəltɪ] n. 新颖

mechanisms [ˈmekənɪzəm] ) n. 机械；结构

industrialization [ɪn dʌstrɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃn] n. 工业化

bacterial [bækˈtɪərɪəl] adj. 细菌的；细菌引起的

violin [ˌvaɪəˈlɪn] n. 小提琴

vessels (vessel [ˈvesl] ) n. 船；容器；血管；导管

silversmiths (silversmith [ˈsɪlvəsmɪθ] ) n. 银器匠

sheets (sheet [ʃi:t] ) n. 帆；薄板　v. 覆盖

worksheet [ˈwɜ:kʃi:t] n. 工作表

responsible [rɪˈspɒnsəbl] adj. 有责任的

invertebrates (invertebrate [ɪnˈvɜ:tɪbrɪt] ) n. 无脊椎动物

press [pres] n. 报刊；新闻界

terrestrial [tɪˈrestrɪəl] adj. 地球的，陆地的

surge [sɜ:dʒ] v. 汹涌；蜂拥而至　n. 巨浪；波动

specialized (specialize [ˈspeʃəlaɪz] ) v. 专攻；专门从事

conductor [kənˈdʌktə] n. 领导者

appealing（appeal [əˈpi:l] ) v. 要求；吸

depicted (depict [dɪˈpɪkt] ) v. 描述

column [ˈkɒləm] n. 专栏；圆柱

civil [ˈsɪvl] adj. 公民的

atoms (atom [ˈætəm] ) n. 原子

permanently [ˈpɜ:məntlɪ] adv. 永远地

string [strɪŋ] n. 弦

silver [ˈsɪlvə] n. 银，银器　adj. 银的

introductory [ˌɪntrəˈdʌktərɪ] adj. 介绍性的

employment [ɪmˈplɔɪmənt] n. 雇佣，工作

constantly [ˈkɒnstəntlɪ] adv. 不断地

auroras (aurora [ɔ:ˈrɔ:rə] ) n. 曙光，极光

whereas [(h)weərˈæz] conj. 但是

communication n. 沟通，交通

specialization [ˌspeʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 特长；专门化

immediate [ɪˈmi:djət] adj. 立即的

highlighted ( highlight [ˈhaɪlaɪt] ) v. 强调；使显著

geological [dʒɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 地质学的

financial [faɪˈnænʃəl] adj. 财政的

employed (employ [ɪmˈplɔɪ] ) v. 雇用；使从事于；使用

distributed (distribute [dɪsˈtrɪbjʊ(:)t] ) v. 分发；分配

cucumber [ˈkju:kʌmbə] n. 黄瓜

canopy [ˈkænəpɪ] n. 帐篷；树冠

tropics (tropic [ˈtrɒpɪk] ) n. 热带

academy [əˈkædəmɪ] n. 学院

machinery [məˈʃi:nərɪ] n. 机器；结构

crystals (crystal [ˈkrɪstl] ) n. 水晶

profitable [ˈprɔfɪtəbl] adj. 有利润的，赚钱的

depressed [dɪˈprest] adj. 沮丧的

charged (charge[tʃɑ:dʒ] ) n. 指控；费用　v. 对……索费；控诉；使充满；充电

defense [dɪˈfens] n. 防御，防护

reducing (reduce [rɪˈdju:s] ) v. 减少；降低

unique [ju:ˈni:k] adj. 独一无二的

topic [ˈtɒpɪk] n. 主题

steel [sti:l] n. 钢，钢铁　v. 使坚强　adj. 钢的

rites (rite [raɪt] ) n. 仪式

recognized (recognize [ˈrekəɡnaɪz] )　v. 认出，识别

comparable [ˈkɒmpərəbl] adj. 比得上的

independent [ˌɪndɪˈpendənt] adj. 独立自主的

immigrants (immigrant [ˈɪmɪɡrənt] ) n. 移民

former [ˈfɔ:mə] adj. 从前的；前者的；在前的

universality [ˌju:nɪvəˈsælɪtɪ] n. 普遍性

detailed (detail [ˈdi:teɪl] ) n. 细节；详情　v. 详述

performers (performer [pəˈfɔ:mə(r)] )　n. 表演者

motion [ˈməʊʃən] n. 运动；动作

minor [ˈmaɪnə] adj. 较小的

content [ˈkɔntənt] n. 内容

bacteria [bækˈtɪərɪə] n. 细菌

electronically [ˌɪlekˈtrɒnɪklɪ] adv. 电子地

documented (document [ˈdɒkjʊmənt] )　n. 文件　v. 证明

civilization [ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n] n. 文明

carving (carve [kɑ:v] ) v. 刻

Venus [ˈvi:nəs] n. 金星

permanence [ˈpɜ:mənəns] n. 永久

vertebrates (vertebrate [ˈ vɜ:tɪbrɪt] ) n. 脊椎动物　adj. 有脊椎的

cattle [ˈkætl] n. 牛；牲口

depression [dɪˈpreʃən] n. 衰退；消沉

characters (character [ˈkærɪktə] ) n. 个性；特点

bottom [ˈbɒtəm] n. 底；下端　adj. 最下的

biological [baɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 生物学的

photography [fəˈtɒɡrəfɪ] n. 摄影，摄影术

articles (article [ˈɑ:tɪkl] ) n. 物品；文章

priority [praɪˈɒrɪtɪ] n. 先，优先

resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns] n. 抵抗，反抗

ordinary [ˈɔ:dɪnərɪ] adj. 平常的

extraordinary [ɪkˈstrɔ:dnrɪ] adj. 非常的

minerals (mineral [ˈmɪnərəl] ) n. 矿物　adj. 矿物的

livestock [ˈlaɪvstɒk] n. 家畜

ttailed (tail [teɪl] ) n. 尾巴；尾部　adj. 尾部的；后部的

ridge [rɪdʒ] n. 屋脊，山脊

respond [rɪsˈpɒnd] v. 回答；响应

consequently [ˈkɒnsɪkwəntlɪ] adv. 结果

conducted (conduct [ˈkɒndʌkt] n. 行为；指导　[ˈkəndʌkt] v. 引导；管理

pool [pu:l] n. 水塘，水池

nouveau [ˈnu:vəʊ]adj. 新近到达的；新

mud [mʌd] n. 泥

defenseless [dɪˈfenslɪs] adj. 无防御的

cretaceous [krɪˈteɪʃəs]adj. 白垩的

concept [ˈkɒnsept] n. 观念；概念

personality [ˌpɜ:səˈnælɪtɪ] n. 个性

consequences (consequence [ˈkɒnsɪkwəns] ) n. 结果；推论

novelist [ˈnɒvəlɪst] n. 小说家

disproportionate [ˌdɪsprəˈpɔ:ʃənɪt] adj. 不成比例的

prevent [prɪˈvent] v. 防止；阻止

commercial [kəˈmɜ:ʃəl] adj. 商业的

independence [ˌɪndɪˈpendəns] n. 独立

resistant [rɪˈzɪstənt] adj. 抵抗的

vent [vent] n. 出口　v. 发泄

merchants (merchant [ˈmɜ:tʃənt] ) n. 商人　adj. 商业的

extreme [ɪkˈstri:m] n. 极端，末端　adj. 极端的，尽头的

presidency [ˈprezɪdənsɪ] n. 总统职位

ecologists (ecologist [ɪˈkɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 生态学者

cracks (crack [kræk] ) n. 裂缝　v. 爆裂

corn [kɔ:n] n. 小麦；玉米

compounds (compound [ˈkɒmpaʊnd] ) n. 混合物　v. 使化合；使混合　adj. 合成的

commonly [ˈkɒmənlɪ] adv. 通常地

branches (branch [brɑ:ntʃ] ) n. 树枝　v. 分支

block [blɒk] n. 街区；石块；阻碍　v. 阻塞；封锁

availability [ə veɪləˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 有效；可利用性

attacked (attack [əˈtæk] ) n. 攻击　v. 抨击

primitive [ˈprɪmɪtɪv] n. 原始人　adj. 原始的

alder [ˈɔ:ldə(r)] n. 赤杨

accelerated (accelerate [ækˈseləreɪt] ) v. 使加速；加快

wells (well [wel] ) n. 井

regular [ˈreɡjʊlə] adj. 规则的

textile [ˈtekstaɪl] n. 纺织品　adj. 纺织的

chemicals (chemical [ˈkemɪkəl] ) n. 化学物质　adj. 化学的

comparatively [kəmˈpærətɪvlɪ] adv. 相当地

tissues (tissue [ˈtɪsju:] ) n.（动植物的）组织

striking (strike [straɪk] ) n. 打击；罢工　v. 打，攻击

competitors (competitor [kəmˈpetɪtə] ) n. 竞争者

ecological [ˌekəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 生态的

distribution [ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃən] n. 配给物；分发

extremely [ɪkˈstri:mlɪ] adv. 极端地，很

dust [dʌst] n. 灰尘，粉末

inhabitants (inhabitant [ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] ) n. 居民，居住者

geologists (geologist [dʒɪˈɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 地质学者

commerce [ˈkɒmə(:)s] n. 商业，贸易

capitalists (capitalist [ˈkæpɪtəlɪst] ) n. 资本家

component [kəmˈpəʊnənt] n. 零件；构成要素

perspective [pəˈspektɪv] n. 观点；角度

viewed (view [vju:] ) n. 视野，见解　v. 看，视察

upon [əˈpɒn] prep. 在……之上

responsibility [rɪ spɒnsəˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 责任，负担

restricted (restrict [rɪˈstrɪkt] ) v. 限制，限定

oral [ˈɔ:rəl] adj. 口头的

hominids (hominid [ˈhɒmɪnɪd] ) n. 原始人类

goals (goal [ɡəʊl] ) n. 目标

List 3　第三天

本天前测

在开始本章单词背诵之前，请先在10分钟之内完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

enhance [ɪnˈhɑ:ns] v. 提高，增加

domestic [dəˈmestɪk] adj. 家庭的；国内的

apprentice [əˈprentɪs] n. 学徒

pores (pore [pɔ:] ) n. 细孔

hind [haɪnd] adj. 后面的

emit [ɪˈmɪt] v. 散发；发出

spontaneous [spɒnˈteɪnjəs] adj. 不由自主的

sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd] adj. 成熟的；繁复的

sophistication [sə fɪstɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 老于世故；复杂

shells (shell [ʃel] ) n. 贝壳

eggshell [ˈeɡʃel] n. 蛋壳

shellfish [ˈʃelfɪʃ] n. 贝；有壳的水生动物

semiarid [ˈsemɪˈærɪd] adj. 半干旱的

arid [ˈærɪd] adj. 干燥的

script [skrɪpt] n. 手稿，剧本

plankton [ˈplæŋkt(ə)n] n. 浮游生物

participants (participant [pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpənt] ) n. 参加者

multiple [ˈmʌltɪpl] n. 倍数　adj. 复合的

explorers (explorer [ɪkˈsplɔ:rə] ) n. 探险家

dwellers (dweller [ˈdwelə(r)] ) n. 居民

coppersmiths (coppersmith [ˈkɔpəsmɪθ] ) n. 铜匠

ceremonies (ceremony [ˈserɪmənɪ] ) n. 仪式

volume [ˈvɒlju:m] n. 量，册

visual [ˈvɪʒʊəl] adj. 形象的，视觉的

realism [ˈrɪəlɪzəm] n. 现实性

initial [ɪˈnɪʃəl] adj. 开始的；最初的

derived (derive [dɪˈraɪv] ) v. 得自；起源

coarse [kɔ:s] adj. 粗糙的

symbol [ˈsɪmbəl] n. 符号，象征

philosophers (philosopher [fɪˈlɒsəfə] ) n. 哲学家

invest [ɪnˈvest] v. 投资

imitate [ˈɪmɪteɪt] v. 模仿

formal [ˈfɔ:məl] adj. 正式的

crucial [ˈkru:ʃɪəl] adj. 决定性的

conclusive [kənˈklu:sɪv] adj. 决定性的

archaeologists (archaeologist [ˌɑ:kɪˈɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 考古学家

acidic [əˈsɪdɪk] adj. 酸性的

subsequent [ˈsʌbsɪkwənt] adj. 后来的

satire [ˈsætaɪə] n. 讽刺

rejected (reject [rɪˈdʒekt] ) v. 拒绝，抵制

fluctuate [ˈflʌktjʊeɪt] v. 变动，动摇

adjacent [əˈdʒeɪsənt] adj. 邻近的　n.近邻

moderate [ˈmɒdərɪt] adj. 适度的　v. 使缓和，使稳定

hatching (hatch [hætʃ] ) n. 孵化　v.孵化

debris [ˈdebri:] n. 碎片；残骸

catastrophe [kəˈtæstrəfɪ] n. 大灾难

alternative [ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv] n. 选择；二择一；供选择的东西　adj. 两者择一的；替代的

uniform [ˈju:nɪfɔ:m] n. 制服　adj. 统一的

supplement [ˈsʌplɪmənt] n. 增补　v. 补充

spiral [ˈspaɪərəl] n. 螺旋　v. 盘旋

speculation [ˌspekjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 推测

orchestra [ˈɔ:kɪstrə] n. 管弦乐队

moisture [ˈmɔɪstʃə] n. 湿气

mechanized (mechanize [ˈmekənaɪz] ) v. 使机械化

intriguing (intrigue [ɪnˈtri:ɡ] ) v. 引起；激起

firm [fɜ:m] n. 公司　v. 使稳固；变坚实　adj. 稳固的；坚定的

18 extend [ɪksˈtend] v. 延长，延伸

Example: Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean's continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents.

18 enhance [ɪnˈhɑ:ns] v. 提高，增加

Example: Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life.

18 edge [edʒ] n. 边缘

Example: In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.

18 due to 因为，由于

Example: An equally important criterion is the ability of a species to survive random global ecological catastrophes due to impacts.

18 domestic [dəˈmestɪk] adj. 家庭的；国内的

Example: The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life.

18 dissolved (dissolve [dɪˈzɒlv] ) v. 分解；使融化

Example: The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment.

18 consciousness [ˈkɒnʃəsnɪs] n. 意识；自觉

6 consciously [ˈkɒnʃəslɪ] adv. 有意识地；自觉地

4 conscious [ˈkɒnʃəs] adj. 有意识的

Example: Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state, a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping.

18 concentration [ˌkɒnsenˈtreɪʃən] n. 集中；专心

17 concentrated [ˈkɒnsentreɪtɪd] adj. 集中的

Example: Saline soils, which have high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts, limit plant growth, and research continues to focus on developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural crops.

18 coast [kəʊst] n. 海岸

9 coastal [ˈkəʊstl] adj. 海岸的

4 coastline [ˈkəʊstlaɪn] n. 海岸线

Example: As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.

18 apprentice [əˈprentɪs] n. 学徒

Example: As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen.

18 acquired (acquire [əˈkwaɪə] ) v. 获得，取得

Example: When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as "Edison's latest marvel, the Vitascope."

17 watercolor [ˈwɒ:tə kʌlə] n. 水彩；水彩画

Example: The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in American art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting.

17 temperate [ˈtempərɪt] adj. 温和的

Example: Unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.

17 serve [sɜ:v] v. 为……服务；供应

Example: Applied-art objects are bound by the laws of physics in two ways: by the materials used to make them, and the function they are to serve.

17 representative [ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv] n. 代表，典型

10 representation [ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃən] n. 代表；表示；表现

Example: Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence.

17 portion [ˈpɔ:ʃən] n. 部分

Example: The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

17 pores (pore [pɔ:] ) n. 细孔

7 porous [ˈpɔ:rəs] adj. 多孔的

5 porosity [pɔ:ˈrɔsətɪ] n. 多孔性

Example: Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores.

17 peak [pi:k] n. 山顶；最高点

Example: Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.

17 occasionally [əˈkeɪʒənəlɪ] adv. 偶尔

8 occasional [əˈkeɪʒnəl] adj. 偶然的

4 occasions (occasion [əˈkeɪʒən] ) n. 场合，机会

Example: Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.

17 threatened (threaten [ˈθretn] ) v. 恐吓，威胁

3 threat [θret] n. 恐吓，威胁

Example: It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.

17 issues (issue [ˈɪsju:] ) n. 文章；问题　v. 发行

Example: They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

17 hind [haɪnd] adj. 后面的

Example: The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water.

17 gills (gill [dʒɪl] ) n. 鳃

Example: Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills.

17 generations (generation [ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən] ) n. 一代；产生

Example: Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.

17 frontier [ˈfrʌn tɪə] n. 边境

Example: The ocean bottom—a region nearly 2. 5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth—is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted.

17 fort [fɔ:t] n. 堡垒，要塞

Example: ...found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.

17 federal [ˈfedərəl] adj. 联邦的

Example: Sectional jealousies and constitutional scruples stood in the way of action by the federal government and necessary expenditures were too great for private enterprise.

17 emit [ɪˈmɪt] v. 散发；发出

16 emission [ɪˈmɪʃən] n. 散发；发射

Example: They sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many others to emit light, amplifying it to much higher powers.

17 data [ˈdeɪtə] n. 数据（复数）

Example: Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.

17 cultivated (cultivate [ˈkʌltɪveɪt] ) v. 培养；耕作

14 cultivation [ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən] n. 耕作；（细菌等）培养

Example: The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice.

17 conventional [kənˈvenʃənl] adj. 传统的；约定的

10 conventions (convention [kənˈvenʃən] ) n. 大会；协定

Example: Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short-lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to discern the subtle atmospheric changes that precede these storms.

17 attempts (attempt [əˈtempt] ) n. 尝试；攻击　v. 尝试

Example: Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants’ side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day.

17 assumed (assume [əˈsju:m] ) v. 以为，认为

7 assumption [əˈsʌmpʃən] n. 设想，假定

Example: The first Europeans to reach the area assumed that the islands’ original inhabitants must have drifted to Oceania, perhaps from Egypt or the Americas.

16 wings (wing [wɪŋ] ) n. 翅膀　v. 飞，飞行

Example: One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury.

16 wealthy [ˈwelθɪ] adj. 富有的

Example: Technological advances always affected the homes of the wealthy first, filtering downward into the urban middle class.

16 virtually [ˈvɜ:tjʊəlɪ] adv. 事实上，实质上

Example: The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it was virtually stripped of its timber.

16 trading (trade [treɪd] ) n. 贸易；商业　v. 交易

Example: Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.

16 survey [sɜ:ˈveɪ] n. 调查　v. 调查，测量

3 surveyor [sɜ:ˈveɪə] n. 检查员

Example: Work on early tools, surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.

16 sufficient [səˈfɪʃənt] adj. 充足的

7 sufficiently [səˈfɪʃəntlɪ] adv. 充分地

6 insufficient [ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt] adj. 不够的

Example: Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.

16 suck [sʌk] v. 吸

Example: Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.

16 storage [ˈstɒrɪdʒ] n. 保管

Example: All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage.

16 spontaneous [spɒnˈteɪnjəs] adj. 不由自主的，自发的

Example: For many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.

16 sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd] adj. 成熟的；繁复的

3 sophistication [sə fɪstɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 老于世故；复杂

Example: In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world.

16 skull [skʌl] n. 头盖骨

Example: The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving.

16 shells (shell [ʃel] ) n. 贝壳

9 eggshell [ˈeɡʃel] n. 蛋壳

6 shellfish [ˈʃelfɪʃ] n. 贝；有壳的水生动物

Example: ...of particular made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells.

16 semiarid [ˈsemɪˈærɪd] adj. 半干旱的

10 arid [ˈærɪd] adj. 干燥的

Example: This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming.

16 script [skrɪpt] n. 手稿，剧本

Example: Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that replaced it.

16 plankton [ˈplæŋkt(ə)n] n. 浮游生物

Example: If something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affecting even organisms not living in the oceans.

16 participants (participant [pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpənt] ) n. 参加者

11 participated (participate [pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpeɪt] ) v. 参加

3 participation [pɑ: tɪsɪˈpeɪʃən] n. 分享，参与

Example: Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous.

16 naturally [ˈnætʃərəlɪ] adv. 自然地

9 naturalist [ˈnætʃərəlɪst] n. 自然主义者

4 naturalistic [ˌnætʃərəˈlɪstɪk] adj. 自然主义的

Example: Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.

16 musicians (musician [mju:ˈzɪʃən] ) n. 音乐家

Example: Like all artists, jazz musicians strive for an individual style, and the improvise or paraphrased is a jazz musician's main opportunity to display his or her individuality.

16 multiple [ˈmʌltɪpl] n. 倍数　adj. 复合的

Example: It is lightweight impermeable to liquids, readily cleaned and reused, durable yet fragile, and often very beautiful glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional.

16 mantle [ˈmæntl] n. 遮盖物，斗篷

Example: The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium.

16 inevitable [ɪnˈevɪtəbl] adj. 不可避免的

Example: The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies...

16 historians (historian [hɪsˈtɔ:rɪən] ) n. 历史学家

Example: These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians.

16 fresh [freʃ] adj. 新鲜的

3 freshwater [ˈfreʃwɔ:tə(r)] adj. 淡水的

3 refreshing (refresh [rɪˈfreʃ] ) v. 使清新

Example: This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal.

16 favor [ˈfeɪvə] n. 赞成

Example: Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.

16 explore [ɪksˈplɔ:] v. 探测；探险

15 explorers (explorer [ɪksˈplɔ:rə] ) n. 探险家

9 exploration [ˌeksplɔ:ˈreɪʃən] n. 勘察

3 exploratory [ɪkˈsplɔrətərɪ] adj. 探险的

Example: Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.

16 dwellers (dweller [ˈdwelə(r)] ) n. 居民

11 dwells (dwell [dwel] ) v. 居住

Example: But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.

16 drought [draʊt] n. 干旱

Example: For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the wary grower.

16 divided (divide [dɪˈvaɪd] ) v. 分，划分

Example: These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems.

16 decay [dɪˈkeɪ] v. 腐朽，腐烂　n. 腐朽，腐烂

Example: As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.

16 copper [ˈkɒpə] n. 铜

4 coppersmiths (coppersmith [ˈkɒpəsmɪθ] ) n. 铜匠

Example: Virtually all copper worked by smiths was imported as sheets or obtained by recycling old copper goods.

16 complicated [ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd] adj. 复杂的

Example: But this type of engine was expensive and complicated, requiring many precision-fitted moving parts.

16 ceremonies (ceremony [ˈserɪmənɪ] ) n. 仪式

10 ceremonial [ˌserɪˈməʊnjəl] adj. 正式的

Example: Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.

16 cast [kɑ:st] n. 演员阵容；铸件　v. 投；图谋

Example: It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles.

16 brick [brɪk] n. 砖

Example: When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the rubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.

16 beneath [bɪˈni:θ] adv. 在……之下

Example: At the same time at margins of converging plates, the oceanic crust is being reabsorbed by being subducted into the mantle and remelted beneath the ocean trenches.

16 accompanying (accompany [əˈkʌmpənɪ] ) v. 陪同；伴随

Example: With appropriate banking of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompanying hunger.

16 animation [ˌænɪˈmeɪʃən] n. 卡通制作，活泼

Example: The specialized requirements of particular urban situations have further expanded the use of art in public places: in Memphis, sculptor Richard Hunt has created a monument to Martin Luther King, Jr., who was slain there; in New York, Dan Flavin and Bill Brand have contributed neon and animation works to the enhancement of mass transit facilities.

16 abundance [əˈbʌndəns] n. 丰富；充足

Example: Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolized to many of its citizens.

15 zones (zone [zəʊn] ) n. 地域

Example: At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community.

15 volume [ˈvɒlju:m] n. 量，册

Example: Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space.

15 visual [ˈvɪʒʊəl] adj. 形象的，视觉的

Example: Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

15 tubes (tube [ˈtju:b] ) n. 管

Example: In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music.

15 tiny [ˈtaɪnɪ] adj. 很小的

Example: Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes.

15 stretch [stretʃ] n. 伸展；张开　v. 延伸；伸长

Example: Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise.

15 sharp [ʃɑ:p] adj. 锐利的

Example: Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark.

15 refer [rɪˈfɜ:] v. 论及

Example: Ecologists use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.

15 realism [ˈrɪəlɪzəm] n. 现实性

Example: The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic consciousness, and Americanism.

15 predict [prɪˈdɪkt] v. 预言；预报

11 unpredictable [ˈʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl] adj. 不可预知的

5 predictable [prɪˈdɪktəb(ə)l] adj. 可预言的

4 predictions (prediction [prɪˈdɪkʃən] ) n. 预言

Example: This record has already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change—information that may be used to predict future climates.

15 opposite [ˈɒpəzɪt] adj. 相对的，对立的

Example: The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction.

15 negative [ˈneɡətɪv] adj. 否定的；负的；消极的

Example: Petroleum extraction can have a negative impact on the environment.

15 moral [ˈmɒrəl] n. 道德；品行　adj. 道德的

Example: In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country.

15 modified (modify [ˈmɒdɪfaɪ] ) v. 更改，修饰

3 modification [ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 修改；缓和

Example: Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of shortgrass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans.

15 Missouri [mɪˈzʊərɪ] n. 密苏里

Example: One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present-day North Dakota.

15 Mississippi [ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpɪ] n. 密西西比州，密西西比河

Example: The larger rivers, especially the Mississippi and the Ohio, became increasingly useful as steamboats grew in number and improved in design.

15 investigation [ɪn vestɪˈgeɪʃən] n. 调查；研究

13 investigators (investigator [ɪnˈvestɪgeɪtə(r)] ) n. 调查者，研究者

3 investigate [ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt] v. 调查，研究

Example: This has been called "historical archaeology," a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.

15 inner [ˈɪnə] adj. 内部的

3 innermost [ˈɪnəməʊst] adj. 内心的，最深处的

Example: Using the combined action of the bill and tongue, the bird cracks open and discards the woody seed covering and swallows the nutritious inner kernel.

15 initial [ɪˈnɪʃəl] adj. 开始的，最初的

Example: The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater.

15 grazing (graze [ɡreɪz] ) v. 放牧

7 overgrazing [ˌəʊvəˈgreɪzɪŋ] adj. 过度放牧的

Example: Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor.

15 giant [ˈdʒaɪənt] adj. 庞大的

Example: A galaxy is giant family of many millions of stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field.

15 generated (generate [ˈdʒenə reɪt] ) v. 产生，导致

Example: It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

15 derived (derive [dɪˈraɪv] ) v. 得自；起源

Example: The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

15 Dakota [dəˈkəʊtə] n. 达科他州

Example: In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.

15 critical [ˈkrɪtɪkəl] adj. 批评的，危险的

7 criticize [ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz] v. 批评；评价

6 criticism [ˈkrɪtɪsɪz(ə)m] n. 批评

Example: In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.

15 creatures (creature [ˈkri:tʃə] ) n. 人；生物

Example: For tens of millions of years, those great creatures had flourished.

15 consumed (consume [kənˈsju:m] ) v. 消耗；消灭；消费

14 consumption [kənˈsʌmpʃən] n. 消费；消耗

10 consumer [kənˈsju:mə] n. 消费者

Example: The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth, starting widespread fires that must have consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland.

15 coarse [kɔ:s] adj. 粗糙的

Example: Extensive falls of volcanic ash and coarser particles overwhelm and bury all forms of life, from flying insects to great trees.

15 classical [ˈklæsɪkəl] adj. 古典的

Example: The subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories.

15 barbed (barb [bɑ:b] ) n. 倒钩　v. 装倒钩

Example: Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops.

15 Atlantic [ətˈlæntɪk] adj. 大西洋的

Example: The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and AfroEuropean plates move in opposite directions.

15 apart [əˈpɑ:t] adv. 分别地

Example: Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers’ long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier，such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll's mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy.

15 anthropologists (anthropologist [ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 人类学家

Example: The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic.

15 agrarian [əˈgreərɪən] adj. 耕地的

Example: The Democrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic.

14 stage [steɪdʒ] n. 舞台；阶段

5 stagecoaches (stagecoach [ˈsteɪdʒ kəʊtʃ] ) n. 公共马车

Example: By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions.

14 virtue [ˈvɜ:tju:] n. 德行；美德；优点

Example: In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques.

14 themes (theme [θi:m] ) n. 主题

Example: Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts design is nature.

14 symbol [ˈsɪmbəl] n. 符号，象征

10 symbolic [sɪmˈbɒlɪk] adj. 象征的

3 symbolism [ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm] n. 象征主义

Example: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules.

14 signal [ˈsɪɡnl] n. 信号　v. 向……发信号

Example: Facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.

14 series [ˈsɪəri:z] n. 系列；连续

Example: Most tunas and billfishes have a series of keels and finlets near the tail.

14 seek [si:k] v. 寻求，探索

12 sought [sɔ:t]（过去式）

Example: Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.

14 saturated (saturate [ˈsætʃəreɪt] ) v. 浸透

Example: In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water's upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.

14 random [ˈrændəm] adj. 任意的；随机的

Example: Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were unsuspected a few decades ago.

14 puzzling (puzzle [ˈpʌzl] ) n. 难题；迷惑　v. 使迷惑

Example: Among squirrels, there is a particularly puzzling behavior pattern.

14 pure [pjʊə] adj. 纯的；纯净的

Example: Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley and people were aware of famine before Swift.

14 philosophy [fɪˈlɒsəfɪ] n. 哲学；人生观

4 philosophers (philosopher [fɪˈlɒsəfə] ) n. 哲学家

Example: Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.

14 proposed (propose [prəˈpəʊz] ) v. 计划，建议

Example: Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status.

14 Pennsylvania [pensɪlˈveɪnjə] n. 宾夕法尼亚州

Example: A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and adjacent areas was stone widely used in dwellings.

14 overcome [ˌəʊvəˈkʌm] v. 克服；胜过

Example: Fortunately, scientific and technological advances have overcome most of these problems.

14 Ohio [əʊˈhaɪəʊ] n. 俄亥俄州

Example: People who really knew the Ohio, the Missouri and the Mississippi insisted with good reasons, that it was the only engine for them.

14 nutritional [nju:ˈtrɪʃənəl] adj. 营养的

11 nutrition [nju:ˈtrɪʃən] n. 营养

Example: Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.

14 magnetic [mæɡˈnetɪk] adj. 有磁性的

7 magnetosphere [mægˈni:təʊsfɪə(r)] n. 磁力计

Example: The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena.

14 justified (justify [ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ] ) v. 证明；证明合法

Example: People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.

14 investment [ɪnˈvestmənt] n. 投资

10 investors (investor [ɪnˈvestə] ) n. 投资人

3 invest [ɪnˈvest] v. 投资

Example: A minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal.

14 interpret [ɪnˈtɜ:prɪt] v. 解释，诠释

7 interpretation [ɪn tɜ:prɪˈteɪʃən] n. 解释，翻译

Example: Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.

14 impressions (impression [ɪmˈpreʃən] ) n. 印象

9 impressive [ɪmˈpresɪv] adj. 给人深刻印象的

5 impressionism [ɪmˈpreʃənɪz(ə)m] n. 印象主义

7 impressionists (impressionist [ɪmˈpreʃənɪst] ) n. 印象主义者

3 impressed (impress [ɪmˈpres] ) v. 使有印象

Example: In Them (1969) she focused on. Detroit from the Depression through the notes of 1967, drawing much of her material from the deep impression made on her by the problems of one of her students.

14 imitate [ˈɪmɪteɪt] v. 模仿

9 imitation [ɪmɪˈteɪʃən] n. 模仿

6 imitative [ˈɪmɪtətɪv] adj. 模仿的

Example: More likely, numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint.

14 glaze [ɡleɪz] n. 釉；上光　v. 上光

Example: A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during hightemperature firing.

14 geometric [dʒɪəˈmetrɪk] adj. 几何学的

Example: Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships.

14 furniture [ˈfɜ:nɪtʃə] n. 家具

Example: They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

14 fail [feɪl] v. 失败；不及格

8 failure [ˈfeɪljə] n. 失败

Example: Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.

14 formal [ˈfɔ:məl] adj. 正式的

3 formalized (formalize [ˈfɔ:məlaɪz] ) v. 正式化；使形式化

Example: The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling.

14 extracted (extract [ɪksˈtrækt] ) v. 摘录；吸取

6 extraction [ɪksˈtrækʃən] n. 抽出

Example: Through hearing stories with a clear beginning，middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later.

14 entrances (entrance [ˈentrəns] ) n. 入口；进入

6 entry [ˈentrɪ] n. 登录；进入

Example: Unlike painters of the recently discovered paintings, other Lascaux cave painters usually painted on rocks near cave entrances or in open spaces outside the caves.

14 enormous [ɪˈnɔ:məs] adj. 巨大的

Example: Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.

14 engaged (engage [ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ] ) v. 雇用；预定；涉及

Example: It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.

14 encourage [ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ] v. 鼓励

12 encouraging [ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒɪŋ] adj. 令人鼓舞的

Example: Other studies, however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression later on.

14 durable [ˈdjʊərəbl] adj. 持久的

Example: Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.

14 crucial [ˈkru:ʃɪəl] adj. 决定性的

Example: The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers.

14 molecules (molecule [ˈmɒlɪkju:l] ) n. 分子

5 molecular [məʊˈlekjʊlə] adj. 分子的

Example: Stimulated emission is different because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.

14 conclusions (conclusion [kənˈklu:ʒən] ) n. 结论

9 concluded (conclude [kənˈklu:d] ) v. 断定；推断

3 conclusive [kənˈklu:sɪv] adj. 决定性的

Example: There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion.

14 collectively [kəˈlektɪvlɪ] adv. 全体地

8 collection [kəˈlekʃən] n. 收藏；搜集品

3 collectible [kəˈlektəbl] adj. 可收集的

Example: Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else.

14 coal [kəʊl] n. 煤

6 charcoal [ˈtʃɑ:kəʊl] n. 木炭

Example: The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals.

14 boom [bu:m] v. 激增；暴涨

Example: Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the midtwentieth century.

14 bands (band [bænd] ) n. 带；乐队

Example: Composers such as Krzysztof Pmderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters—closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound.

14 awareness [əˈweənɪs] n. 察觉

8 aware [əˈweə] adj. 知道的（固定搭配：be aware of 知道……）

Example: Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.

14 ash [æʃ] n. 灰

Example: Sometimes phlogiston seemed to show a positive weight, when, for example, wood burned, the ash weighed less than the starting material.

14 archaeopteryx [ˌɑ:kɪˈɔptərɪks] n. 始祖鸟

Example: That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds.

14 archaeology [ˌɑ:kɪˈɒlədʒɪ] n. 考古学

13 archaeologists (archaeologist [ˌɑ:kɪˈɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 考古学家

7 archaeological [ˌɑ:kɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 考古学的

Example: This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area has lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past.

14 annual [ˈænjʊəl] adj. 每年的

8 annually [ˈænjʊəlɪ] adv. 每年

Example: The cave-making recipe calls for a steady emission of volcanic gas and heat, a heavy annual snowfall at an elevation high enough to keep it from melting during the summer, and a bowl-shaped crater to hold the snow.

14 Los Angeles 洛杉矶

Example: Approximately 800, 000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents.

14 aesthetic [i:sˈθetɪk] adj. 美学的

4 aesthetically [i:sˈθetɪklɪ] adv. 审美地

Example: Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status.

14 acid [ˈæsɪd] n. 酸　adj. 酸的

4 acidic [əˈsɪdɪk] adj. 酸性的

Example: It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.

14 account [əˈkaʊnt] n. 账单，账目　v. 把……视为；认为

Example: The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

13 unions (union [ˈju:njən] ) n. 联盟

Example: Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union.

13 unfortunately [ˌʌnˈfɔ:tʃənɪtlɪ] adv. 不幸地；遗憾地

Example: Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.

13 ultimately [ˈʌltɪmətlɪ] adv. 最后地

Example: Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth.

13 trapped (trap [træp] ) n. 陷阱；阴谋　v. 设陷阱捕捉；阻止

Example: When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it.

13 streams (stream [stri:m] ) n. 溪　v. 流，流动

12 streamlining (streamline [ˈstri:mlaɪn] ) v. 使成流线型

Example: Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.

13 subsequent [ˈsʌbsɪkwənt] adj. 后来的

Example: Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.

13 stoves (stove [stəʊv] ) n. 火炉

Example: Stoves were fueled by gas, and delivery services provided ice for refrigerators.

13 severe [sɪˈvɪə] adj. 严厉的，剧烈的

5 severely [sɪˈvɪəlɪ] adv. 严格地；激烈地

Example: These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common.

13 schedules (schedule [ˈʃedju:əl, ˈskedʒul] ) n. 时间表；计划

Example: Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace.

13 satire [ˈsætaɪə] n. 讽刺

Example: Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true.

13 roof [ru:f] n. 屋顶

Example: Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were entered from the roof.

13 rejected (reject [rɪˈdʒekt] ) v. 拒绝，抵制

3 rejection [rɪˈdʒekʃən] n. 拒绝

Example: There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.

13 progressively [prəˈgresɪvlɪ] adv. 前进地

Example: The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown.

13 portraits (portrait [ˈpɔ:trɪt] ) n. 肖像

Example: What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday "folks" who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

13 piano [pɪˈænəʊ] n. 钢琴

Example: The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument).

13 pace [peɪs] n. 速度；步调

Example: Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.

13 nevertheless [ˌnevəðəˈles] adv. 但是；然而

Example: Nevertheless, most domestic architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.

13 nervous [ˈnɜ:vəs] adj. 神经紧张的；神经的

Example: Nevertheless, the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system of higher animals.

13 neolithic [ni:əʊˈlɪθɪk] adj. 新石器时代的

Example: Indeed, agriculture itself evolved over the course of time, and Neolithic peoples had long known how to grow crops.

13 molt [məʊlt] n. 换毛；换毛期　v. 脱毛

Example: Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process.

13 maria [mɜ:ˈraɪə] n. 月球或火星表面的大片平坦的黑暗区

Example: This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are completely covered by large craters ( greater than 40～50 km in diameter), while the craters of the maria tend to be much smaller.

13 leadership [ˈli:dəʃɪp] n. 领导能力

Example: Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's member.

13 height [haɪt] n. 高度

7 heightened (heighten [ˈhaɪtn] ) v. 增高，加强

Example: The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1, 000 feet high.

13 gain [ɡeɪn] v. 得到

Example: Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly.

13 fuel [fjʊəl] n. 燃料　v. 加燃料

Example: The main advantages of low-pressure engines were safe operation and economy of fuel consumption, neither of which meant much in the West.

13 fluctuate [ˈflʌktjʊeɪt] v. 变动，动摇

Example: In the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.

13 flooded (flood [flʌd] ) n. 洪水　v. 淹没

Example: If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea.

13 fiction [ˈfɪkʃən] n. 小说

5 fictional [ˈfɪkʃənəl] adj. 虚构的

Example: Fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact.

13 extra [ˈekstrə] adj. 额外的

Example: They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies.

13 drain [dreɪn] n. 排水沟；排水　v. 排水；耗尽

6 drainage [ˈdreɪnɪdʒ] n. 排水

Example: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.

13 creative [krɪ(:)ˈeɪtɪv] adj. 创造性的

Example: Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures their creative control remained limited.

13 chain [tʃeɪn] n. 链；一系列　v. 束缚

Example: Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains.

13 categories (category [ˈkætɪɡərɪ] ) n. 种类

Example: General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.

13 attention [əˈtenʃən] n. 注意

Example: Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.

13 arrangements (arrangement [əˈreɪndʒmənt] ) n. 安排；约定

5 arranged (arrange [əˈreɪndʒ] ) v. 整理；安排

Example: Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if, indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.

13 adjacent [əˈdʒeɪsənt] adj. 邻近的　n. 近邻

Example: Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out.

13 access [ˈækses] n. 接近；通道　v. 接近

8 accessible [əkˈsesəbl] adj. 易接近的，可进入的

4 inaccessible [ˌɪnækˈsesəbl] adj. 难接近的

Example: Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults.

12 wheat [wi:t] n. 小麦

Example: Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States.

12 wagon [ˈwæɡən] n. 四轮马车

Example: In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons，with flanged wheels，were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine.

12 voyages (voyage [ˈvɔɪɪdʒ] ) n. 航行　v. 航海；飞过

9 voyager [ˈvɔɪɪdʒə(r)] n. 航行者

Example: Today, largely on the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar Challenger's voyages, nearly all earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of the geological processes that shape the Earth.

12 transition [trænˈzɪʃən] n. 转变

5 transit [ˈtrænsɪt] n. 运输，运送

Example: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one.

12 tracts (tract [trækt] ) n. 道

Example: This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.

12 thrive [θraɪv] v. 繁荣；兴旺

Example: They thrive in a wide variety of environments.

12 squeeze [skwi:z] v. 榨取　n. 榨；压榨

Example: Usually the creatures are cucumber-shaped—hence their name—and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.

12 schemes (scheme [ski:m] ) n. 方案，体制　v. 计划；策划

Example: Coding schemes were developed to enable researchers to compare the detailed facial positions of individual portions of the face (eyebrows, mouth, etc. ) for different emotions.

12 revised (revise [rɪˈvaɪz] ) v. 修订；修改

Example: Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways.

12 respect [rɪsˈpekt] v. 尊敬，敬重　n. 敬重，尊敬

Example: ʊourneymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops.

12 repress [rɪˈpres] v. 压制；抑制

Example: Repressing aggressive impulses can result in aggressive behavior.

12 pterosaurs (pterosaur [ˈpterəʊsɔ:] ) n. 翼龙

Example: Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes.

12 positive [ˈpɒzətɪv] adj. 肯定的，绝对的，积极的　n. 正数；正面

Example: The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism.

12 popularity [ˌpɒpjʊˈlærɪtɪ] n. 名声，流行

Example: In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits.

12 moderate [ˈmɒdərɪt] adj. 适度的　v. 使缓和，使稳定

Example: With a moderate to fairly high net energy yield, these systems emit no heat-trapping carbon dioxide or other air pollutants and need no water for cooling; manufacturing them produces little water pollution.

12 Mississippians (Mississippian [ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpɪən] ) n. 密西西比州人；密西西比河　adj. 密西西比州人的，密西西比河的

Example: Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale.

12 mill [mɪl] n. 磨坊

Example: His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels.

12 nerve [nɜ:v] n. 神经；忧虑

Example: Even in its most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary specialization, and their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood.

12 journeymen (journeyman [ˈdʒɜ:nɪmən] ) n. 熟练工人

Example: As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen.

12 jets (jet [dʒet] ) n. 发动机；喷射器

Example: With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear: the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in opposite directions from the center of galaxy.

12 handle [ˈhændl] v. 解决　n. 把手

Example: The government postal service lost volume to private competition and was not able to handle efficiently even the business it had.

12 inspired (inspire [ɪnˈspaɪə] ) v. 启示；激发

10 inspiration [ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən] n. 灵感；妙计

Example: The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.

12 hatching (hatch [hætʃ] ) n. 孵化　v. 孵化

Example: This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching.

12 gulf [ɡʌlf] n. 海湾；深渊

Example: About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea.

12 furthermore [fɜ:ðəˈmɔ:(r)] adv. 此外

Example: Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half—though at different rates in different countries—that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.

12 flat [flæt] n. 平面；浅滩；沼地　adj. 平的，平坦的

Example: They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer.

12 excavate [ˈekskəveɪt] v. 挖掘

Example: So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa.

12 enlarged (enlarge [ɪnˈlɑ:dʒ] ) v. 扩大

Example: During his administration, he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency.

12 engraving (engrave [ɪnˈɡreɪv] ) v. 雕刻

Example: The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic.

12 Dutch [ˈdʌtʃ] n. 荷兰人

Example: In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.

12 distant [ˈdɪstənt] adj. 远的

Example: By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-modern era.

12 debris [ˈdebri:] n. 碎片；残骸

Example: These springs are the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and carry away debris from the mountains to the lowlands.

12 crude [kru:d] adj. 天然的，粗糙的

Example: At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils.

12 controls (control [kənˈtrəʊl] ) n. 控制；实验（对照组）　v. 控制；管理

Example: In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime.

12 confirmed (confirm [kənˈfɜ:m] ) v. 确定

Example: When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.

12 cones (cone [kəʊn] ) n. 圆锥体；球果

Example: During long dormant intervals, glaciers gain the upper hand cutting deeply into volcanic cones and eventually reducing them to rubble.

12 cognitive [ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv] adj. 认知的

Example: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings.

12 clues (clue [klu:] ) n. 线索；提示

Example: This 700-million-year-old formation gives few clues to the origins of modern animals, however, because paleontologists believe it represents an evolutionary experiment that failed.

12 classified (classify [ˈklæsɪfaɪ] ) v. 分类

Example: Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, dandelions are classified as opportunists.

12 catastrophe [kəˈtæstrəfɪ] n. 大灾难

Example: If an impact is large enough, it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe.

12 borders (border [ˈbɔ:də] ) n. 边缘　v. 接近；毗邻

Example: Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.

12 barriers (barrier [ˈbærɪə] ) n. 栅栏

Example: The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area.

12 bare [beə] adj. 赤裸的；极少的

Example: The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings.

12 awards (award [əˈwɔ:d] ) n. 奖品；奖学金　v. 赏给

Example: Annual cash awards are given to deserving artists in various categories of creativity: architecture, musical composition, theater, novels, serious poetry, light verse, painting, sculpture.

12 assemble [əˈsembl] v. 集合；装配

Example: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.

12 armet [ˈɑ:met] n. 盔甲

Example: When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by armet and introduced it as "Edison's latest marvel, the Vitascope".

12 Antarctica [ænˈtɑ:ktɪkə] n. 南极洲

Example: Some of the meteorites that have landed in Antarctica are believed to have conic from the Moon and even as far away as Mars, when large impacts blasted out chunks of material and hurled them toward Earth.

12 alternative [ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv] n. 选择；二择一；供选择的东西　adj. 两者择一的；替代的

Example: Although some researchers claim that celestial bodys may once have had oceans, others dispute this, pointing to an absence of evidence or offering alternative interpretations of evidence.

12 altering (alter [ˈɔ:ltə] ) v. 改变

Example: Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternative existed of sending them directly eastward to market and merchants could sell larger quantities of their manufactured goods if these could be transported more directly and more economically to the west.

12 absence of 缺乏

Example: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised.

12 abandoned (abandon [əˈbændən] ) v. 放弃

Example: Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War (1861～1865) a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned.

11 wherever [(h)wεəˈevə] adv. 无论哪里

Example: Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid.

11 whatever [wɒtˈevə] adj. 无论怎样的

Example: This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters.

11 weapons (weapon [ˈwepən] ) n. 武器

Example: In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior.

11 uniform [ˈju:nɪfɔ:m] n. 制服　adj. 统一的

Example: Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.

11 twigs (twig [twɪɡ] ) n. 细枝

Example: Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey.

11 transfer [trænsˈfɜ:] v. 转移，调任

Example: Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, particularly shamans who believe that an animal's spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance.

11 terrain [ˈtereɪn] n. 地带

3 terra [ˈterə] n. 土地

Example: One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands.

11 supplement [ˈsʌplɪmənt] n. 增补　v. 补充

Example: This meant that wagon freighting, stagecoaching and steamboating did not come to an end when the first train appeared; rather they became supplements or feeders.

11 superior [sju:ˈpɪərɪə] n. 上司；长辈　adj. 上级的

4 superiority [sjʊ(:)pɪərɪˈɒrɪtɪ] n. 优越；上等

Example: They had wonderfully convenient features that made them superior to the cultivated eastern grasses.

11 suited (suit [sju:t] ) n. 衣服；套　v. 适合

Example: By the 1820's in the United States, when steamboats were common on western waters, these boats were mostly powered by engines built in the West (Pittsburgh, Cincinnati or Louisville), and of a distinctive western design specially suited to western needs.

11 substantial [səbˈstænʃəl] adj. 实质上的

Example: Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.

11 struggle [ˈstrʌɡl] n. 奋斗；斗争　v. 抗争；奋斗

Example: Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.

11 stems (stem [stem] ) n. 茎　v. 起源于

Example: Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content.

11 spiral [ˈspaɪərəl] n. 螺旋　v. 盘旋

Example: Spiral galaxies are well supplied with the interstellar gas in which new stars form: as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust, triggering the formation of bright young stars and in its arms.

11 speculation [ˌspekjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 推测

4 speculate [ˈspekjʊ leɪt] v. 投机；推测

Example: With those revisions come new speculations about the first terrestrial life-forms.

11 spears (spear [spɪə] ) n. 矛

Example: Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals.

11 specimens (specimen [ˈspesɪmən] ) n. 范例；样品

Example: Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation.

11 slope [sləʊp] n. 斜坡；倾斜

Example: The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries.

11 sinking (sink [sɪŋk] ) v. 下沉；落下

Example: They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.

11 sieve [sɪv] n. 筛子

Example: Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles.

11 shrubs (shrub [ʃrʌb] ) n. 灌木

Example: Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses.

11 selection [sɪˈlekʃən] n. 选择

Example: This is the criterion emphasized by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

11 seal [si:l] n. 封条；海豹　v. 封，密封

Example: Native Americans from Oregon occasionally ventured to sea for seal hunts, but long sea voyages were much less common than they were further north among the Nootka, Kwakiutl, and Halda people.

11 sandstone [ˈsændstəʊn] n. 砂岩

Example: Using only stone and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the builders quarried ton upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks, hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar.

11 realist [ˈrɪəlɪst] n. 现实主义作家

10 realistic [rɪəˈlɪstɪk] adj. 现实的

Example: Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that portrayed local life in the California mining camps.

11 psychological [ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 心理学的

8 psychologists (psychologist [saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 心理学家

Example: Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states.

11 primates (primate [ˈpraɪmɪt] ) n. 灵长类的动物

Example: Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals.

11 precede [prɪ(:)ˈsi:d] v. 在……之前

10 unprecedented [ʌnˈpresɪdəntɪd] adj. 空前的

Example: Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it.

11 possess [pəˈzes] v. 拥有

Example: The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms.

11 originated (originate [əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt] ) v. 引起；发明

3 originator [əˈrɪdʒəneɪtə(r)] n. 创作者

Example: Life originated in the early seas less than a billion years after the Earth was formed.

11 orchids (orchid [ˈɔ:kɪd] ) n. 兰花

Example: By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities.

11 orchestra [ˈɔ:kɪstrə] n. 管弦乐队

3 orchestral [ɔ:ˈkestrəl] adj. 管弦乐的

Example: As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed.

11 opposed (oppose [əˈpəʊz] )　v. 反对

Example: Religion and politics, they believed, should be kept clearly separate, and they generally opposed humanitarian legislation.

11 nutrients (nutrient [ˈnju:trɪənt] ) n. 营养　adj. 营养的

6 nutritious [nju:ˈtrɪʃəs] adj. 有营养成分的

Example: Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life.

11 nucleus [ˈnju:klɪəs] n. 原子核

Example: Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).

11 molten [ˈməʊltən] adj. 熔化的

Example: Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock.

11 moisture [ˈmɔɪstʃə] n. 湿气

4 moist [mɔɪst] adj. 潮湿的

Example: At the higher altitudes it cools and the moisture it carriers is precipitated as rain or snow on the western slopes of the mountains.

11 missing (miss [mɪs] ) v. 迷失；想念

Example: Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

11 mirror [ˈmɪrə] n. 镜子　v. 映出

Example: In the late 1960's, however, psychologist Gordon Gallup devised a test of the sense of self: the mirror test.

11 Mesozoic [mesəʊˈzəʊɪk] adj. 中生代的

Example: Perhaps one of the most dramatic and important changes that took place in the Mesozoic era occurred late in that era, among the small organisms that populate the uppermost, sunlit portion of the oceans—the plankton.

11 mechanized (mechanize [ˈmekənaɪz] ) v. 使机械化

5 mechanization [ˌmekənaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 机械化

5 mechanical [mɪˈkænɪkl] adj. 机械性的

Example: Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than laborintensive.

11 maximum [ˈmæksɪməm] adj. 最高的　n. 最大量

Example: The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday.

11 lip [lɪp] n. 嘴唇

Example: But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.

11 intriguing (intrigue [ɪnˈtri:ɡ] ) v. 引起；激起

Example: While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs.

11 igneous [ˈɪɡnɪəs] adj. 火的

Example: If the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks.

11 hypothalamus [ˌhaɪpəʊˈθæləməs]　n. 丘脑下部

Example: The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals.

11 herds (herd [hɜ:d] ) n. 兽群；人群

Example: One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds.

11 hence [hens] adv. 因此

Example: Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.

11 firm [fɜ:m] n. 公司　v. 使稳固；变坚实　adj. 稳固的；坚定的

6 firmly [ˈfɜ:mlɪ] adv. 坚固地

Example: At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.

11 fireplace [ˈfaɪəpleɪs] n. 壁炉

Example: It was made like a small, secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke.

11 figurines (figurine [ˈfɪɡjʊri:n] ) n. 小雕像

Example: They may have used figurines to portray an ideal type or to express a desire for fertility.

11 falcons (falcon [ˈfælkən] ) n. 猎鹰

Example: Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds.

11 extent [ɪksˈtent] n. 范围；程度

Example: The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination.

本天乱序

在本章单词背诵结束后，请完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

unprecedented ecedented [ʌnˈpresɪdəntɪd] adj. 空前的

possess [pəˈzes] v. 拥有

originated (originate [əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt] ) v. 引起；发明

impressionism [ɪmˈpreʃənɪz(ə)m] n. 印象主义

orchids (orchid [ˈɔ:kɪd] ) n. 兰花

sharp [ʃɑ:p] adj. 锐利的

refer [rɪˈfɜ:] v. 论及

realism [ˈrɪəlɪzəm] n. 现实性

beneath [bɪˈni:θ] adv. 在……之下

accompanying (accompany [əˈkʌmpənɪ] ) v. 陪同；伴随

rejection [rɪˈdʒekʃən] n. 拒绝

cultivation [ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən] n. 耕作；（细菌等）培养

naturalistic [ˌnætʃərəˈlɪstɪk] adj. 自然主义的

speculation [ˌspekjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 推测

moist [mɔɪst] adj. 潮湿的

Missouri [mɪˈzʊərɪ] n. 密苏里

imitation [ɪmɪˈteɪʃən] n. 模仿

participated (participate [pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpeɪt] ) v. 参加

eggshell [ˈeɡʃel] n. 蛋壳

imitate [ˈɪmɪteɪt] v. 模仿

severely [sɪˈvɪəlɪ] adv. 严格地；激烈地

conventional [kənˈvenʃənl] adj. 传统的；约定的

assumed [əˈsju:m] ) v. 以为，认为

orchestral [ɔ:ˈkestrəl] adj. 管弦乐的

opposed (oppose [əˈpəʊz] ) v. 反对

nutrients (nutrient [ˈnju:trɪənt] ) n. 营养　adj. 营养的

schedules (schedule [ˈʃedju:əl, ˈskedʒul] ) n. 时间表；计划

satire [ˈsætaɪə] n. 讽刺

roof [ru:f] n. 屋顶

rejected (reject [rɪˈdʒekt] ) v. 拒绝，抵制

ultimately [ˈʌltɪmətlɪ] adv. 最后地

trapped (trap [træp] ) n. 陷阱；阴谋　v. 设陷阱捕捉；阻止

streams (stream [stri:m] ) n. 溪　v. 流，流动

consciously [ˈkɒnʃəslɪ] adv. 有意识地；自觉地

surveyor [sɜ:ˈveɪə] n. 检查员

moisture [ˈmɔɪstʃə] n. 湿气

enhance [ɪnˈhɑ:ns] v. 提高，增加

edge [edʒ] n. 边缘

due to 因为，由于

domestic [dəˈmestɪk] adj. 家庭的；国内的

encouraging [ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒɪŋ] adj. 令人鼓

durable [ˈdjʊərəbl] adj. 持久的

crucial [ˈkru:ʃɪəl] adj. 决定性的

molecules (molecule [ˈmɒlɪkju:l] ) n. 分子

progressively [prəˈgresɪvlɪ] adv. 前进地

aesthetically [i:sˈθetɪklɪ] adv. 审美地

acid [ˈæsɪd] n. 酸　adj. 酸的

whatever [wɒtˈevə] adj. 无论怎样的

acquired (acquire [əˈkwaɪə] ) v. 获得，取得

watercolor [ˈwɔ:tə kʌlə] n. 水彩；水彩画

temperate [ˈtempərɪt] adj. 温和的

serve [sɜ:v] v. 为……服务；供应

representative [ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv] n. 代表，典型

insufficient [ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt] adj. 不够的

suck [sʌk] v. 吸

storage [ˈstɒrɪdʒ] n. 保管

proposed (propose [prəˈpəʊz] ) v. 计划，建议

Pennsylvania [pensɪlˈveɪnjə] n. 宾夕法尼亚州

overcome [ˌəʊvəˈkʌm] v. 克服；胜过

missing (miss [mɪs] ) v. 迷失；想念

mirror [ˈmɪrə] n. 镜子　v. 映出

predictions (prediction [prɪˈdɪkʃən] ) n. 预言

opposite [ˈɒpəzɪt] adj. 相对的，对立的

negative [ˈneɡətɪv] adj. 否定的；负的；消极的

moral [ˈmɒrəl] n. 道德；品行　adj. 道德

criticize [ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz] v. 批评；评价

concluded (conclude [kənˈklu:d] ) v. 断定；推断

impressive [ɪmˈpresɪv] adj. 给人深刻印象的

musicians (musician [mju:ˈzɪʃən] ) n. 音乐家

animation [ˌænɪˈmeɪʃən] n. 卡通制作，活泼

chain [tʃeɪn] n. 链；一系列　v. 束缚

exploratory [ɪkˈsplɒrətərɪ] adj. 探险的

dwellers (dweller [ˈdwelə(r)] ) n. 居民

categories (category [ˈkætɪɡərɪ] ) n. 种类

attention [əˈtenʃən] n. 注意

creatures (creature [ˈkri:tʃə] ) n. 人；生物

threat [θret] n. 恐吓，威胁

issues (issue [ˈɪsju:] ) n. 文章；问题　v. 发行

hind [haɪnd] adj. 后面的

gills (gill [dʒɪl] ) n. 鳃

federal [ˈfedərəl] adj. 联邦的

emit [ɪˈmɪt] v. 散发；发出

conclusive [kənˈklu:sɪv] adj. 决定性的

archaeologists（archaeologist [ˌɑ:kɪˈɔlədʒɪst] ) n. 考古学家

multiple [ˈmʌltɪpl] n. 倍数　adj. 复合的

fiction [ˈfɪkʃən] n. 小说

nervous [ˈnɜ:vəs] adj. 神经紧张的；神经的

stagecoache (sstagecoach [ˈsteɪdʒ kəʊtʃ] ) n. 公共马车

virtue [ˈvɜ:tju:] n. 德行；美德；优点

themes (theme [θi:m] ) n. 主题

conventions (convention [kənˈvenʃən] ) n. 大会；协定

generations (generation [ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən] ) n. 一代；产生

frontier [ˈfrʌn tɪə] n. 边境

fort [fɔ:t] n. 堡垒，要塞

attempts (attempt [əˈtempt] ) n. 尝试；攻击　v. 尝试

symbol [ˈsɪmbəl] n. 符号，象征

tiny [ˈtaɪnɪ] adj. 很小的

stretch [stretʃ] n. 伸展；张开　v. 延伸；伸长

drought [draʊt] n. 干旱

emission [ɪˈmɪʃən] n. 散发；发射

data [ˈdeɪtə] n. 数据（复数）

cultivated (cultivate [ˈkʌltɪveɪt] ) v. 培养；耕作

armet [ˈɑ:met] n. 盔甲

wealthy [ˈwelθɪ] adj. 富有的

aesthetic [i:sˈθetɪk] adj. 美学的

innermost [ˈɪnəməʊst] adj. 内心的，最深处的

abundance [əˈbʌndəns] n. 丰富；充足

zones (zone [zəʊn] ) n. 地域

volume [ˈvɒlju:m] n. 量，册

visual [ˈvɪʒʊəl] adj. 形象的，视觉的

creative [krɪ(:)ˈeɪtɪv] adj. 创造性的

freshwater [ˈfreʃwɔ:tə(r)] adj. 淡水的

drainage [ˈdreɪnɪdʒ] n. 排水

weapons (weapon [ˈwepən] ) n. 武器

uniform [ˈju:nɪfɔ:m] n. 制服　adj. 统一的

twigs (twig [twɪɡ] ) n. 细枝

transfer [trænsˈfɜ:] v. 转移，调任

seal [si:l] n. 封条；海豹　v. 封，密封

coastal [ˈkəʊstl] adj. 海岸的

divided (divide [dɪˈvaɪd] ) v. 分，划分

decay [dɪˈkeɪ] v. 腐朽，腐烂　n. 腐朽，腐烂

copper [ˈkɒpə] n. 铜

ceremonial [ˌserɪˈməʊnjəl] adj. 正式的

assumption [əˈsʌmpʃən] n. 设想，假定

wings (wing [wɪŋ] ) n. 翅膀　v. 飞，飞行

sufficiently [səˈfɪʃəntlɪ] adv. 充分地

Mesozoic [mesəʊˈzəʊɪk] adj. 中生代的

mechanized (mechanize [ˈmekənaɪz] ) v. 使机械化

acidic [əˈsɪdɪk] adj. 酸性的

coppersmiths (coppersmith [ˈkɔpəsmɪθ] ) n. 铜匠

complicated [ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd] adj. 复杂的

mantle [ˈmæntl] n. 遮盖物，斗篷

inevitable [ɪnˈevɪtəbl] adj. 不可避免的

historians (historian [hɪsˈtɔ:rɪən] ) n. 历史学家

fresh [freʃ] adj. 新鲜的

unpredictable [ˈʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl] adj. 不可预知的

apprentice [əˈprentɪs] n. 学徒

investigation [ɪn vestɪˈgeɪʃən] n. 调查；研究

extend [ɪksˈtend] v. 延长，延伸

molten [ˈməʊltən] adj. 熔化的

concentration [ˌkɒnsenˈtreɪʃən] n. 集中；专心

criticism [ˈkrɪtɪsɪz(ə)m] n. 批评

impressions (impression [ɪmˈpreʃən] ) n. 印象

coastline [ˈkəʊstlaɪn] n. 海岸线

invest [ɪnˈvest] v. 投资

interpret [ɪnˈtɜ:prɪt] v. 解释，诠释

nutritious [nju:ˈtrɪʃəs] adj. 有营养成分的

nucleus [ˈnju:klɪəs] n. 原子核

impressed (impress [ɪmˈpres] ) v. 使有印象

magnetosphere [mægˈni:təʊsfɪə(r)] n. 磁力计

justified (justify [ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ] ) v. 证明；证明合法

investment [ɪnˈvestmənt] n. 投资

refreshing (refresh [rɪˈfreʃ] ) v. 使清新

favor [ˈfeɪvə] n. 赞成

explore [ɪksˈplɔ:] v. 探测；探险

Mississippi [ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpɪ] n. 密西西比州，密西西比河

predict [prɪˈdɪkt] v. 预言；预报

initial [ɪˈnɪʃəl] adj. 开始的，最初的

grazing (graze [ɡreɪz] ) v. 放牧

Dakota [dəˈkəʊtə] n. 达科他州

critical [ˈkrɪtɪkəl] adj. 批评的，危险的

naturalist [ˈnætʃərəlɪst] n. 自然主义者

interpretation [ɪn tɜ:prɪˈteɪʃən] n. 解释，翻译

arrangements (arrangement [əˈreɪndʒmənt] ) n. 安排；约定

fictional [ˈfɪkʃənəl] adj. 虚构的

extra [ˈekstrə] adj. 额外的

piano [pɪˈænəʊ] n. 钢琴

schemes（scheme [ski:m] ) n. 方案，体制　v. 计划；策划

revised (revise [rɪˈvaɪz] ) v. 修订；修改

pace [peɪs] n. 速度；步调

nevertheless [ˌnevəðəˈles] adv. 但是；然而

explorers (explorer [ɪksˈplɔ:rə] ) n. 探险家

drain [dreɪn] n. 排水沟；排水　v. 排水；耗尽

consumption [kənˈsʌmpʃən] n. 消费；消耗

modification [ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 修改；缓和

Ohio [əʊˈhaɪəʊ] n. 俄亥俄州

nutritional [nju:ˈtrɪʃənəl] adj. 营养的

bare [beə] adj. 赤裸的；极少的

awards (award [əˈwɔ:d] ) n. 奖品；奖学金　v. 赏给

threatened (threaten [ˈθretn] ) v. 恐吓；威胁

lip [lɪp] n. 嘴唇

intriguing (intrigue [ɪnˈtri:ɡ] ) v. 引起；激起

igneous [ˈɪɡnɪəs] adj. 火的

hypothalamus [ˌhaɪpəʊˈθæləməs] n. 丘脑下部

herds (herd [hɜ:d] ) n. 兽群；人群

spontaneous [spɒnˈteɪnjəs] adj. 不由自主的，自发的

portraits (portrait [ˈpɔ:trɪt] ) n. 肖像

exploration [ˌeksplɔ:ˈreɪʃən] n. 勘查

dwells (dwell [dwel] ) v. 居住

orchestra [ˈɔ:kɪstrə] n. 管弦乐队

cast [kɑ:st] n. 演员阵容；铸件　v. 投；图谋

brick [brɪk] n. 砖

tubes (tube [ˈtju:b] ) n. 管

subsequent [ˈsʌbsɪkwənt] adj. 后来的

stoves (stove [stəʊv] ) n. 火炉

adjacent [əˈdʒeɪsənt] adj. 邻近的　n. 近邻

access [ˈækses] n. 接近；通道　v. 接近

philosophers (philosopher [fɪˈlɒsəfə] ) n. 哲学家

hence [hens] adv. 因此

firm [fɜ:m] n. 公司　v. 使稳固；变坚实　adj. 稳固的；坚定的

thrive [θraɪv] v. 繁荣；兴旺

squeeze [skwi:z] v. 榨取　n. 榨；压榨

maximum [ˈmæksɪməm] adj. 最高的　n. 最大量

consumed (consume [kənˈsju:m] ) v. 消耗；消灭；消费

primates (p rimate [ˈpraɪmɪt] ) n. 灵长类的动物

precede [prɪ(:)ˈsi:d] v. 在……之前

assemble [əˈsembl] v. 集合；装配

Antarctica [æntˈɑ:ktɪkə] n. 南极洲

mechanical [mɪˈkænɪkl] adj. 机械性的

predictable [prɪˈdɪktəb(ə)l] adj. 可预言的

occasions ( occasion [əˈkeɪʒən] ) n. 场合，机会

sandstone [ˈsændstəʊn] n. 砂岩

realist [ˈrɪəlɪst] n. 现实主义作家

streamlining (streamline [ˈstri:mlaɪn] ) v. 使成流线型

respect [rɪsˈpekt] v. 尊敬，敬重　n. 敬重，尊敬

accessible [əkˈsesəbl] adj. 易接近的，可进入的

symbolic [sɪmˈbɒlɪk] adj. 象征的

failure [ˈfeɪljə] n. 失败

formal [ˈfɔ:məl] adj. 正式的

terra [ˈterə] n. 土地

supplement [ˈsʌplɪmənt] n. 增补　v. 补充

participation [pɑ: tɪsɪˈpeɪʃən] n. 分享，参与

superiority [sjʊ(:)pɪərɪˈɒrɪtɪ] n. 优越；上等

unfortunately [ˌʌnˈfɔ:tʃənɪtlɪ] adv. 不幸地；遗憾地

participants (participant [pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpənt] ) n. 参加者

transit [ˈtrænsɪt] n. 运输，运送

archaeological [ˌɑ:kɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 考古学的

annual [ˈænjʊəl] adj. 每年的

dissolved (dissolve [dɪˈzɒlv] ) v. 分解；使融化

consciousness [ˈkɒnʃəsnɪs] n. 意识；自觉

realistic [rɪəˈlɪstɪk] adj. 现实的

coal [kəʊl] n. 煤

pure [pjʊə] adj. 纯的；纯净的

naturally [ˈnætʃərəlɪ] adv. 自然地

impressionists (impressionist [ɪmˈpreʃənɪst] ) n. 印象主义者

speculate [ˈspekjʊ leɪt] v. 投机；推测

voyages (voyage [ˈvɔɪɪdʒ] ) n. 航行　v. 航海；飞过

sophistication [sə fɪstɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 老于世故；复杂

height [haɪt] n. 高度

extraction [ɪksˈtrækʃən] n. 抽出

neolithic [ni:əʊˈlɪθɪk] adj. 新石器时代的

coast [kəʊst] n. 海岸

figurines (figurine [ˈfɪɡjʊri:n] ) n. 小雕像

molt [məʊlt] n. 换毛；换毛期　v. 脱毛

sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd] adj. 成熟的；繁复的

coarse [kɔ:s] adj. 粗糙的

classical [ˈklæsɪkəl] adj. 古典的

barbed (barb [bɑ:b] ) n. 倒钩　v. 装倒钩

Atlantic [ətˈlæntɪk] adj. 大西洋的

apart [əˈpɑ:t] adv. 分别地

anthropologists (anthropologist [ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 人类学家

agrarian [əˈgreərɪən] adj. 耕地的

stage [steɪdʒ] n. 舞台；阶段

nutrition [nju:ˈtrɪʃən] n. 营养

severe [sɪˈvɪə] adj. 严厉的，剧烈的

philosophy [fɪˈlɒsəfɪ] n. 哲学；人生观

handle [ˈhændl] v. 解决　n. 把手

inspired (inspire [ɪnˈspaɪə] ) v. 启示；激发

unions (union [ˈju:njən] ) n. 联盟

positive[ˈpɒzətɪv] adj. 肯定的，绝对的，积极的　n. 正数；正面

consumer [kənˈsju:mə] n. 消费者

wagon [ˈwæɡən] n. 四轮马车

arranged (arrange [əˈreɪndʒ] ) v. 整理；安排

magnetic [mæɡˈnetɪk] adj. 有磁性的

shellfish [ˈʃelfɪʃ] n. 贝；有壳的水生动物

semiarid [ˈsemɪˈærɪd] adj. 半干旱的

arid [ˈærɪd] adj. 干燥的

script [skrɪpt] n. 手稿，剧本

plankton [ˈplæŋkt(ə)n] n. 浮游生物

tracts (tract [trækt] ) n. 道

occasional [əˈkeɪʒnəl] adj. 偶然的

investigators (investigator [ɪnˈvestɪgeɪtə(r)] ) n. 调查者，研究者

substantial [səbˈstænʃəl] adj. 实质上的

struggle [ˈstrʌɡl] n. 奋斗；斗争　v. 抗争；奋斗

entrances ( entrance [ˈentrəns] ) n. 入口；进入

repress [rɪˈpres] v. 压制；抑制

pterosaurs (pterosaur [ˈpterəʊsɒ:] ) n. 翼龙

stems (stem [stem] ) n. 茎　v. 起源于

spiral [ˈspaɪərəl] n. 螺旋　v. 盘旋

representation [ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃən] n. 代表；表示；表现

portion [ˈpɔ:ʃən] n. 部分

terrain [ˈtereɪn] n. 地带

spears (spear [spɪə] ) n. 矛

jets (jet [dʒet] ) n. 发动机；喷射器

entry [ˈentrɪ] n. 登录；进入

specimens (specimen [ˈspesɪmən] ) n. 范例；样品

slope [sləʊp] n. 斜坡；倾斜

sinking (sink [sɪŋk] ) v. 下沉；落下

inner [ˈɪnə] adj. 内部的

maria [mɜ:ˈraɪə] n. 月球或火星表面的大片平坦的黑暗区

leadership [ˈli:dəʃɪp] n. 领导能力

engraving (engrave [ɪnˈɡreɪv] ) v. 雕刻

Dutch [ˈdʌtʃ] n. 荷兰人

inspiration [ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən] n. 灵感；妙计

hatching (hatch [hætʃ] ) n. 孵化　v. 孵化

gulf [ɡʌlf] n. 海湾；深渊

furthermore [fɜ:ðəˈmɔ:(r)] adv. 此外

flat [flæt] n. 平面；浅滩；沼地　adj. 平的，平坦的

excavate [ˈekskəveɪt] v. 挖掘

distant [ˈdɪstənt] adj. 远的

engaged (engage [ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ] ) v. 雇用；预定；涉及

sieve [sɪv] n. 筛子

shrubs (shrub [ʃrʌb] ) n. 灌木

alternative [ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv] n. 选择；二择一；供选择的东西　adj. 两者择一的；替代的

series [ˈsɪəri:z] n. 系列；连续

seek [si:k] v. 寻求，探索

saturated (saturate [ˈsætʃəreɪt] ) v. 浸透

random [ˈrændəm] adj. 任意的；随机的

puzzling (puzzle [ˈpʌzl] ) n. 难题；迷惑　v. 使迷惑

psychological [ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 心理学的

conscious [ˈkɒnʃəs] adj. 有意识的

overgrazing [ˌəʊvəˈgreɪzɪŋ] adj. 过度放牧的

giant [ˈdʒaɪənt] adj. 庞大的

generated (generate [ˈdʒenə reɪt] ) v. 产生，导致

derived (derive [dɪˈraɪv] ) v. 得自；起源

mill [mɪl] n. 磨坊

nerve [nɜ:v] n. 神经；忧虑

journeymen (journeyman [ˈdʒɜ:nɪmən] ) n. 熟练工人

enormous [ɪˈnɔ:məs] adj. 巨大的

sufficient [səˈfɪʃənt] adj. 充足的

inaccessible [ˌɪnækˈsesəbl] adj. 难接近的

wheat [wi:t] n. 小麦

conclusions (conclusion [kənˈklu:ʒən] ) n. 结论

formalized (formalize [ˈfɔ:məlaɪz] ) v. 正式化；使形式化

geometric [dʒɪəˈmetrɪk] adj. 几何学的

furniture [ˈfɜ:nɪtʃə] n. 家具

fail [feɪl] v. 失败；不及格

porosity [pɔ:ˈrɔsətɪ] n. 多孔性

peak [pi:k] n. 山顶；最高点

occasionally [əˈkeɪʒənəlɪ] adv. 偶尔

firmly [ˈfɜ:mlɪ] adv. 坚固地

virtually [ˈvɜ:tjʊəlɪ] adv. 事实上，实质上

trading (trade [treɪd] ) n. 贸易；商业　v. 交易

survey [sɜ:ˈveɪ] n. 调查　v. 调查，测量

psychologists (psychologist [saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 心理学家

modified (modify [ˈmɒdɪfaɪ] ) v. 更改，修饰

charcoal [ˈtʃɑ:kəʊl] n. 木炭

boom [bu:m] v. 激增；暴涨

bands (band [bænd] ) n. 带；乐队

awareness [əˈweənɪs] n. 察觉

investigate [ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt] v. 调查，研究

enlarged (enlarge [ɪnˈlɑ:dʒ] ) v. 扩大

barriers (barrier [ˈbærɪə] ) n. 栅栏

suited (suit [sju:t] ) n. 衣服；套　v. 适合

aware [əˈweə] adj. 知道的（固定搭配：be aware of 知道……）

ash [æʃ] n. 灰

archaeopteryx [ˌɑ:kɪˈɔptərɪks] n. 始祖鸟

heightened (heighten [ˈhaɪtn] ) v. 增高，加强

gain [ɡeɪn] v. 得到

fuel [fjʊəl] n. 燃料　v. 加燃料

fluctuate [ˈflʌktjʊeɪt] v. 变动，动摇

investors (investor [ɪnˈvestə] ) n. 投资人

originator [əˈrɪdʒəneɪtə(r)] n. 创作者

flooded (flood [flʌd] ) n. 洪水　v. 淹没

ceremonies (ceremony [ˈserɪmənɪ] ) n. 仪式

account [əˈkaʊnt] n. 账单，账目　v. 把……视为；认为

absence of 缺乏

confirmed (confirm [kənˈfɜ:m] ) v. 确定

encourage [ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ] v. 鼓励

collectively [kəˈlektɪvlɪ] adv. 全体地

skull [skʌl] n. 头盖骨

debris [ˈdebri:] n. 碎片；残骸

crude [kru:d] adj. 天然的，粗糙的

controls（control [kənˈtrəʊl] ) n. 控制；实验（对照组）　v. 控制；管理

cognitive [ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv] adj. 认知的

clues (clue [klu:] ) n. 线索；提示

classified (classify [ˈklæsɪfaɪ] ) v. 分类

catastrophe [kəˈtæstrəfɪ] n. 大灾难

borders (border [ˈbɔ:də] ) n. 边缘　v. 接近；毗邻

porous [ˈpɔ:rəs] adj. 多孔的

symbolism [ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm] n. 象征主义

signal [ˈsɪɡnl] n. 信号　v. 向……发信号

fireplace [ˈfaɪəpleɪs] n. 壁炉

collection [kəˈlekʃən] n. 收藏；搜集品

extracted ( extract [ɪksˈtrækt] ) v. 摘录；吸取

archaeology [ˌɑ:kɪˈɒlədʒɪ] n. 考古学

annually [ˈænjʊəlɪ] adv. 每年

Los Angeles 洛杉矶

altering (alter [ˈɔ:ltə] ) v. 改变

cones (cone [kəʊn] ) n. 圆锥体；球果

abandoned (abandon [əˈbændən] ) v. 放弃

wherever [(h)wεəˈevə] adv. 无论哪里

mechanization [ˌmekənaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 机械化

selection [sɪˈlekʃən] n. 选择

pores (pore [pɔ:] ) n. 细孔

molecular [məʊˈlekjʊlə] adj. 分子的

voyager [ˈvɔɪɪdʒə(r)] n. 航行者

transition [trænˈzɪʃən] n. 转变

imitative [ˈɪmɪtətɪv] adj. 模仿的

glaze [ɡleɪz] n. 釉；上光　v. 上光

collectible [kəˈlektəbl] adj. 可收集的

popularity [ˌpɒpjʊˈlærɪtɪ] n. 名声，流行

moderate [ˈmɒdərɪt] adj. 适度的　v. 使缓和，使稳定

Mississippians (Mississippian [ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpɪən] ) n. 密西西比州人；密西西比河　adj. 密西西比州人的；密西西比河的

shells (shell [ʃel] ) n. 贝壳

superior [sju:ˈpɪərɪə] n. 上司；长辈　adj. 上级的

co ncentrated [ˈkɒnsentreɪtɪd] adj. 集中的

falcons (falcon [ˈfælkən] ) n. 猎鹰

extent [ɪksˈtent] n. 范围；程度

List 4　第四天

本天前测

在开始本章单词背诵之前，请先在10分钟之内完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

dispersal [dɪˈpɜ:səl] n. 疏散；散布

crisis [ˈkraɪsɪs] n. 危机

ceased (cease [si:s] ) v. 停止

balance [ˈbæləns] n. 平衡　v. 使平衡

symptoms (symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] ) n. 征兆

parasite [ˈpærəsaɪt] n. 寄生虫

margins (margin [ˈmɑ:dʒɪn] ) n. 页边的空白；边缘

innovations (innovation [ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃən] ) n. 革新

fragile [ˈfrædʒaɪl] adj. 易碎的

detect [dɪˈtekt] v. 察觉；侦查

appreciate [əˈpri:ʃɪeɪt] v. 赏识；感激

successive [səkˈsesɪv] adj. 连续的

residential [ˌrezɪˈdenʃəl] adj. 住宅的

larva [ˈlɑ:və] n. 幼虫　larvae（复数）

fertile [ˈfɜ:taɪl] adj. 肥沃的

boundaries (boundary [ˈbaʊndərɪ] ) n. 边界

shallow [ˈʃæləʊ] adj. 浅的

opponents (opponent [əˈpəʊnənt] ) n. 对手　adj. 敌对的

literary [ˈlɪtərərɪ] adj. 文学的

lava [ˈlɑ:və] n. 熔岩

harsh [hɑ:ʃ] adj. 刺耳的

guarantee [ˌɡærənˈti:] v. 保证

geographers (geographer [dʒɪˈɒɡrəfə] ) n. 地理学者

frustrations (frustration [frʌsˈtreɪʃən] ) n. 挫败

exact [ɪɡˈzækt] adj. 精确的

enzymes (enzyme [ˈenzaɪm] ) n. 酵母

eddies (eddy [ˈedɪ] ) n. 漩涡

dive [daɪv] v. 跳水；潜水

dimensional [dɪˈmenʃənəl] adj. 空间的

constituent [kənˈstɪtjʊənt] n. 要素

concur [kənˈkɜ:] v. 意见相同

compact [ˈkɒmpækt] v. 压紧；使紧密　adj. 紧密的　n. 合同

colleagues (colleague [ˈkɒli:ɡ] ) n. 同事

circulation [ˌsɜ:kjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 流通；发行量

chief [tʃi:f] adj. 主要的　n. 领袖；长官

bulb [bʌlb] n. 球茎；电灯泡

artificial [ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃəl] adj. 人工的

advocates (advocate [ˈædvəkɪt] ) v. 提倡　n. 拥护者

vertical [ˈvɜ:tɪkəl] adj. 垂直的

velocity [vɪˈlɒsɪtɪ] n. 速度

utilizes (utilize [ˈju:tɪlaɪz] ) v. 利用

ultraviolet [ˈʌltrəˈvaɪəlɪt] adj. 紫外线的

tornado [tɔ:ˈneɪdəʊ] n. 旋风

strands (strand [strænd] ) n. 海滨；绳

sacrifice [ˈsækrɪfaɪs] v. 牺牲　n. 祭品；牺牲

rewards (reward [rɪˈwɔ:d] ) n. 报酬　v. 奖赏

punishment [ˈpʌnɪʃmənt] n. 处罚

proof [pru:f] n. 证据　v. 检验

prominent [ˈprɒmɪnənt] adj. 卓越的

predecessors (predecessor [ˈpri:dɪsesə] n. 祖先

perception [pəˈsepʃən] n. 感觉

motivate [ˈməʊtɪveɪt] v. 激发

marvel [ˈmɑ:vəl] n. 奇异的事物

manifested (manifest [ˈmænɪfest] ) v. 表明

luxury [ˈlʌkʃərɪ] n. 奢侈，豪华　adj. 奢侈的

legitimate [lɪˈdʒɪtɪmɪt] v. 认为……正当　adj. 合法的

integral [ˈɪntɪɡrəl] adj. 整体的

11 evident [ˈevɪdənt] adj. 显然的

Example: Variation between the brain's hemispheres was not evident in the skulls of Homo erectus and Homo habilis.

11 drag [dræɡ] v. 拉，拖

Example: There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag.

11 dispersal [dɪˈpɜ:səl] n. 疏散；散布

Example: Squirrels may devour many acorns, but by storing and failing to recover up to 74 percent of them (as they do when seeds are abundant), these arboreal rodents can also aid regeneration and dispersal of the oaks.

11 delicate [ˈdelɪkɪt] adj. 细致优雅的；易碎的

Example: A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere.

11 crisis [ˈkraɪsɪs] n. 危机

Example: Releasing capillary water and introducing drought-resistant crops are less-promising solutions to the water supply crisis than bringing in river water.

11 conserve [kənˈsɜ:v] v. 保存

Example: Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water.

11 Columbia [kəˈlʌmbɪə] n. 哥伦比亚

Example: The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

11 ceased (cease [si:s] ) v. 停止

Example: In that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.

11 balance [ˈbæləns] n. 平衡　v. 使平衡

Example: Only rarely do these competing forces of heat and cold operate in perfect balance to create a phenomenon such as the steam caves at Mount Rainier National Park.

11 altitudes (altitude [ˈæltɪtju:d] ) n. 高度

Example: In this process, sedimentary rocks that originally formed on the seabed may be folded upwards to altitudes of more than 26, 000 feet.

11 adult [əˈdʌlt] n. 成人　adj. 成年的

Example: Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.

11 adequate [ˈædɪkwɪt] adj. 充足的

8 inadequate [ɪnˈædɪkwɪt] adj. 不充分的；不适当的

Example: Much of this interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the food supply is unsafe or in adequate in meeting nutritional needs.

11 absorb [əbˈsɔ:b] v. 吸收

6 absorption [əbˈsɔ:pʃən] n. 专心

3 reabsorbed [rɪəbˈsɔ:bd] adj. 再吸收的

Example: When plants do not absorb sufficient amounts of essential minerals, characteristic abnormalities result.

10 wheel [wi:l] n. 轮子　v. 旋转

Example: Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse.

10 tablets (tablet [ˈtæblɪt] ) n. 平板

Example: Archaeologists working at Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets.

10 symptoms (symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] ) n. 征兆

Example: Nitrogen which composes 80 percent of the air we breathe usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres nitrogen causes symptoms resembling alcohol intoxication known as nitrogen narcosis.

10 sustain [səsˈteɪn] v. 支撑；维持

Example: Population growth in turn created an even greater reliance on settled farming, as only systematic agriculture could sustain the increased numbers of people.

10 strips (strip [strɪp] ) n. 条，带；简易机场

Example: It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.

10 splitting (split [splɪt] ) n. 裂缝　v. 劈开

Example: Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their splitting.

10 spin [spɪn] v. 纺织

Example: It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms.

10 scarce [skeəs] adj. 缺乏的；稀有的

Example: The scarce fossils of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celled bacteria, provide little evidence in this regard.

10 roughly [ˈrʌflɪ] adv. 大体上地

6 rough [rʌf] adj. 粗糙的

Example: Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States'population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen.

10 rigid [ˈrɪdʒɪd] adj. 坚硬的；严格的

Example: This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft flats on a pond.

10 republic [rɪˈpʌblɪk] n. 共和国

Example: The Democrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic.

10 rely [rɪˈlaɪ] v. 依靠

9 reliance [rɪˈlaɪəns] n. 信任

Example: These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.

10 reformers (reformer [rɪˈfɔ:mə] ) n. 改革家

Example: Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations.

10 pose [pəʊz] n. 样子；姿态　v. 摆姿势

Example: In 1991 the United States Congress asked NASA to investigate the hazard posed today by large impacts on Earth.

10 plastic [ˈplæstɪk] adj. 塑胶的，塑性的

Example: The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge, movable segments, called plates, which float on a soft plastic layer of rock.

10 planets (planet [ˈplænɪt] ) n. 行星

Example: This break in Earth's history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct.

10 phase [feɪz] n. 阶段

Example: During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa's ocean may have been liquid right to the surface, making it a crucible for life.

10 partially [ˈpɑ:ʃəlɪ] adv. 部分地

Example: This increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground.

10 parasite [ˈpærəsaɪt] n. 寄生虫

Example: In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis—that is, they become diseased and die—after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site.

10 panel [ˈpænl] n. 仪表板

Example: Panel painting, common in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Europe, involved a painstaking, laborious process.

10 offshore [ˈɔ(:)fʃɔ:] adj. 离岸的

Example: Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift　ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment.

10 odor [ˈəʊdə] n. 气味

Example: The process by which the nose recognizes an odor is not fully understood, but there are apparently specific receptor sites for specific odors.

10 occupy [ˈɒkjʊpaɪ] v. 占领

3 occupational [ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃənəl] adj. 职业的

Example: Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth's surface.

10 Norwegian [nɔ:ˈwi:dʒən] n. 挪威人，挪威语　adj. 挪威的，挪威语的

Example: Today, however, the relics of the Caledonian orogeny (mountainbuilding period) exist as the comparatively low mountains of Greenland, the northern Appalachians in the United States, the Scottish Highlands, and the Norwegian coastal plateau.

10 noticeable [ˈnəʊtɪsəbl] adj. 引人注目的

Example: The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip.

10 mixture [ˈmɪkstʃə] n. 混合，混合物

8 mixing (mix [mɪks] ) v. 使混合

Example: The women also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves.

10 medium [ˈmi:djəm] n. 媒体；媒介　adj. 半生熟的，中的

Example: Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans—originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers—attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.

10 massive [ˈmæsɪv] adj. 宏伟的

Example: Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country.

10 margins (margin [ˈmɑ:dʒɪn] ) n. 页边的空白；边缘

Example: New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges.

10 logging (log [lɒɡ] ) v. 伐木　n. 圆木；日志

Example: Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.

10 legislation [ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃən] n. 立法

Example: They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid to education.

10 latter [ˈlætə] adj. 较后的

Example: The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter.

10 latitudes (latitude [ˈlætɪtju:d] ) n. 纬度

Example: This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.

10 invented (invent [ɪnˈvent] ) v. 发明

10 inventors (inventor [ɪnˈventə(r)] ) n. 发明家

8 inventions (invention [ɪnˈvenʃən] ) n. 发明

Example: This "atmospheric engine," invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles. 10 interaction [ˌɪntərˈækʃən] n. 交互作用

3 interact [ˌɪntərˈækt] v. 互动

Example: New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia.

10 instance [ˈɪnstəns] n. 例证　v. 引以为例

Example: In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.

10 innovations (innovation [ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃən] ) n. 革新

7 innovative [ˈɪnəʊveɪtɪv] adj. 创新的

Example: Over the course of the history of building, innovations in material and methods of construction have given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.

10 immune [ɪˈmju:n] adj. 免疫的

Example: Variously known as buffalo grass, grama grass, or mesquite grass, not only were they immune to drought; but they were actually preserved by the lack of summer and autumn rains.

10 holes (hole [həʊl] ) n. 洞

Example: They contained niches for ceremonial objects, a central fire pit, and holes in the floor for communicating with the spirits of tribal ancestors.

10 hinterland [ˈhɪntəlænd] n. 内陆

Example: The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities.

10 Himalayas [ˌhɪməˈleɪəz] n. 喜马拉雅山脉

Example: The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.

10 Harlem [ˈhɑ:ləm] n. 黑人住宅区

Example: The district in New York City known as Harlem was the capital of the movement.

10 Greek [ɡri:k] n. 希腊人

Example: The stone carried the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic, a simplified form of hieroglyphs.

10 freight [freɪt] n. 货运

Example: After the Civil War (1861～1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use.

10 fragile [ˈfrædʒaɪl] adj. 易碎的

Example: In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.

10 forage [ˈfɒrɪdʒ] n. 饲料

4 foragers (forager [ˈfɒrɪdʒə(r)] ) n. 强征者

Example: During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very large area.

10 forecasting (forecast [ˈfɔ:kɑ:st] ) v. 预报

Example: As meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in weather forecasting offices, Nowcasting is becoming a reality.

10 flourished (flourish [ˈflʌrɪʃ] ) v. 繁荣

Example: Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.

10 flexible [ˈfleksəbl] adj. 易曲的，柔软的

Example: In the mid-1700's ʊames Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast，flexible，fuel-efficient engine.

10 finches (finch [fɪntʃ] ) n. 雀类

Example: Two species of these finches, named for the way the upper and lower parts of their bills cross, rather than meet in the middle, reside in the evergreen forests of North America and feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.

10 equal [ˈi:kwəl] v. 等于；比得上　adj. 相等的

9 equally [ˈi:kwəlɪ] adv. 相等地

Example: The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body; otherwise breathing is very difficult.

10 encounter [ɪnˈkaʊntə] v. 遇见

Example: In the 1600's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States, they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples.

10 enclose [ɪnˈkləʊz] v. 围绕，装入

Example: Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.

10 embryo [ˈembrɪəʊ] n. 胚胎

Example: Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.

10 eliminate [ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt] v. 除去

Example: The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining.

10 earthquakes (earthquake [ˈɜ:θkweɪk] ) n. 地震

Example: Other mountains may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce block mountains.

10 detect [dɪˈtekt] v. 察觉；侦查

3 detectable [dɪˈtektəbl] adj. 可发觉的

Example: These experiments were designed to detect consciousness—that is, signs of self-awareness or self-recognition—in animals other than humans.

10 cosmic [ˈkɒzmɪk] adj. 宇宙的

Example: Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent years as astronomers strive to understand where they come from.

10 convert [kənˈvɜ:t] v. 转变；转换

Example: In the 1760's, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion.

10 confined (confine [kənˈfaɪn] ) v. 限制

Example: Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings.

10 collide [kəˈlaɪd] v. 碰撞

Example: When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.

10 chips (chip [tʃɪp] ) n. 屑片；瑕疵

Example: This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.

10 capacity [kəˈpæsɪtɪ] n. 容量，才能

Example: One is that people's capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival.

10 canoes (canoe [kəˈnu:] ) n. 独木舟

Example: Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.

10 candidates (candidate [ˈkændɪdɪt] ) n. 候选人

Example: By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates.

10 butterflies (butterfly [ˈbʌtəflaɪ] ) n. 蝴蝶

Example: The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species.

10 bubbles (bubble [ˈbʌbl] ) n. 泡沫

Example: Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.

10 bronze [brɒnz] n. 青铜

Example: In the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof.

10 bills (bill [bɪl] ) n. 账单；鸟嘴　v. 给……开账单

Example: In the world of birds, bill design is a prime example of evolutionary fine-tuning.

10 beams (beam [bi:m] ) n. 横梁　v. 照射

Example: The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above.

10 bake [beɪk] v. 烤

Example: The vessels were covered with fast-burning wood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them evenly over a few hours.

10 attained (attain [əˈteɪn] ) v. 达到；获得

Example: Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known as kilns, which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve carbons and iron compounds.

10 appreciate [əˈpri:ʃɪeɪt] v. 赏识；感激

3 appreciation [ə pri:ʃɪˈeɪʃən] n. 赏识；感激

3 appreciable [əˈpri:ʃɪəbl] adj. 可感知的

Example: To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.

10 aid [eɪd] n. 帮助　v. 帮助

Example: To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology...

10 agents (agent [ˈeɪdʒənt] ) n. 代理人

Example: The weather, in its many forms, is the main agent of erosion.

9 withstand [wɪðˈstænd] v. 经得住

Example: They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.

9 vision [ˈvɪʒən] n. 视觉；眼光

Example: The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River.

9 valued (value [ˈvælju:] ) n. 价值；价格　v. 评价；看做

Example: Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual?

9 urge [ɜ:dʒ] v. 催促；强烈要求

Example: In time the increasing complexity of Neolithic societies led to the development of writing, prompted by the need to keep records and later by the urge to chronicle experiences, learning, and beliefs.

9 turnpikes (turnpike [ˈtɜ:npaɪk] ) n. 公路

Example: The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster.

9 tides (tide [taɪd] ) n. 潮

Example: The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle.

9 termites (termite [ˈtɜ:maɪt] ) n. 白蚁

Example: Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places.

9 succession [səkˈseʃən] n. 连续；继承

8 successive [səkˈsesɪv] adj. 连续的

6 successional [səkˈseʃənəl] adj. 接连的

Example: It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost.

9 semiskilled [ˈsemɪˈskɪld] adj. 半熟练的

Example: And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers.

9 satisfy [ˈsætɪsfaɪ] v. 使满意

Example: While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction.

9 roosts (roost [ru:st] ) n. 鸟窝　v. 栖息

Example: The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms.

9 reverse [rɪˈvɜ:s] v. 颠倒　n. 相反

Example: Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

9 residential [ˌrezɪˈdenʃəl] adj. 住宅的

9 residents (resident [ˈrezɪdənt] ) n. 定居者　adj. 居住的

4 residence [ˈrezɪdəns] n. 居住；住所

Example: Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250, 000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas.

9 reptiles (reptile [ˈreptaɪl] ) n. 爬虫；爬行动物

Example: Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.

9 regardless [rɪˈɡɑ:dlɪs] adv. 不顾一切地，无论如何

Example: Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.

9 realization [ˌrɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 实现

Example: Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.

9 questionnaires (questionnaire [ˌkwestɪəˈneə] ) n. 调查表

Example: However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.

9 purchase [ˈpɜ:tʃəs] v. 购买　n. 购买

Example: Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middleclass inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it.

9 publishers (publisher [ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)] ) n. 出版者

Example: The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers.

9 pry [praɪ] v. 窥探

Example: Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging.

9 prosperity [prɒsˈperɪtɪ] n. 繁荣

4 prosperous [ˈprɒspərəs] adj. 繁盛的

Example: Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city.

9 probe [prəʊb] v. 针测

Example: Shorebirds such as oystercatchers use their bills to pry open the tightly sealed shells of their prey, hummingbirds have stiletto-like bills to probe the deepest nectar-bearing flowers, and kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks.

9 prevailing (prevail [prɪˈveɪl] ) v. 流行

Example: Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails.

9 Pleistocene [ˈplaɪstəʊsi:n] n. 更新世岩

Example: To describe how the differences between Pleistocene and Cambrian quartz reveal information about dating rocks...

9 pleasure [ˈpleʒə] n. 愉快

Example: Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and moving rhythmically.

9 pleasant [ˈplezənt] adj. 愉快的

Example: In 1909 for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as "pleasant","sad","lively".

9 motifs (motif [məʊˈti:f] ) n. 主题；动机

Example: Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.

9 minimum [ˈmɪnɪməm] n. 最小量　adj. 最小的

Example: Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal.

9 manipulated (manipulate [məˈnɪpjʊleɪt] ) v. 操纵

Example: Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point.

9 magical [ˈmædʒɪkəl] adj. 有魔力的

Example: Upper Paleolithic people shared similar beliefs with contemporary peoples who use paintings of animals in their magical-religious rituals.

9 lungs (lung [lʌŋ] ) n. 肺

Example: The reverse occurs when the diver surfaces; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood and from the blood into the lungs.

9 limestone [ˈlaɪmstəʊn] n. 石灰石

3 lime [laɪm] n. 石灰

Example: Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or—300 million years later—in the Jurassic strata but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.

9 lesser [ˈlesə] adj. 次要的

Example: The behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similar birds with different roosting habits.

9 larva [ˈlɑ:və] n. 幼虫　larvae（复数）

Example: Every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100, 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.

9 kilns (kiln [kɪln] ) n. 窑

Example: Kilns were also used for glazing, when two firings were needed, once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired before they were ready for use.

9 inscriptions (inscription [ɪnˈskrɪpʃən] ) n. 题字；碑铭

Example: Because these inscriptions made reference to the king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the new language be called Sumerian.

9 infant [ˈɪnfənt] n. 婴儿　adj. 婴儿的

Example: At first, the sounds that an infant notices might be only those words that receive the heaviest emphasis and that often occur at the ends of utterances.

9 incubation [ˌɪnkjʊˈbeɪʃən] n. 孵卵

Example: Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks.

9 incorporated (incorporate [ɪnˈkɔ:pəreɪt] ) v. 合并

4 corporations (corporation [ˌkɔ:pəˈreɪʃən] ) n. 股份公司

Example: In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2, 500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50, 000 inhabitants or more.

9 imprinting (imprint [ɪmˈprɪnt] ) n. 印痕　v. 印

Example: The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger.

9 hostile [ˈhɒstaɪl] adj. 怀敌意的

Example: Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth's surface, the deep-ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.

9 grooves (groove [ɡru:v] ) n. 凹槽

Example: Some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue.

9 graphic [ˈɡræfɪk] adj. 图解的

Example: Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of transforming raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly.

9 granite [ˈɡrænɪt] n. 花岗岩

Example: Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye.

9 frost [frɒst] n. 霜

Example: Winter often lingered; autumn could be ushered in by severe frost.

9 flock [flɒk] n. 群　v. 聚集

Example: Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts.

9 fertilizer [ˈfɜ:tɪ laɪzə] n. 肥料

8 fertile [ˈfɜ:taɪl] adj. 肥沃的

6 fertility [fɜ:ˈtɪlɪtɪ] n. 肥沃

5 fertilized (fertilize [ˈfɜ:tɪlaɪz] ) v. 施肥

Example: In addition, newly developing soils exposed by recent glacier retreat and planted with alders show that these trees are applying the equivalent of ten bags of high-nitrogen fertilizer to each hectare per year.

9 facilities (facility [fəˈsɪlɪtɪ] ) n. 设备

Example: With many cities now undergoing renewed development, opportunities are continuously emerging for the inclusion or art in new or renewed public environments, including buildings, plazas, parks, and transportation facilities.

9 fabric [ˈfæbrɪk] n. 织品

Example: This term was usually applied to a fabric of wool and linen used in heavy clothing and quilted petticoats worn in the wintertime.

9 excessive [ɪkˈsesɪv] adj. 过度的

8 excess [ɪkˈses] n. 过度　adj. 过度的；额外的

Example: This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.

9 exaggerate [ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt] v. 夸张

Example: In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites.

9 entrepreneurs (entrepreneur [ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜ:] ) n. 企业家

Example: Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves.

9 entertainment [entəˈteɪnmənt] n. 娱乐

Example: When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

9 elevation [ˌelɪˈveɪʃən] n. 海拔

Example: Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.

9 elaborate [ɪˈlæbərət] v. 精心制作　adj. 精细的

3 elaborately [ɪˈlæbərətlɪ] adv. 精心地

Example: The recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator's pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

9 diameter [daɪˈæmɪtə] n. 直径

Example: The body that impacted Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period was a meteorite with a mass of more than a trillion tons and a diameter of at least 10 kilometers.

9 devised (devise [dɪˈvaɪz] ) v. 设计

Example: The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials.

9 delivery [dɪˈlɪvərɪ] n. 投递

8 deliver [dɪˈlɪvə] v. 递送

Example: In 1825, the United States Congress permitted local postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for home delivery, but these carriers received no government salary and their entire compensation on what they were paid by the recipients of individual letters.

9 dam [dæm] n. 水坝

Example: To counter these natural obstacles, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a public agency with broad powers to promote development in the region, including the authority to build dams and reservoirs and to generate and sell hydroelectric power.

9 chambers (chamber [ˈtʃeɪmbə] ) n. 室

Example: Heat rising from numerous openings (called fumaroles) along the inner crater walls melts out chambers between the rocky walls and the overlying ice pack.

9 census [ˈsensəs] n. 人口普查

Example: While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple "town" and "cities".

9 capillary [kəˈpɪlərɪ] adj. 毛细管的　n. 毛细管

Example: Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed are into the ground.

9 boundaries (boundary [ˈbaʊndərɪ] ) n. 边界

Example: Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand mark the boundaries of Polynesia.

9 automobile [ˈɔ:təməʊbi:l] n. 汽车

Example: In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile

plants from 9 to 8.

9 astronomers (astronomer [əˈstrɒnəmə] ) n. 天文学家

5 astronomy [əsˈtrɒnəmɪ] n. 天文学

4 astronomical [ˌæstrəˈnɒmɪkəl] adj. 天文学的

Example: These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle.

9 advent [ˈædvənt] n. 出现

Example: They made these until the advent of the Revolutionary War in 1775, when everything English came to be frowned upon.

8 wilderness [ˈwɪldənɪs] n. 荒野

Example: In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

8 wages (wage [weɪdʒ] ) n. 薪水

Example: As the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

8 vital [ˈvaɪtl] adj. 重要的

Example: Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body;　a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems.

8 tundra [ˈtʌndrə] n. 冻土地带

Example: The woolly mammoth, along-haired rhinoceros, and other mammals have been periodically exposed in the tundra of Siberia, the hair and red flesh still frozen in cold storage.

8 tile [taɪl] n. 瓦

Example: Molds were used to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for other products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some quantity, they were used to facilitate mass production.

8 therapy [ˈθerəpɪ] n. 治疗

Example: In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960's, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute.

8 swamps (swamp [swɒmp] ) n. 沼泽

Example: The beds of ancient lakes were also excellent sites for rapid burial of skeletal remains of freshwater organisms and skeletons of other animals, including those of early humans. Ancient swamps were particularly plentiful with prolific growths of vegetation, which fossilized in abundance.

8 susceptible [səˈseptəbl] adj. 易受……影响的

Example: Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

8 surpluses (surplus [ˈsɜ:pləs] ) n. 剩余

Example: Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves.

8 slide [slaɪd] v. 滑动

Example: Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mud slides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favored fossilization.

8 shallow [ˈʃæləʊ] adj. 浅的

Example: It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean.

8 sensitive [ˈsensɪtɪv] adj. 敏感的

5 sensitivity [ˌsensɪˈtɪvɪtɪ] n. 敏感

4 hypersensitive [ˌhaɪpə(:)ˈsensɪtɪv] adj. 高灵敏度的

Example: Wind power is a virtually unlimited source of energy at favorable sites, and even excluding environmentally sensitive areas, the global potential of wind power is much higher than the current world electricity use.

8 scrub [skrʌb] n. 灌木丛

Example: By our narrow standards, scrub is not beautiful;　neither does it meet our selfish utilitarian needs.

8 scents (scent [sent] ) n. 气味

Example: As they go about their daily business breaking down lipids, or fatty substances, on the skin, these bacteria release volatile substances that usually strike the bloodhound's nose as an entire constellation of distinctive scents.

8 routine [ru:ˈti:n] n. 例行公事；常规　adj. 例行的

Example: With the settled routine of Neolithic farmers came the evolution of towns and eventually cities.

8 resilience [rɪˈzɪlɪəns] n. 弹性

Example: The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.

8 relief [rɪˈli:f] n. 减轻

Example: The plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief.

8 reindeer [ˈreɪndɪə] n. 驯鹿

Example: Hunters avoided deer and reindeer because of their natural weapons, such as horns.

8 reefs (reef [ri:f] ) n. 礁

Example: Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.

8 reality [rɪ(:)ˈælɪtɪ] n. 现实

Example: The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of governments, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.

8 radically [ˈrædɪkəlɪ] adv. 完全地

Example: These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920.

8 propulsion [prəˈpʌlʃən] n. 推进；推进力

Example: Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships.

8 pride [praɪd] n. 自豪　v. 以……自豪

Example: Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism, take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa for substance and inspiration.

8 precise [prɪˈsaɪs] adj. 精确的

Example: The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.

8 postal [ˈpəʊstəl] adj. 邮局的

Example: In the early days of the United States, postal charges were paid by the recipient and charges varied with the distance carried.

8 polar [ˈpəʊlə] adj. 两极的

Example: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions.

8 platforms (platform [ˈplætfɔ:m] ) n. 月台

Example: Constructing technologically advanced drilling platforms.

8 pent-up 被抑制的

Example: Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets.

8 paleontologists (paleontologist [ˌpælɪɔnˈtɔlədʒɪst] ) n. 古生物学者

Example: Recently, however, paleontologists have been taking a closer look at the sediments below this Silurian-Devonian geological boundary.

8 outline [ˈaʊtlaɪn] n. 外形；轮廓　v. 描画轮廓

Example: Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper.

8 outlets (outlet [ˈaʊtlet] ) n. 出口

Example: The Great Basin is hemmed in on the west by the Sierra Nevada and on the east by the Rocky Mountains; it has no outlet to the sea.

8 opponents (opponent [əˈpəʊnənt] ) n. 对手　adj. 敌对的

Example: During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig Party.

8 mode [məʊd] n. 模态

Example: The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design.

8 mining (mine [maɪn] ) v. 开采　n. 矿

Example: States chartered manufacturing, baking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads.

8 mathematical [ˌmæθɪˈmætɪkəl] adj. 数学的

Example: Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact.

8 mammoths (mammoth [ˈmæməθ] ) n. 长毛象

Example: Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, the two captains set out.

8 lunar [ˈlju:nə] adj. 阴历的

Example: This impact released an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as large as the lunar crater Tycho.

8 literary [ˈlɪtərərɪ] adj. 文学的

Example: Her productivity since then has been prodigious, accumulating in less than two decades to nearly thirty titles, including novels, collections of short stories and verse, plays, and literary criticism.

8 leaf [li:f] n. 叶

3 leafy [ˈli:fɪ] adj. 叶茂盛的

Example: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf issue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in a herbaceous plant.

8 lava [ˈlɑ:və] n. 熔岩

Example: The Cascades are made up of lavas and volcanic materials.

8 laboratory [ləˈbɒrətərɪ] n. 实验室

Example: Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory experiments...

8 intermediate [ˌɪntəˈmi:djət] adj. 中间的；中级的　n. 中间物

Example: Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

8 institute [ˈɪnstɪtju:t] n. 协会；学院　v. 创立

3 institution [ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃən] n. 机构

Example: They left the Academy-Institute a unique bequest: for five consecutive years, two distinguished (and financially needy) writers would receive enough money so they could devote themselves entirely to "prose literature" (no plays, no poetry, and no paying job that might distract).

8 inhibits (inhibit [ɪnˈhɪbɪt] ) v. 禁止；抑制

Example: Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.

8 imparted (impart [ɪmˈpɑ:t] ) v. 告知

Example: Interest is imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time.

8 harsh [hɑ:ʃ] adj. 刺耳的

Example: Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.

8 harmful [ˈhɑ:mfʊl] adj. 有害的

6 harm [hɑ:m] v. 伤害

Example: Though beneficial in lower levels, high levels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to plants.

8 halls (hall [hɔ:l] ) n. 门厅，大厅

Example: Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status.

8 guarantee [ˌɡærənˈti:] v. 保证

Example: The government's responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.

8 gratify [ˈɡrætɪfaɪ] v. 使满足

Example: The word gratify in the passage is closest in meaning to satisfy.

8 geographical [ˌdʒɪəˈgræfɪkəl] adj. 地理学的

5 geographic [ˌdʒɪəˈgræfɪk] adj. 地理学的

4 geographers (geographer [dʒɪˈɒɡrəfə] ) n. 地理学者

Example: The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.

8 galleries (gallery [ˈɡælərɪ] ) n. 画廊

Example: There was almost no room for sculpture at the influential Fine Arts Society's 57th Street Galleries in New York.

8 furnace [ˈfɜ:nɪs] n. 火炉

Example: In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams.

8 frustrations (frustration [frʌsˈtreɪʃən] ) n. 挫败

Example: Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life.

8 foundation [faʊnˈdeɪʃən] n. 基础；建立

Example: In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box.

8 fir [fɜ:] n. 杉木

Example: Roof beams of pine or fir had to be carried from logging areas in the mountain forests many kilometers away.

8 fairgrounds (fairground [ˈfeəɡraʊnd] ) n. 露天市场

Example: Frequent trains and trolley cars connected the fairgrounds of the exposition with the town, and on several occasions, George Pullman himself guided the tours.

8 expedition [ˌekspɪˈdɪʃən] n. 探险

Example: When game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation.

8 exert [ɪɡˈzɜ:t] v. 发挥；运用

Example: The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres.

8 exactly [ɪɡˈzæktlɪ] adv. 正确地

5 exact [ɪɡˈzækt] adj. 精确的

Example: The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes.

8 enzymes (enzyme [ˈenzaɪm] ) n. 酶

Example: It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.

8 eddies (eddy [ˈedɪ] ) n. 漩涡

Example: Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water.

8 eager [ˈi:ɡə] adj. 热心的

Example: Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves.

8 diver [ˈdaɪvə] n. 潜水者

4 dive [daɪv] v. 跳水；潜水

Example: To avoid this event, a diver must ascent slowly, never at a rate exceeding the rise of the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent.

8 dimensional [dɪˈmenʃənəl] adj. 空间的

4 dimensions (dimension [dɪˈmenʃən] ) n. 尺寸

Example: Sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich threedimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776.

8 digging (dig [dɪɡ] ) n. 刺，碰　v. 掘；挖

Example: To make a twig more effective for digging out termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of its leaves.

8 density [ˈdensɪtɪ] n. 密度

Example: Petroleum tends to rise to the surface, since it is lower in density than water.

8 cuneiform [ˈkju:nɪɪfɔ:m] n. 楔形文字

Example: Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian and New Elamite—languages that had already been deciphered.

8 countryside [ˈkʌntrɪsaɪd] n. 乡下地方

Example: Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow.

8 costumes (costume [ˈkɒstju:m] ) n. 服装　v. 为……设计服装

Example: Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect—success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun—as an actor might.

8 constituent [kənˈstɪtjʊənt] n. 要素

Example: In the eighteenth century, Antoine Lavoisier, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning, one that required a constituent of air—later shown to be oxygen—for combustion.

8 conservation [ˌkɒnsə(:)ˈveɪʃən] n. 保存

4conservative [kənˈsɜ:vətɪv] adj. 保守的

Example: Conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.

8 congress [ˈkɒŋɡres] n. 会议

Example: In 1991 the United States Congress asked NASA to investigate the hazard posed today by large impacts on Earth.

8 concur [kənˈkɜ:] v. 意见相同

Example: Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people.

8 compact [ˈkɒmpækt] v. 压紧；使紧密　adj. 紧密的　n. 合同

Example: Snow accumulating yearly in Rainier's summit craters is compacted and compressed into a dense form of ice called firm, a substance midway between ordinary ice and the denser crystalline ice that makes up glaciers.

8 colleagues (colleague [ˈkɒli:ɡ] ) n. 同事

Example: Psychologist Joel Arnoff and his colleagues compared two types of wooden face masks from many different societies—masks described as threatening versus masks associated with nonthreatening functions.

8 circumstances (circumstance [ˈsɜ:kəmstəns] ) n. 环境

3 circumscribed (circumscribe [ˈsɜ:kəm skraɪb] ) v. 限制

3 circumference [səˈkʌmfərəns] n. 圆周

Example: Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to need.

8 circular [ˈsɜ:kjʊlə] adj. 圆形的；循环的

8 circulation [ˌsɜ:kjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 流通；发行量

Example: Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more kivas—circular underground chambers faced with stone.

8 chief [tʃi:f] adj. 主要的　n. 领袖；长官

Example: In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.

8 centimeter [ˈsentɪmi:tər(r)] n. 公分

Example: Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water to fill Lake Huron.

8 burst [bɜ:st] v. 爆炸

Example: Following each mass extinction, there is a sudden evolutionary burst as new species develop to fill the ecological niches opened by the event.

8 brush [brʌʃ] n. 刷子　v. 刷

Example: One technique involves first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like squeaks.

8 bulb [bʌlb] n. 球茎；电灯泡

Example: Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that they were all dead.

8 besides [bɪˈsaɪdz] prep. 此外

Example: Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.

8 bay [beɪ] n. 海湾

Example: The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.

8 attributes (attribute [əˈtrɪbjʊ(:)t] ) v. 归于　n. 属性；特征

Example: The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/ clock.

8 artworks (artwork [ˈɑ:twɜ:k] ) n. 有艺术价值的作品

Example: The result of these activities is a group of artworks that reflect the diversity of contemporary art and the varying character and goals of the sponsoring communities.

8 artificial [ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃəl] adj. 人工的

Example: Rene-Antoine de Reaumur, a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass.

8 apartments (apartment [əˈpɑ:tmənt] ) n. 公寓

Example: The presence in Baltimore of Barnum's City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments helps explain why many other early national political conventions were held there.

8 amusement [əˈmju:zmənt] n. 娱乐

Example: Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles for instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction.

8 advocates (advocate [ˈædvəkɪt] ) v. 提倡　n. 拥护者

Example: Advocates of organic foods—a term whose meaning varies greatly—frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.

8 adverse [ˈædvɜ:s] adj. 逆向的

Example: Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.

8 administration [ədmɪnɪsˈtreɪʃən] n. 经营；管理

Example: The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce.

8 acres (acre [ˈeɪkə] ) n. 英亩

3 acreage [ˈeɪkərɪdʒ] n. 英亩数

Example: By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1, 400 acres, as well as 400 acres in playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles.

7 wolves (wolf [wʊlf] ) n. 狼

Example: Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate their efforts on young animals.

7 welfare [ˈwelfeə] n. 福利

Example: To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare...

7 weighed (weigh [weɪ] ) v. 秤重量

Example: Each category can be weighed to make a textural determination.

7 vertical [ˈvɜ:tɪkəl] adj. 垂直的

Example: Most groups made all their basketwork by twining—the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp.

7 velocity [vɪˈlɒsɪtɪ] n. 速度

Example: Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.

7 utilizes (utilize [ˈju:tɪlaɪz] ) v. 利用

3 utility [ju:ˈtɪlɪtɪ] n. 公用程序

Example: It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color.

7 twist [twɪst] v. 扭转

Example: If a cat has no spin when it is released and experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twist around as it falls.

7 ultraviolet [ˈʌltrəˈvaɪəlɪt] adj. 紫外线的

Example: High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.

7 trillion [ˈtrɪljən] n. 百万兆

Example: The explosion lifted about 100 trillion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to the surface.

7 toxic [ˈtɒksɪk] adj. 有毒的

Example: Research has focused on the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum; however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, can become toxic in high concentrations.

7 tourists (tourist [ˈtʊərɪst] ) n. 旅行者

3 tourism [ˈtʊərɪz(ə)m] n. 旅游

Example: Constructing a fantastic environment for the benefit of tourists, he made sure that any real tensions between his office and the working inhabitants of the town were rendered invisible to the tourist gaze.

7 tornado [tɔ:ˈneɪdəʊ] n. 旋风

Example: Many of the most damaging and life-threatening types of weather—torrential rains, severe thunderstorms, and tornadoes—begin quickly, strike suddenly, and dissipate rapidly, devastating small regions while leaving neighboring areas untouched.

7 trappings [ˈtræpɪŋz] n. 外表的装饰

Example: The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings.

7 tales (tale [teɪl] ) n. 故事

Example: The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long time.

7 suspended (suspend [səsˈpend] ) v. 吊；中止

Example: Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.

7 subtle [ˈsʌtl] adj. 微妙的

Example: Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain.

7 studio [ˈstju:dɪəʊ] n. 工作室

Example: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth- century tradition in which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.

7 strands (strand [strænd] ) n. 海滨；绳

Example: Mild steel and aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes.

7 staple [ˈsteɪpl] n. 主要产品　v. 把……分级

Example: The perishable commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control.

7 sections (section [ˈsekʃən] ) n. 节；部分

Example: In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country.

7 secret [ˈsi:krɪt] n. 秘密　adj. 秘密的

Example: Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.

7 sapped (sap [sæp] ) v. 破坏……的基础

Example: This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth.

7 sacrifice [ˈsækrɪfaɪs] v. 牺牲　n. 祭品；牺牲

Example: Adaptations for speed, however, are likely to require sacrifices in other attributes, so we might expect only some species to adopt a simple fast flight strategy.

7 rewards (reward [rɪˈwɔ:d] ) n. 报酬　v. 奖赏

Example: The most financially rewarding of all the Academy-Institute awards are the Mildred and Harold Strauss Livings.

7 review [rɪˈvju:] n. 评论　v. 再检查；评论；回顾

Example: Wild life zoologist Helmut Buechner (1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, Says that "since the early 1940's, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320, 000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65, 000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period".

7 restoration [ˌrestəˈreɪʃən] n. 恢复

Example: The most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the gate of the forests.

7 reserves (reserve [rɪˈzɜ:v] ) n. 储备　v. 保留

Example: Current methods of petroleum extraction enable oil producers to recover about half of the world's petroleum reserves.

7 relics (relic [ˈrelɪk] ) n. 遗迹

Example: Today, however, the relics of the Caledonian orogeny (mountainbuilding period) exist as the comparatively low mountains of Greenland, the northern Appalachians in the United States, the Scottish Highlands, and the Norwegian coastal plateau.

7 reliable [rɪˈlaɪəbl] adj. 可靠的

Example: Furthermore even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought.

7 reel [ri:l] n. 卷轴

Example: Inventors wound the cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber from the molten glass.

7 queried (query [ˈkwɪərɪ] ) n. 疑问　v. 询问

Example: Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.

7 punishment [ˈpʌnɪʃmənt] n. 处罚

Example: Yet children, also fearing their parents’ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses.

7 proof [pru:f] n. 证据　v. 检验

Example: To indicate that supposed proof for Heyerdahl's theory has an alternative explanation...

7 prominent [ˈprɒmɪnənt] adj. 卓越的

Example: Wealthy and socially prominent settlers made quilts of the English type, cut from large lengths of cloth of the same color and texture rather than stitched together from smaller pieces.

7 procedure [prəˈsi:dʒə] n. 程序

Example: Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions.

7 prevalent [ˈprevələnt] adj. 普遍的

Example: Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.

7 predominantly [prɪˈdɒmɪnəntlɪ] adv. 占主导地位地

Example: Populations of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.

7 predecessors (predecessor [ˈpri:dɪsesə] ) n. 祖先

Example: With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.

7 potassium [pəˈtæsɪəm] n. 钾

Example: Of course, the fanner could supply chemical fertilizer to the fields but with most fertilizers this practice would replenish only potassium, phosphates, and nitrogen.

7 phenomena (phenomenon[fɪˈnɒmɪnən] ) n. 现象

Example: Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon.

7 Persian [ˈpɜ:ʃən] n. 波斯人

Example: By about 3100B. C, they were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

7 perception [pəˈsepʃən] n. 感觉

Example: Now another type of microscope, one that utilize x-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny details, it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.

7 nuts (nut [nʌt] ) n. 坚果

Example: One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts.

7 notation [nəʊˈteɪʃən] n. 乐谱

Example: Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.

7 motives (motive [ˈməʊtɪv] ) n. 动机

7 motivation [ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃən] n. 动机

6 motivate [ˈməʊtɪveɪt] v. 激发

Example: Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives.

7 niches (niche [nɪtʃ] ) n. 壁橱；栖身处

Example: Many zoologists believe that it was because so many ecological niches were available with virtually no competition from existing species.

7 merely [ˈmɪəlɪ] adv. 只是

Example: Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright waling that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones.

7 meadows (meadow [ˈmedəʊ] ) n. 草地

Example: A recent Douglas biographer states:"The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."

7 marvel [ˈmɑ:vəl] n. 奇异的事物

Example: What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.

7 manifested (manifest [ˈmænɪfest] ) v. 表明

3 manifestation [ˌmænɪfesˈteɪʃən] n. 显示；证明

Example: People in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.

7 makeup [ˈmeɪkʌp] n. 补充；化妆品；组成

Example: While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750, 000 species of insects.

7 magma [ˈmæɡmə] n. 岩浆

Example: In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.

7 luxury [ˈlʌkʃərɪ] n. 奢侈，豪华　adj. 奢侈的

Example: Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional.

7 legitimate [lɪˈdʒɪtɪmɪt] v. 认为……正当　adj. 合法的

Example: These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.

7 leather [ˈleðə] n. 皮革　adj. 皮的

Example: When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture.

7 latent [ˈleɪtənt] adj. 潜伏性的

Example: Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent heat.

7 intricate [ˈɪntrɪkɪt] adj. 复杂的

Example: Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out.

7 interviews (interview [ˈɪntəvju:] ) n. 面谈

Example: While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion.

7 intentions (intention [ɪnˈtenʃən] ) n. 意图

7 intended (intend [ɪnˈtend] ) v. 计划

4 intent [ɪnˈtent] n. 意图

Example: In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there.

7 integral [ˈɪntɪɡrəl] adj. 整体的

Example: It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.

7 instruction [ɪnˈstrʌkʃən] n. 指示

3 instructive [ɪnˈstrʌktɪv] adj. 教育性的

Example: In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members’ paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city.

7 initiate [ɪˈnɪʃɪeɪt] v. 开始

Example: The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase Earth's albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age.

本天乱序

在本章单词背诵结束后，请完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

equally [ˈi:kwəlɪ] adv. 相等地

encounter [ɪnˈkaʊntə] v. 遇见

fertility [fɜ:ˈtɪlɪtɪ] n. 肥沃

geographic [ˌdʒɪəˈgræfɪk] adj. 地理学的

appreciation [ə pri:ʃɪˈeɪʃən] n. 赏识；感激

enclose [ɪnˈkləʊz] v. 围绕，装入

realization [ˌrɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 实现

questionnaires (questionnaire [ˌkwestɪəˈneə] ) n. 调查表

purchase [ˈpɜ:tʃəs] v. 购买　n. 购买

publishers (publisher [ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)] ) n. 出版者

pry [praɪ] v. 窥探

successional [səkˈseʃənəl] adj. 接连的

deliver [dɪˈlɪvə] v. 递送

dam [dæm] n. 水坝

chambers (chamber [ˈtʃeɪmbə] ) n. 室

census [ˈsensəs] n. 人口普查

capillary [kəˈpɪlərɪ] adj. 毛细管的　n. 毛细管

boundaries (boundary [ˈbaʊndərɪ] ) n. 边界

automobile [ˈɔ:təməʊbi:l] n. 汽车

prosperity [prɒsˈperɪtɪ] n. 繁荣

inventors (inventor [ɪnˈventə(r)] ) n. 发明家

interact [ˌɪntərˈækt] v. 互动

studio [ˈstju:dɪəʊ] n. 工作室

elaborate [ɪˈlæbərət] v. 精心制作　adj. 精细的

dimensions (dimension [dɪˈmenʃən] )　n. 尺寸

astronomical [ˌæstrəˈnɒmɪkəl] adj. 天文学的

advent [ˈædvənt] n. 出现

convert [kənˈvɜ:t] v. 转变；转换

entertainment [entəˈteɪnmənt] n. 娱乐

spray [spreɪ] v. 喷洒；喷

costumes (costume [ˈkɒstju:m] ) n. 服装　v. 为……设计服装

wilderness [ˈwɪldənɪs] n. 荒野

canoes (canoe [kəˈnu:] ) n. 独木舟

artworks (artwork [ˈɑ:twɜ:k] ) n. 有艺术价值的作品

foragers (forager [ˈfɒrɪdʒə(r)] ) n. 强征者

surpluses (surplus [ˈsɜ:pləs] ) n. 剩余

predecessors (predecessor [ˈpri:dɪsesə] ) n. 祖先

reliable [rɪˈlaɪəbl] adj. 可靠的

reel [ri:l] n. 卷轴

queried (query [ˈkwɪərɪ] ) n. 疑问　v. 询问

punishment [ˈpʌnɪʃmənt] n. 处罚

proof [pru:f] n. 证据　v. 检验

lime [laɪm] n. 石灰

lesser [ˈlesə] adj. 次要的

larva [ˈlɑ:və] n. 幼虫larvae (复数）

sort [sɔ:t] n. 种类　v. 把……分类

shattered (shatter [ˈʃætə] ) v. 打碎

semiskilled [ˈsemɪˈskɪld] adj. 半熟练的

motivation [ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃən] n. 动机

stiffen [ˈstɪfn] v. 使坚硬

circumference [səˈkʌmfərəns] n. 圆周

prevailing (prevail [prɪˈveɪl] ) v. 流行

digging (dig [dɪɡ] ) n. 刺，碰　v. 掘；挖

besides [bɪˈsaɪdz] prep. 此外

bay [beɪ] n. 海湾

attributes (attribute [əˈtrɪbjʊ(:)t] ) v. 归于　n. 属性；特征

outlets (outlet [ˈaʊtlet] ) n. 出口

opponents (opponent [əˈpəʊnənt] ) n. 对手　adj. 敌对的

mode [məʊd] n. 模态

mining (mine [maɪn] ) v. 开采　n. 矿

mixture [ˈmɪkstʃə] n. 混合，混合物

detectable [dɪˈtektəbl] adj. 可发觉的

cosmic [ˈkɒzmɪk] adj. 宇宙的

capacity [kəˈpæsɪtɪ] n. 容量，才能

reverse [rɪˈvɜ:s] v. 颠倒　n. 相反

phenomenon [fɪˈnɒmɪnən] n. 现象

forecasting (forecast [ˈfɔ:kɑ:st] ) v. 预报

amusement [əˈmju:zmənt] n. 娱乐

advocates (advocate [ˈædvəkɪt] ) v. 提倡　n. 拥护者

slide [slaɪd] v. 滑动

shallow [ˈʃæləʊ] adj. 浅的

sensitive [ˈsensɪtɪv] adj. 敏感的

re serves (reserve [rɪˈzɜ:v] ) n. 储备　v. 保留

relics (relic [ˈrelɪk] ) n. 遗迹

procedure [prəˈsi:dʒə] n. 程序

administration [ədmɪnɪsˈtreɪʃən] n. 经营；管理

acres (acre [ˈeɪkə] ) n. 英亩

wolves (wolf [wʊlf] ) n. 狼

delicate [ˈdelɪkɪt] adj. 细致优雅的；易碎的

crisis [ˈkraɪsɪs] n. 危机

conserve [kənˈsɜ:v] v. 保存

exactly [ɪɡˈzæktlɪ] adv. 正确地

stamp [stæmp] n. 邮票；印　v. 贴邮票于；毁掉

welfare [ˈwelfeə] n. 福利

foundation [faʊnˈdeɪʃən] n. 基础；建立

fir [fɜ:] n. 杉木

fairgrounds (fairground [ˈfeəɡraʊnd] ) n. 露天市场

expedition [ˌekspɪˈdɪʃən] n. 探险

resilience [rɪˈzɪlɪəns] n. 弹性

prosperous [ˈprɒspərəs] adj. 繁盛的

embryo [ˈembrɪəʊ] n. 胚胎

residence [ˈrezɪdəns] n. 居住；住所

interaction [ˌɪntərˈækʃən] n. 交互作用

strands (strand [strænd] ) n. 海滨；绳

leafy [ˈli:fɪ] adj. 叶茂盛的

manipulated (manipulate [məˈnɪpjʊleɪt] ) v. 操纵

prevalent [ˈprevələnt] adj. 普遍的

immune [ɪˈmju:n] adj. 免疫的

holes (hole [həʊl] ) n. 洞

corporations (corporation [ˌkɔ:pəˈreɪʃən] ) n. 股份公司

imprinting (imprint [ɪmˈprɪnt] ) n. 印痕　v. 印

hostile [ˈhɔstaɪl] adj. 怀敌意的

weighed (weigh [weɪ] ) v. 秤重量

perception [pəˈsepʃən] n. 感觉

nuts (nut [nʌt] ) n. 坚果

imparted (impart [ɪmˈpɑ:t] ) v. 告知

harsh [hɑ:ʃ] adj. 刺耳的

spin [spɪn] v. 纺织

acreage [ˈeɪkərɪdʒ] n. 英亩数

tile [taɪl] n. 瓦

notation [nəʊˈteɪʃən] n. 乐谱

motives (motive [ˈməʊtɪv] ) n. 动机

collide [kəˈlaɪd] v. 碰撞

chips (chip [tʃɪp] ) n. 屑片；瑕疵

eliminate [ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt] v. 除去

density [ˈdensɪtɪ] n. 密度

cuneiform [ˈkju:nɪɪfɔ:m] n. 楔形文字

pent-up 被抑制的

paleontologists (paleontologist [ˌpælɪɔnˈtɔlədʒɪst] ) n. 古生物学者

outline [ˈaʊtlaɪn] n. 外形；轮廓　v. 描画轮廓

candidates (candidate [ˈkændɪdɪt] ) n. 候选人

sections (section [ˈsekʃən] ) n. 节；部分

earthquakes (earthquake [ˈɜ:θkweɪk] ) n. 地震

detect [dɪˈtekt] v. 察觉；侦查

initiate [ɪˈnɪʃɪeɪt] v. 开始

literary [ˈlɪtərərɪ] adj. 文学的

residential [ˌrezɪˈdenʃəl] adj. 住宅的

eddies (eddy [ˈedɪ] ) n. 漩涡

eager [ˈi:ɡə] adj. 热心的

diver [ˈdaɪvə] n. 潜水者

elevation [ˌelɪˈveɪʃən] n. 海拔

tornado [tɔ:ˈneɪdəʊ] n. 旋风

confined (confine [kənˈfaɪn] ) v. 限制

satisfy [ˈsætɪsfaɪ] v. 使满意

roosts (roost [ru:st] ) n. 鸟窝　v. 栖息

reptiles (reptile [ˈreptaɪl] ) n. 爬虫

regardless [rɪˈgɑ:dlɪs] adv. 不顾一切地，无论如何

probe [prəʊb] v. 针测

republic [rɪˈpʌblɪk] n. 共和国

motivate [ˈməʊtɪveɪt] v. 激发

niches (niche [nɪtʃ] ) n. 壁橱；栖身处

sensitivity [ˌsensɪˈtɪvɪtɪ] n. 敏感

hypersensitive [ˌhaɪpə(:)ˈsensɪtɪv] adj. 高灵敏度的

scrub [skrʌb] n. 灌木丛

instance [ˈɪnstəns] n. 例证　v. 引以为例

Persian [ˈpɜ:ʃən] n. 波斯人

residents (resident [ˈrezɪdənt] ) n. 定居者　adj. 居住的

countryside [ˈkʌntrɪsaɪd] n. 乡下地方

kilns (kiln [kɪln] ) n. 窑

phenomena (phenomenon [fɪˈnɒmɪnən] ) n. 现象

rough [rʌf] adj. 粗糙的

appreciate [əˈpri:ʃɪeɪt] v. 赏识；感激

granite [ˈɡrænɪt] n. 花岗岩

frost [frɒst] n. 霜

meadows (meadow [ˈmedəʊ] ) n. 草地

flexible [ˈfleksəbl] adj. 易曲的，柔软的

finches (finch [fɪntʃ] ) n. 雀类

equal [ˈi:kwəl] v. 等于；比得上　adj.相等的

fertile [ˈfɜ:taɪl] adj. 肥沃的

conservative [kənˈsɜ:vətɪv] adj. 保守的

rigid [ˈrɪdʒɪd] adj. 坚硬的；严格的

innovations (innovation [ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃən] ) n. 革新

excess [ɪkˈses] adj. 过度的；额外的　n. 过度

massive [ˈmæsɪv] adj. 宏伟的

leather [ˈleðə] n. 皮革　adj. 皮的

predominantly [prɪˈdɒmɪnəntlɪ] adv. 占主导地位地

adverse [ˈædvɜ:s] adj. 逆向的

magical [ˈmædʒɪkəl] adj. 有魔力的

lungs (lung [lʌŋ] ) n. 肺

limestone [ˈlaɪmstəʊn] n. 石灰石

entrepreneurs (entrepreneur [ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜ:] ) n. 企业家

inscriptions (inscription [ɪnˈskrɪpʃən] ) n. 题字；碑铭

vertical [ˈvɜ:tɪkəl] adj. 垂直的

dispersal [dɪˈpɜ:səl] n. 疏散；散布

wages (wage [weɪdʒ] ) n. 薪水

vital [ˈvaɪtl] adj. 重要的

tundra [ˈtʌndrə] n. 冻土地带

halls (hall [hɔ:l] ) n. 门厅，大厅

guarantee [ˌɡærənˈti:] v. 保证

lava [ˈlɑ:və] n. 熔岩

integral [ˈɪntɪɡrəl] adj. 整体的

margins（margin [ˈmɑ:dʒɪn] ) n. 页边的空白；边缘

logging (log [lɒɡ] ) v. 伐木　n. 圆木；日志

mammoths (mammoth [ˈmæməθ] ) n. 长毛象

lunar [ˈlju:nə] adj. 阴历的

postal [ˈpəʊstəl] adj. 邮局的

innovative [ˈɪnəʊveɪtɪv] adj. 创新的

Harlem [ˈhɑ:ləm] n. 黑人住宅区

Greek [ɡri:k] n. 希腊人

freight [freɪt] n. 货运

sustain [səsˈteɪn] v. 支撑；维持

therapy [ˈθerəpɪ] n. 治疗

swamps (swamp [swɒmp] ) n. 沼泽

susceptible [səˈseptəbl] adj. 易受……影响的

trappings [ˈtræpɪŋz] n. 外表的装饰

tales (tale [teɪl] ) n. 故事

suspended (suspend [səsˈpend] ) v. 吊；中止

exaggerate [ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt] v. 夸张

prominent [ˈprɒmɪnənt] adj. 卓越的

bulb [bʌlb] n. 球茎；电灯泡

sacrifice [ˈsækrɪfaɪs] v. 牺牲　n. 祭品；牺牲

stiff [stɪf] adj. 僵直的

rely [rɪˈlaɪ] v. 依靠

hinterland [ˈhɪntəlænd] n. 内陆

legitimate [ɪˈdʒɪtɪmɪt] v. 认为……正当　adj. 合法的

instruction [ɪnˈstrʌkʃən] n. 指示

medium [ˈmi:djəm] n. 媒体；媒介　adj. 半生熟的，中的

radically [ˈrædɪkəlɪ] adv. 完全地

pr opulsion [prəˈpʌlʃən] n. 推进；推进力

artificial [ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃəl] adj. 人工的

in terviews (interview [ˈɪntəvju:] ) n. 面谈

facilities (facility [fəˈsɪlɪtɪ] ) n. 设备

fabric [ˈfæbrɪk] n. 织品

excessive [ɪkˈsesɪv] adj. 过度的

polar [ˈpəʊlə] adj. 两极的

diameter [daɪˈæmɪtə] n. 直径

devised (devise [dɪˈvaɪz] ) v. 设计

sapped (sap [sæp] ) v. 破坏……的基础

secret [ˈsi:krɪt] n. 秘密　adj. 秘密的

butterflies (butterfly [ˈbʌtəflaɪ] ) n. 蝴蝶

strain [streɪn] n. 压力；张力　v. 拉紧

storms (storm [stɔ:m] ) n. 暴风雨

pleasant [ˈplezənt] adj. 愉快的

motifs (motif [məʊˈti:f] ) n. 主题；动机

tourism [ˈtʊərɪz(ə)m] n. 旅游

parasite [ˈpærəsaɪt] n. 寄生虫

odor [ˈəʊdə] n. 气味

inhibits (inhibit [ɪnˈhɪbɪt] ) v. 禁止；抑制

beams (beam [bi:m] ) n. 横梁　v. 照射

bake [beɪk] v. 烤

attained (attain [əˈteɪn] ) v. 达到；获得

congress [ˈkɒŋɡres] n. 会议

intended (intend [ɪnˈtend] ) v. 计划

adequate [ˈædɪkwɪt] adj. 充足的

inadequate [ɪnˈædɪkwɪt] adj. 不充分的；不适当的

absorb [əbˈsɔ:b] v. 吸收

successive [səkˈsesɪv] adj. 连续的

appreciable [əˈpri:ʃɪəbl] adj. 可感知的

utility [ju:ˈtɪlɪtɪ] n. 公用程序

twist [twɪst] v. 扭转

ultraviolet [ˈʌltrəˈvaɪəlɪt] adj. 紫外线的

trillion [ˈtrɪljən] n. 百万兆

toxic [ˈtɒksɪk] adj. 有毒的

tourists (tourist [ˈtʊərɪst] ) n. 旅行者

bills (bill [bɪl] ) n. 账单；鸟嘴　v. 给……开账单

manifestation [ˌmænɪfesˈteɪʃən] n. 显示；证明

valued（value [ˈvælju:] ) n. 价值；价格

urge [ɜ:dʒ] v. 催促；强烈要求

turnpikes (turnpike [ˈtɜ:npaɪk] ) n. 公路

tides (tide [taɪd] ) n. 潮

harmful [ˈhɑ:mfʊl] adj. 有害的

occupy [ˈɒkjʊpaɪ] v. 占领

Columbia [kəˈlʌmbɪə] n. 哥伦比亚

ceased (cease [si:s] ) v. 停止

balance [ˈbæləns] n. 平衡　v. 使平衡

altitudes (altitude [ˈæltɪtju:d] ) n. 高度

makeup [ˈmeɪkʌp] n. 补充；化妆品；组成

flock [flɒk] n. 群　v. 聚集

fertilizer [ˈfɜ:tɪ laɪzə] n. 肥料

evident [ˈevɪdənt] adj. 显然的

drag [dræɡ] v. 拉，拖

astronomy [əsˈtrɒnəmɪ] n. 天文学

bronze [brɒnz] n. 青铜

minimum [ˈmɪnɪməm] n. 最小量　adj. 最小的

gratify [ˈɡrætɪfaɪ] v. 使满足

intentions (intention [ɪnˈtenʃən] ) n. 意图

reindeer [ˈreɪndɪə] n. 驯鹿

incubation [ˌɪnkjʊˈbeɪʃən] n. 孵卵

fertilized (fertilize [ˈfɜ:tɪlaɪz] ) v. 施肥

geographical [ˌdʒɪəˈgræfɪkəl] adj. 地理学的

restoration [ˌrestəˈreɪʃən] n. 恢复

wheel [wi:l] n. 轮子　v. 旋转

staple [ˈsteɪpl] n. 主要产品　v. 把……分级

splitting (split [splɪt] ) n. 裂缝　v. 劈开

termites (termite [ˈtɜ:maɪt] ) n. 白蚁

succession [səkˈseʃən] n. 连续；继承

reliance [rɪˈlaɪəns] n. 信任

reformers [rɪˈfɔ:mə] ) n. 改革家

pose [pəʊz] n. 样子；姿态　v. 摆姿势

leaf [li:f] n. 叶

tablets (tablet [ˈtæblɪt] ) n. 平板

symptoms (symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] ) n. 征兆

graphic [ˈɡræfɪk] adj. 图解的

merely [ˈmɪəlɪ] adv. 只是

reefs (reef [ri:f] ) n. 礁

platforms (platform [ˈplætfɔ:m] ) n. 月台

circular [ˈsɜ:kjʊlə] adj. 圆形的；循环的

elaborately [ɪˈlæbərətlɪ] adv. 精心地

potassium [pəˈtæsɪəm] n. 钾

subtle [ˈsʌtl] adj. 微妙的

latitudes (latitude [ˈlætɪtju:d] ) n. 纬度

invented (invent [ɪnˈvent] ) v. 发明

relief [rɪˈli:f] n. 减轻

concur [kənˈkɜ:] v. 意见相同

compact [ˈkɒmpækt] v. 压紧；使紧密　adj. 紧密的　n. 合同

colleagues (colleague [ˈkɒli:ɡ] ) n. 同事

circumstances (circumstance [ˈsɜ:kəmastəns] n. 环境

id [eɪd] n. 帮助　v. 帮助

agents (agent [ˈeɪdʒənt] ) n. 代理人

withstand [wɪðˈstænd] v. 经得住

vision [ˈvɪʒən] n. 视觉；眼光

adult [əˈdʌlt] n. 成人　adj. 成年的

panel [ˈpænl] n. 仪表板

offshore [ˈɔ(:)fʃɔ:] adj. 离岸的

reality [rɪ(:)ˈælɪtɪ] n. 现实

intermediate [ɪntəˈmi:djət] adj. 中间的；中级的　n. 中间物

scents (scent [sent] ) n. 气味

routine [ru:ˈti:n] n. 例行公事；常规　adj. 例行的

pleasure [ˈpleʒə] n. 愉快

exact [ɪɡˈzækt] adj. 精确的

incorporated (incorporate [ɪnˈkɔ:pəreɪt] ) v. 合并

absorption [əbˈsɔ:pʃən] n. 专心

reabsorbed [rɪəbˈsɔ:bd] adj. 再吸收的

geographers (geographer [dʒɪˈɒɡrəfə] ) n. 地理学者

galleries (gallery [ˈɡælərɪ] ) n. 画廊

furnace [ˈfɜ:nɪs] n. 火炉

mixing (mix [mɪks] ) v. 使混合

dimensional [dɪˈmenʃənəl] adj. 空间的

planets (planet [ˈplænɪt] ) n. 行星

phase [feɪz] n. 阶段

inventions (invention [ɪnˈvenʃən] ) n. 发明

rewards (reward [rɪˈwɔ:d] ) n. 报酬　v. 奖赏

plastic [ˈplæstɪk] adj. 塑胶的，塑性的

review [rɪˈvju:] n. 评论　v. 再检查；评论；回顾

enzymes (enzyme [ˈenzaɪm] ) n. 酶

frustrations (frustration [frʌsˈtreɪʃən] ) n. 挫败

grooves (groove [ɡru:v] ) n. 凹槽

fragile [ˈfrædʒaɪl] adj. 易碎的

marvel [ˈmɑ:vəl] n. 奇异的事物

infant [ˈɪnfənt] n. 婴儿　adj. 婴儿的

magma [ˈmæɡmə] n. 岩浆

luxury [ˈlʌkʃərɪ] n. 奢侈，豪华　adj. 奢侈的

manifested (manifest [ˈmænɪfest] ) v. 表明

latent [ˈleɪtənt] adj. 潜伏性的

intricate [ˈɪntrɪkɪt] adj. 复杂的

Himalayas [ˌhɪməˈleɪəz] n. 喜马拉雅山脉

circumscribed (circumscribe [ˈsɜ:kəmˌskraɪ] ) v. 限制

institution [ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃən] n. 机构

harm [hɑ:m] v. 伤害

scarce [skeəs] adj. 缺乏的；稀有的

roughly [ˈrʌflɪ] adv. 大体上地

partially [ˈpɑ:ʃəlɪ] adv. 部分地

constituent [kənˈstɪtjʊənt] n. 要素

Pleistocene [ˈplaɪstəʊsi:n] n. 更新世岩

exert [ɪɡˈzɜ:t] v. 发挥；运用

occupational [ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃənəl] adj. 职业的

Norwegian [nɔ:ˈwi:dʒən] n. 的挪威人，挪威语　adj. 挪威的，挪威语的

laboratory [ləˈbɒrətərɪ] n. 实验室

intent [ɪnˈtent] n. 意图

noticeable [ˈnəʊtɪsəbl] adj. 引人注目的

brush [brʌʃ] n. 刷子　v. 刷

circulation [ˌsɜ:kjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 流通；

flourished (flourish [ˈflʌrɪʃ] ) v. 繁荣

forage [ˈfɒrɪdʒ] n. 饲料

pride [praɪd] n. 自豪　v. 以……自豪

precise [prɪˈsaɪs] adj. 精确的

apartments (apartment [əˈpɑ:tmənt] ) n. 公寓

chief [tʃi:f] adj. 主要的　n. 领袖；长官

centimeter [ˈsentɪmi:tər(r)] n. 公分

burst [bɜ:st] v. 爆炸

mathematical [ˌmæθɪˈmætɪkəl] adj. 数学的

conservation [ˌkɒnsə(:)ˈveɪʃən] n. 保存

astronomers (astronomer [əˈstrɒnəmə] ) n. 天文学家

velocity [vɪˈlɒsɪtɪ] n. 速度

utilizes (utilize [ˈju:tɪlaɪz] ) v. 利用

strips (strip [strɪp] ) n. 条，带；简易机场

delivery [dɪˈlɪvərɪ] n. 投递

bubbles (bubble [ˈbʌbl] ) n. 泡沫

legislation [ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃən] n. 立法

latter [ˈlætə] adj. 较后的

institute [ˈɪnstɪtju:t] n. 协会；学院　v. 创立

dive [daɪv] v. 跳水；潜水

instructive [ɪnˈstrʌktɪv] adj. 教育性的

List 5　第五天

本天前测

在开始本章单词背诵之前，请先在10分钟之内完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

informed (inform [ɪnˈfɔ:m] ) v. 通知

illumination [ɪ lju:mɪˈneɪʃən] n. 照明

humidity [hju:ˈmɪdɪtɪ] n. 湿度

herbs (herb [hɜ:b] ) n. 药草

gravitational [ˌgrævəˈteɪʃənəl] adj. 重力的

gravel [ˈɡrævəl] n. 砂砾

fantasy [ˈfæntəsɪ] n. 幻想

evergreen [ˈevəɡri:n] adj. 常绿的

eruptions (eruption [ɪˈrʌpʃən] ) n. 爆发

domesticated[dəˈmestɪkeɪt] v. 驯养

disturb [dɪsˈtɜ:b] v. 打扰

distort [dɪsˈtɔ:t] v. 歪曲

cured (cure [kjʊə] ) v. 治愈

criterion [kraɪˈtɪərɪən] n. 标准

compression [kəmˈpreʃ(ə)n] n. 压缩

calculated (calculate [ˈkælkjʊleɪt] ) v. 计算

autonomous [ɔ:ˈtɒnəməs] adj. 自治的

automatically [ɔ:təˈmætɪklɪ] adv. 自动地

vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəb(ə)l] adj. 易受伤害的

violent [ˈvaɪələnt] adj. 猛烈的

synthetic [sɪnˈθetɪk] adj. 合成的

switch [swɪtʃ] v. 转换

substitute [ˈsʌbstɪtju:t] v. 代替　n. 代理；代理人

stimulus [ˈstɪmjʊləs] n. 刺激

resolve [rɪˈzɒlv] v. 解决

primal [ˈpraɪməl] adj. 原始的

ornamental [ˌɔ:nəˈmentl] adj. 装饰性的

odd [ɒd] adj. 奇数的；古怪的

obstacle [ˈɒbstəkl] n. 障碍

mystery [ˈmɪstərɪ] n. 神秘的事物

military [ˈmɪlɪtərɪ] n. 军队　adj. 军事的

metropolitan [ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən] adj. 大都市的

meteoric [ˌmi:tɪˈɒrɪk] adj. 流星的

marble [ˈmɑ:bl] n. 大理石

instinct [ˈɪnstɪŋkt] n. 本能

ignored (ignore [ɪɡˈnɔ:] ) v. 忽视；不顾

equivalent [ɪˈkwɪvələnt] n. 同等物

clusters (cluster [ˈklʌstə] ) n. 串；丛

cliff [klɪf] n. 悬崖

biographies (biography [baɪˈɒɡrəfɪ] ) n. 传记

tremendous [trɪˈmendəs] adj. 巨大的

translucent [trænzˈlju:snt] adj. 半透明的

spectacular [spekˈtækjʊlə] n. 奇观　adj. 壮观的

span [spæn] n. 跨度　v. 横跨

senate [ˈsenɪt] n. 参议院

pebbles (pebble [ˈpebl] ) n. 小圆石

monumental [ˌmɒnjʊˈmentl] adj. 纪念碑的

integrated (integrate [ˈɪntɪɡreɪt] ) v. 使结合

intact [ɪnˈtækt] adj. 完整的

exclusively [ɪkˈsklu:sɪvlɪ] adv. 排外地

deterioration [dɪ tɪərɪəˈreɪʃən] n. 恶化

descendants (descendant [dɪˈsend(ə)nt] ) n. 后代

commodities (commodity [kəˈmɒdɪtɪ] ) n. 物品；商品

combustible [kəmˈbʌstəbl] adj. 可燃的

botanical [bəˈtænɪk(ə)l] adj. 植物学的

withdrawal [wɪðˈdrɔ:əl] n. 收回；撤退

transparent [trænsˈpeərənt] adj. 透明的；显然的

tolerate [ˈtɒləreɪt] v. 容忍

7 informed (inform [ɪnˈfɔ:m] ) v. 通知

Example: In a word in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.

7 imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn] v. 想象

4 imagination [ɪ mædʒɪˈneɪʃən] n. 想象力

3 imaginary [ɪˈmædʒɪnərɪ] adj. 想象中的

Example: It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt.

7 illumination [ɪ lju:mɪˈneɪʃən] n. 照明

Example: The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790's to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half.

7 humidity [hju:ˈmɪdɪtɪ] n. 湿度

Example: When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally.

7 hollow [ˈhɒləʊ] n. 洞

Example: The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.

7 herbs (herb [hɜ:b] ) n. 药草

Example: Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.

7 gulls (gull [ɡʌl] ) n. 海鸥

Example: The gulls want to capture the falcons.

7 greedy [ˈɡri:dɪ] adj. 贪婪的

Example: The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people"—farmers, planters, and workers—and a set of greedy aristocrats.

7 gray [ɡreɪ] n. 灰色

Example: Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds.

7 gravitational [ˌgrævəˈteɪʃənəl] adj. 重力的

Example: Perhaps this is primeval heat or beat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet.

7 gravel [ˈɡrævəl] n. 砂砾

Example: In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil；if they are now below the water's upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.

7 float [fləʊt] v. 飘浮

Example: These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional large pebbles or "dropstones" a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse material is sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into otherwise very fine grained sediment.

7 flask [flɑ:sk] n. 细颈瓶

Example: The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation.

7 fantasy [ˈfæntəsɪ] n. 幻想

Example: The human capacities for imitation and fantasy are considered possible reasons why societies develop theater.

7 external [ɪkˈstɜ:nl] adj. 外部的

5 exterior [ɪkˈstɪərɪə] n. 外部

Example: The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae.

7 experts (expert [ˈekspɜ:t] ) n. 专家

Example: Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo—a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day.

7 evergreen [ˈevəɡri:n] adj. 常绿的

Example: Companies engaged in intensive timber cropping naturally take a dim view of alders suppressing more valuable evergreen trees.

7 eruptions (eruption [ɪˈrʌpʃən] ) n. 爆发

Example: The edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there.

7 elsewhere [ˈelsˈ(h)weə] adv. 在别处

Example: During the war and in the boom times that followed large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.

7 elliptical [ɪˈlɪptɪkəl] adj. 椭圆的

Example: Most of their member stars are very old and since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them.

7 ease [i:z] v. 放松

Example: But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material；this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

7 droplets (droplet [ˈdrɒplɪt] ) n. 小滴

Example: As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby.

7 domesticated (domesticate [dəˈmestɪkeɪt] ) v. 驯养

3 domestication [dəʊˈmestɪkeɪʃən] n. 驯养

Example: Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

7 disturb [dɪsˈtɜ:b] v. 打扰

3 undisturbed [ˈʌndɪsˈtɜ:bd] adj. 没受到干扰的

3 disturbance [dɪsˈtɜ:bəns] n. 扰乱

Example: To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster...

7 distort [dɪsˈtɔ:t] v. 歪曲

Example: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.

7 disgust [dɪsˈɡʌst] v. 厌恶

Example: In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness.

7 depletion [dɪˈpli:ʃən] n. 消耗

5 depleted (deplete [dɪˈpli:t] ) v. 耗尽

Example: The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies.

7 deciphered (decipher [dɪˈsaɪfə] ) v. 译解

Example: There is no linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for Europe between 7000 and 3000 B. C. ) and the languages of the modern world, and we cannot yet translate the Old European script. Scholars have deciphered other ancient languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions. When cuneiform tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them.

7 cured (cure [kjʊə] ) v. 治愈；加工处理

Example: Others cured meats, silversmiths, candle or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities.

7 criterion [kraɪˈtɪərɪən] n. 标准

Example: Yet an equally important criterion is the ability of a species to survive random global ecological catastrophes due to impacts.

7 context [ˈkɒntekst] n. 上下文

Example: It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were.

7 confusing (confuse [kənˈfju:z] ) v. 使糊涂

3 confusion [kənˈfju:ʒən] n. 混乱

Example: Ecologists often confuse the word "stability" with the word "resilience. "

7 compression [kəmˈpreʃ(ə)n] n. 压缩

7 compressed (compress [kəmˈpres] ) v. 压缩

Example: It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch.

7 closet [ˈklɒzɪt] n. 壁橱

Example: When her family bought her new and well-designed articles of clothing (she seldom bought any herself), she left them hanging in the closet for weeks before wearing them once.

7 carpenters (carpenter [ˈkɑ:pɪntə] ) n. 木匠

Example: Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who undertook to interpret architectural manuals imported from England.

7 career [kəˈrɪə] n. 事业

Example: Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?"

7 calculated (calculate [ˈkælkjʊleɪt] ) v. 计算

4 calculations (calculation [ˌkælkjʊˈleɪʃən] ) n. 计算

Example: A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together.

7 bureau [ˈbjʊərəʊ] n. 局

Example: The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census.

7 bombard [ˈbɒmbɑ:d] v. 炮击

Example: It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand.

7 beach [bi:tʃ] n. 海滩

Example: The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth.

7 backup [ˈbækʌp] n. 备用物

Example: In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary.

7 backbone [ˈbækbəʊn] n. 脊椎；骨干

Example: England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making had become the backbone of American industry.

7 autonomous [ɒ:ˈtɒnəməs] adj. 自治的

Example: Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense.

7 automatically [ɔ:təˈmætɪklɪ] adv. 自动地

Example: This process continues automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire in length of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms.

7 attentive [əˈtentɪv] adj. 注意的

Example: Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately.

7 attached (attach [əˈtætʃ] ) v. 贴上；使附属

6 attachment [əˈtætʃmənt] n. 附属

Example: In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely.

7 aristocrats (aristocrat [ˈærɪstəkræt] ) n. 贵族；持贵族观点的人

7 aristocracy [ˌærɪsˈtɒkrəsɪ] n. 贵族；上层社会

Example: The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people"—farmers, planters, and workers—and a set of greedy aristocrats.

7 arch [ɑ:tʃ] n. 拱形

Example: The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.

7 analogy [əˈnælədʒɪ] n. 类似

Example: The eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers thick—a tree shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in turn, encases a rocky core.

7 alpine [ˈælpaɪn] adj. 高山的

Example: For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.

7 alkali [ˈælkəlaɪ] n. 碱

Example: Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil.

7 advertising (advertise [ˈædvətaɪz] ) v. 做广告

4 advertisements (advertisement [ədˈvɜ:tɪsmənt] ) n. 广告

Example: By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip "roots."

7 admired (admire [ədˈmaɪə] ) v. 钦佩

Example: Copper was used for practical items, but it was not admired for its beauty.

6 woven (weave [wi:v] ) v. 编织（weave的过去分词）

Example: His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.

6 workshops (workshop [ˈwɜ:kʃɒp] ) n. 车间，工场；研讨会

Example: To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures.

6 vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəb(ə)l] adj. 易受伤害的

Example: Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses and trees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.

6 violent [ˈvaɪələnt] adj. 猛烈的

Example: Until recently, nobody realized that Earth is exposed to unpredictable violent impacts from space.

6 vase [vɑ:z] n. 花瓶

Example: However, not all functional objects are exactly alike；that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase.

6 trolleys (trolley [ˈtrɒlɪ] ) n. 电车

Example: Electric railways (trams and trolleys) provided reasonable intraurban and short-distance intercity travel. They also offered some longer routes, but only in certain parts of the country.

6 tribal [ˈtraɪbəl] adj. 部落的

Example: Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans, camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.

6 trance [trɑ:ns] n. 恍惚

Example: To indicate that trance states were often associated with activities that took place inside caves...

6 trampling (trample [ˈtræmpl] ) v. 践踏

Example: The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil.

6 thrust [θrʌst] n. 推动力　v. 插入

Example: Complete the table below by indicating which features of fishes are associated in the passage with reducing water resistance and which are associated with increasing thrust.

6 thread [θred] n. 线

Example: The filling was a soft layer of wool which had been cleaned and separated and the three layers were held together with decorative stitching done with homespun linen thread.

6 tendency [ˈtendənsɪ] n. 倾向

Example: One observation that supports this suggestion is the recorded tendency for slow-flying black-headed gulls, which are normally able to escape predators by means of direct flight, to show frequent changes in flight direction when they spot a peregrine falcon (peregrines are adept at capturing flying birds).

6 telescope [ˈtelɪskəʊp] n. 望远镜

Example: Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface.

6 target [ˈtɑ:ɡɪt] n. 目标

Example: And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catastrophe by random assaults from celestial bodies.

6 tannins (tannin [ˈtænɪn] ) n. 丹宁酸

Example: The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity.

6 tactics (tactic [ˈtæktɪk] ) n. 策略

Example: Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve their chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic.

6 synthetic [sɪnˈθetɪk] adj. 合成的

Example: By 1900 a complete range of synthetic colors had been evolved, many of them reaching a standard of resistance to fading from exposure to light and to washing that greatly exceeded that of natural dyestuffs.

6 switch [swɪtʃ] v. 转换

Example: Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.

6 substitute [ˈsʌbstɪtju:t] v. 代替　n. 代理；代理人

Example: Deep dives are less dangerous if helium is substituted for nitrogen, because under these pressures helium does not exert a similar narcotic effect.

6 stimulus [ˈstɪmjʊləs] n. 刺激

Example: It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy.

6 steadily [ˈstedɪlɪ] adv. 稳定地

Example: Since 1895, this seventy-mile-long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year.

6 squash [skwɒʃ] n. 南瓜

Example: The women planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest.

6 solve [sɒlv] v. 解决

Example: New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem.

6 solo [ˈsəʊləʊ] adj. 独奏的；单独的

Example: Later the idea of the chorus-long or multichorus solo took hold. Louis Armstrong's instrumental brilliance, demonstrated through extended solos, was a major influence in this development.

6 solitary [ˈsɒlɪtərɪ] adj. 单独的；隐居的

Example: Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.

6 slip [slɪp] v. 滑倒

Example: Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users’ teeth.

6 simplified (simplify [ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ] ) v. 精简

Example: In 1847 the United States Post Office Department adopted the idea of a postage stamp, which of course simplified the payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those who did not like to prepay.

6 silica [ˈsɪlɪkə] n. 硅石

Example: During the Cretaceous period, there was a great expansion of plankton that precipitated skeletons or shells composed of two types of mineral: silica and calcium carbonate.

6 silent [ˈsaɪlənt] adj. 沉默的　n. 无声电影

Example: Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as "silent," the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

6 shelves (shelve [ʃelv] ) n. 架子　v. 放置架子上

Example: If enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, West Antarctic ice shelves could rise off the seafloor and become adrift.

6 separation [ˌsepəˈreɪʃən] n. 分离

Example: The separation of myths from rites...

6 seldom [ˈseldəm] adv. 很少

Example: They seldom live in any one place for very long.

6 securing (secure [sɪˈkjʊə] ) v. 使安全；掩护　adj. 安全的；可靠的

Example: In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members'paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city.

6 scratches (scratch [skrætʃ] ) n. 抓痕

Example: Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by righthanders) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by left-handers).

6 scores (score [skɔ:] ) n. 得分；成绩；二十　v. 使得分

Example: They divided the work. Hazen methodically screened and cultured scores of soil samples, which she then sent to her partner, who prepared extracts, isolated and purified active agents, and shipped them back to New York, where Hazen could study their biological properties.

6 scattered (scatter [ˈskætə] ) v. 使消散

Example: Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.

6 satiric [səˈtɪrɪk] adj. 讽刺的

Example: It was the manner of expression the satiric method that made them interesting and entertaining.

6 sandy [ˈsændɪ] adj. 含沙的

Example: Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers.

6 resolution [ˌrezəˈlju:ʃən] n. 决心

3 resolve [rɪˈrɒlv] v. 解决

Example: During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement.

6 repeated (repeat [rɪˈpi:t] ) v. 重复

Example: Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.

6 refused (refuse [rɪˈfju:z] ) v. 拒绝

Example: Cattle raised in the western United States refused to eat it.

6 ranchers (rancher [ˈræntʃə] ) n. 牧场工人

5 ranching (ranch [ræntʃ] ) v. 经营牧场

Example: The land under wind turbines can be used for grazing cattle and other purposes, and leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and ranchers.

6 railway [ˈreɪlweɪ] n. 铁路

Example: The characteristic new architectural forms of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been the factory, the multistory office building, the warehouse, the department store, the apartment house, the railway station, the large theater, and the gigantic sports stadium.

6 quilts (quilt [kwɪlt] ) n. 棉被　v. 制成棉被

Example: This type of heavy, warm, quilted bedcover was so large that it hung to the floor.

6 pump [pʌmp] n. 泵　v. 泵水

Example: Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.

6 protein [ˈprəʊti:n] n. 蛋白质

Example: The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.

6 proponents (proponent [prəˈpəʊnənt] ) n. 支持者

Example: Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects.

6 pronounced (pronounce [prəˈnaʊns] ) v. 发音

Example: Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a pronounced division of labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions.

6 promise [ˈprɒmɪs] v. 保证

Example: Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats of turnpikes.

6 prolific [prəˈlɪfɪk] adj. 多产的

Example: As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power.

6 profound [prəˈfaʊnd] adj. 极深的

Example: The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states—allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage.

6 prime [praɪm] adj. 最初的

3 primal [ˈpraɪməl] adj. 原始的

Example: In the railroads’ prime years, between 1890 and 1920, there were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with solid railroading experience behind them, who made a profession of writing about railroading—works offering the ambience of stations yards and locomotive cabs.

6 presentation [ˌprezənˈteɪʃən] n. 介绍；演讲

Example: How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker.

6 precipitation [prɪ sɪpɪˈteɪʃən] n. 降雨量

Example: Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches (50 centimeters), soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content,

6 precious [ˈpreʃəs] adj. 宝贵的

Example: That ancient emergence is precisely what makes Lake Wales Ridge so precious: it has remained unsubmerged, its ecosystems essentially undisturbed, since the Miocene era.

6 prairie [ˈpreərɪ] n. 牧场

Example: This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911, when the prairies were being settled.

6 pond [pɒnd] n. 池塘

Example: This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff.

6 pile [paɪl] v. 堆积

Example: This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid.

6 phonograph [ˈfəʊnəɡrɑ:f] n. 留声机

Example: These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier.

6 penicillin [ˌpenɪˈsɪlɪn] n. 盘尼西林，青霉素

Example: Scientists had been feverishly searching for an antibiotic toxic enough to kill the fungi but safe enough for human use, since, unfortunately, the new "wonder drugs" such as penicillin and streptomycin killed the very bacteria in the body that controlled the fungi.

6 penetrate [ˈpenɪtreɪt] v. 穿透

Example: To give an example of how rainwater penetrates soil...

6 pack [pæk] n. 包

Example: If too much volcanic heat is discharged, the crater's ice pack will melt away entirely and the caves will vanish along with the snows of yesteryear.

6 oxides (oxide [ˈɒksaɪd] ) n. 氧化物

Example: Feldspar, which is the most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and alumina combined with alkalies like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron.

6 overall [ˈəʊvərɔ:l] adj. 总的

Example: Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction—as well as the expanded market in consumer goods—allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the Untied States.

6 ornament [ˈɔ:nəmənt] n. 装饰

3 ornamental [ˌɔ:nəˈmentl] adj. 装饰性的

Example: Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the intimate relationship they had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites.

6 odd [ɒd] adj. 奇数的；古怪的

Example: All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out along the same orbit.

6 obstacle [ˈɒbstəkl] n. 障碍

Example: Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed.

6 observe [əbˈzɜ:v] v. 观察；遵守

4 observers (observer [əbˈzɜ:və] ) n. 观察者

Example: Either the eye must be speeded up, or the cat's fall slowed down for the phenomenon to be observed.

6 neutral [ˈnju:trəl] adj. 中立的

Example: The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back by the pressure of the sunlight itself.

6 mystery [ˈmɪstərɪ] n. 神秘的事物

6 mysterious [mɪsˈtɪərɪəs] adj. 神秘的

Example: The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery.

6 military [ˈmɪlɪtərɪ] n. 军队　adj. 军事的

Example: Civil government also had to be put back on a peacetime basis and interference from the military had to be stopped.

6 metropolitan [ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən] adj. 大都市的

Example: Over the same period, another 550, 000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area.

6 meteoric [ˌmi:tɪˈɒrɪk] adj. 流星的

Example: By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water；this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

6 marble [ˈmɑ:bl] n. 大理石

Example: On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt.

6 liters (liter [ˈli:tə] ) n. 公升

Example: Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes.

6 linen [ˈlɪnɪn] n. 亚麻布　adj. 亚麻的

Example: Despite the name, linsey-woolsey bedcovers did not often contain linen.

6 leisure [ˈleʒə] n. 空闲

Example: "Leisure is time for doing something useful."in the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such relaxation as hunting, fishing, and trapping.

6 laser [ˈleɪzə] n. 激光

Example: Three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser.

6 kettle [ˈketl] n. 茶壶

Example: Also used was an iron "bake kettle," which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid.

6 intervals (interval [ˈɪntəvəl] ) n. 间隔

Example: Some terrestrial distances can be expressed as intervals of time, the time to fly from one continent to another or the time it takes to drive to work, for example.

6 instinctive [ɪnˈstɪŋktɪv] adj. 本能的

5 instinct [ˈɪnstɪŋkt] n. 本能

Example: Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quite elaborate constructions.

6 incubate [ˈɪnkjʊbeɪt] v. 孵卵

3 incubators (incubator [ˈɪnkjʊbeɪtə] ) n. 孵卵器

Example: Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood.

6 incised (incise [ɪnˈsaɪz] ) v. 切割

Example: The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin.

6 imposed (impose [ɪmˈpəʊz] ) v. 把……强加于

Example: Yet the engineering tasks were imposing.

6 implements (implement [ˈɪmplɪmənt] ) n. 工具　v. 实现

Example: One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in toolmaking: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker).

6 ignored (ignore [ɪɡˈnɔ:] ) v. 忽视；不顾

Example: Babies ignore facial expressions in comprehending aural language.

6 humorous [ˈhju:mərəs] adj. 富幽默感的

Example: Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country's most outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye.

6 homestead [ˈhəʊmsted] n. 家园

3 homesteaders (homesteader [ˈhəʊmstedə] ) n. 农场所有权人

Example: It permitted access to public western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone.

6 granted (grant [ɡrɑ:nt] ) v. 允许；授予

Example: It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects.

6 fund [fʌnd] n. 资金　v. 拨款

Example: By 1988, the fund had grown enough so that two winners, novelists Diane Johnson and Robert Stone, each got $50, 000 a year for five years.

6 frighten [ˈfraɪtn] v. 使害怕

Example: Television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera.

6 foster [ˈfɒstə] v. 养育

Example: They came to the short-lived colony known as New Sweden, founded in 1638, Loose organization and local autonomy fostered a cultural fusion between native and settler cultures that proved one of the most notable—and least understood—developments of early North American history.

6 fold [fəʊld] n. 折叠　v. 折叠

Example: However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concrete or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.

6 flour [ˈflaʊə] n. 面粉

Example: They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in barrels.

6 fins (fin [fɪn] ) n. 鳍

Example: The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag.

6 fingerboard [ˈfɪŋɡəbɔ:d] n. 键盘

Example: It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension.

6 extensively [ɪkˈstensɪvlɪ] adv. 广泛地

Example: Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects—an estimated 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names.

6 exploit [ɪksˈplɔɪt] v. 开采

Example: The source had long been known but not exploited.

6 erect [ɪˈrekt] v. 使竖立

Example: Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead.

6 equivalent [ɪˈkwɪvələnt] n. 同等物

Example: The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations, folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.

6 enterprise [ˈentəpraɪz] n. 企业

Example: All such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops.

6 election [ɪˈlekʃ(ə)n] n. 选举

4 elected (elect [ɪˈlekt] ) v. 选举

Example: In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

6 displace [dɪsˈpleɪs] v. 取代

Example: Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species.

6 directed (direct [dɪˈrekt] ) v. 指挥

4 directional [dɪˈrekʃənəl] adj. 方向的

Example: The war chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with neighboring villages and directed the men in community building projects.

6 devote [dɪˈvəʊt] v. 献身于

Example: Harold Strauss, a devoted editor at Alfred A. Knopf, the New York publishing house, and Mildred Strauss, his wife, were wealthy and childless.

6 determination [dɪ tɜ:mɪˈneɪʃən] n. 决心

Example: It is now believed that the process of colonization required a great deal of skill, determination, and planning and could not have happened by chance.

6 denser (dense [dens] ) adj. 密集的

Example: Bloodhounds apparently have denser concentrations of receptor sites tuned to human scents.

6 deliberate [dɪˈlɪbəreɪt] adj. 深思熟虑的

Example: On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes.

6 deficiency [dɪˈfɪʃənsɪ] n. 缺乏

Example: Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described.

6 defend [dɪˈfend] v. 防卫

Example: The most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself.

6 curved (curve [kɜ:v] ) v. 使弯曲

Example: That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments.

6 cord [kɒ:d] n. 绳

Example: These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentions above), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings.

6 coral [ˈkɒrəl] n. 珊瑚

Example: Others range from the well-known Australian Great Barrer Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems.

6 controversial [ˌkɒntrəˈvɜ:ʃəl] adj. 争论的

3 controversy [ˈkɒntrəvɜ:sɪ] n. 辩论

Example: Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television.

6 committee [kəˈmɪtɪ] n. 委员会

Example: To the end, he headed the NSS committee that oversaw the sculptural decoration of the Library of Congress Reading Room in Washington D. C. as well as the building and decorating of the Dewey Arch—a monument in New York to honor Admiral George Dewey.

6 collision [kəˈlɪʒən] n. 碰撞

Example: One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.

6 clusters (cluster [ˈklʌstə] ) n. 串；丛

Example: Alder roots contain clusters of nitrogen-fixing nodules like those found on legumes such as beans.

6 cliff [klɪf] n. 悬崖

Example: The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30, 000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60, 000 years ago.

6 cargo [ˈkɑ:ɡəʊ] n. 货物

Example: It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown.

6 capture [ˈkæptʃə] v. 捕获　n. 捕获之物

Example: But in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling cat constituted a scientific experiment.

6 calendar [ˈkælɪndə] n. 日历；时间表

Example: If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole.

6 calcium [ˈkælsɪəm] n. 钙

Example: So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive.

6 butter [ˈbʌtə] n. 奶油

Example: Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forwardlooking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.

6 blown (blow [bləʊ] ) v. 刮（blow的过去分词）

Example: One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i. e., ionized) atoms of gas, which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of the solar wind.

6 bit [bɪt] n. 少量

Example: Silversmiths complied with these requests by melting the money in a　small furnace, adding a bit of copper to form a stronger alloy, and casting the alloy in rectangular blocks.

6 biographies (biography [baɪˈɒɡrəfɪ] ) n. 传记

Example: To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies.

6 battle [ˈbætl] n. 战斗　v. 作战

Example: It is an environment in which organisms battle for survival.

6 basalt [ˈbæsɔ:lt] n. 玄武岩

Example: Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.

6 assert [əˈsɜ:t] v. 声称；断言

Example: Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art.

6 array [əˈreɪ] n. 军队；编队

Example: The urban middle class was now able to buy a wide array of food products and clothing-baked goods, canned goods, suits, shirts, shoes, and dresses.

6 antibiotics (antibiotic [ˌæntɪbaɪˈɒtɪk] ) n. 抗生素

Example: In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.

6 affection [əˈfekʃən] n. 感情；影响

Example: The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.

6 accustomed (accustom [əˈkʌstəm] ) v. 使习惯于

Example: Gallup had to allow the chimpanzee to become accustomed to the mirror before he began the experiment.

6 abstract [ˈæbstrækt] n. 梗概；摘要　adj. 抽象的

Example: With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.

5 witnessed (witness [ˈwɪtnɪs] ) v. 目击　n. 证人

Example: Since surpluses of food could also be bartered for other commodities, the Neolithic era witnessed the beginnings of large-scale exchange of goods.

5 ward [wɔ:d] v. 守护

Example: For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off the invaders.

5 vehicles (vehicle [ˈvi:ɪkl] ) n. 交通工具

Example: The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

5 unity [ˈju:nɪtɪ] n. 结合

3 unit [ˈju:nɪt] n. 单位

Example: The use of home bases is a fundamental component of human social behavior；the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity.

5 tunnels (tunnel [ˈtʌnl] ) n. 隧道　v. 挖

Example: In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.

5 tremendous [trɪˈmendəs] adj. 巨大的

Example: The acute, growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century, including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers.

5 translucent [trænzˈlju:snt] adj. 半透明的

Example: It can be colored or colorless, monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent, or opaque.

5 tongue [tʌŋ] n. 舌

Example: Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates.

5 thoroughly [ˈθʌrəlɪ] adv. 彻底地

Example: Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration.

5 temporary [ˈtempərərɪ] adj. 暂时的　n. 临时工

3 temporarily [ˈtempərerɪlɪ] adv. 暂时地，临时地

Example: The broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale.

5 tectonics [tekˈtɔnɪks]　n. 筑造学

Example: With an understating of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface.

5 systematic [ˌsɪstɪˈmætɪk] adj. 有系统的

Example: Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner.

5 swept (sweep [swi:p] ) v. 扫（sweep的过去式）

Example: The development of the modern presidency in the United States began with Andrew Jackson who swept to power in 1829 at the head of the Democratic Party and served until 1837.

5 surpassed (surpass [sɜ:ˈpɑ:s] ) v. 超越

Example: Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals.

5 sulfur [ˈsʌlfə] n. 硫

4 sulfuric [sʌlˈfju:rɪk] adj. 硫的

Example: Sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level.

5 struck (strike [straɪk] ) v. 攻击；罢工　n. 攻击；罢工

Example: In 1987, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37. 5-hour workweek；and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week.

5 statistic [stəˈtɪstɪk] n. 统计量；统计数值　adj. 统计的

Example: Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic.

5 sponsored (sponsor [ˈspɒnsə] ) n. 发起者　v. 发起

Example: The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society.

5 spinal [ˈspaɪnl] adj. 脊椎的

Example: A multitude of microorganisms (including viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebrates—or creatures lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects, and many different types of worms) —make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.

5 spectacular [spekˈtækjʊlə] n. 奇观　adj. 壮观的

Example: The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.

5 span [spæn] n. 跨度　v. 横跨

Example: Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas.

5 slabs (slab [slæb] ) n. 平板

Example: Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28, 000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe.

5 senate [ˈsenɪt] n. 参议院

Example: It was the first time that the Senate had been known to oppose the President.

5 segments (segment [ˈseɡmənt] ) n. 部分；断片

Example: The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge, movable segments, called plates, which float on a soft plastic layer of rock.

5 secrete [sɪˈkri:t] v. 隐藏

Example: They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions.

5 rhythm [ˈrɪðəm] n. 旋律

Example: In playing hot, a musician consciously departs from strict meter to create a relaxed sense of phrasing that also emphasizes the underlying rhythms.

5 relevant [ˈrelɪvənt] adj. 有关的

Example: Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory.

5 reasonable [ˈri:znəbl] adj. 合理的

Example: Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

5 realm [relm] n. 领域

Example: For the most part, the literature in which the railroad plays an important role belongs to popular culture rather than to the realm of serious art.

5 rail [reɪl] n. 铁轨

Example: It became most valuable when the steam locomotive made rail travel possible.

5 putrefying (putrefy [ˈpju:trɪfaɪ] ) v. 化脓

Example: As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air, and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials.

5 presumably [prɪˈzju:məbəlɪ] adv. 大概

Example: Some sixth- and fifth-century B. C. Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand.

5 postage [ˈpəʊstɪdʒ] n. 邮资

Example: It was commemorated by the first United States postage stamp...

5 poetry [ˈpəʊɪtrɪ] n. 诗

Example: Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States.

5 pipeline [ˈpaɪp laɪn] n. 管道

Example: Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills.

5 peripheral [pəˈrɪfərəl] adj. 周边的

3 periphery [pəˈrɪfərɪ] n. 外围

Example: The term "autonomic nervous system" refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands.

5 pebbles (pebble [ˈpebl] ) n. 小圆石

Example: The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.

5 patches (patch [pætʃ] ) n. 补丁；小块土地

3 patchy [ˈpætʃɪ] adj. 不调和的

Example: The most important remaining patches of scrub lie along the Lake Wales Ridge, a chain of paleoislands running for a hundred miles down the center of Florida, in most places less than ten miles wide.

5 parallel [ˈpærəlel] n. 平行；相匹敌之物　v. 与……平行；与……相同

Example: Woodcuts are created by a relief process；first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink.

5 pales (pale [peɪl] ) v. 使黯淡；相形见绌　adj. 苍白的

Example: The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.

5 palace [ˈpælɪs] n. 宫殿

Example: Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of glass set in iron frames.

5 ore [ɔ:(r)] n. 矿石

Example: Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.

5 orbit [ˈɔ:bɪt] n. 轨道　v. 绕……轨道而行

Example: As a comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually form.

5 optimal [ˈɒptɪməl] adj. 最佳的

Example: But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.

5 notion [ˈnəʊʃən] n. 概念；想法

Example: This may be one reason that many researchers have shied away from the notion of mind and consciousness in nonhuman animals.

5 mule [mju:l] n. 杂交动物

Example: It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

5 mounds (mound [maʊnd] ) n. 堤

Example: Most of these early mound builders were part of the AdenaHopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio.

5 monuments (monument [ˈmɒnjʊmənt] ) n. 纪念碑

3 monumental [ˌmɒnjʊˈmentl] adj. 纪念碑的

Example: They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were being rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music—although they could read the writings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation.

5 molded (mold [məʊld] ) n. 模子　vt. 浇铸；塑造

Example: Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells.

5 mobility [məʊˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 灵活性

Example: Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these tended to magnify social distinctions.

5 millennia (millennium [mɪˈlenɪəm] )　n. 千禧年，一千年

Example: Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form.

5 mature [məˈtjʊə] v. 成熟　adj. 成熟的

Example: Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.

5 maritime [ˈmærɪtaɪm] adj. 海的

Example: The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men.

5 maple [ˈmeɪpl] n. 枫；枫木

Example: According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

5 magnesium [mægˈni:zjəm] n. 镁

Example: The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of a metal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920's.

5 limbs (limb [lɪm] ) n. 肢

Example: Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail.

5 laden [ˈleɪdn] adj. 装满的

Example: The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.

5 invasion [ɪnˈveɪʒən] n. 侵犯

Example: To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop.

5 interstellar [ˈɪntə(:)ˈstelə] adj. 星际的

Example: Helium has been found in old stars, in relatively young ones, in interstellar gas, and in the distant objects known as quasars.

5 interfere [ˌɪntəˈfɪə] v. 妨碍；抵触

Example: Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.

5 intercity [ɪntəˈsɪtɪ] adj. 城市间的

Example: Not only did buses largely replace trams and trolleys in urban mass transit, they also opened up new avenues of intercity travel both to those Americans who could not afford cars and to those car owners who preferred to leave distance driving to others.

5 intelligence [ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns] n. 智力

4 intelligent [ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt] adj. 聪明的

Example: Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence.

5 integrated (integrate [ˈɪntɪɡreɪt] ) v. 使结合

Example: At that point in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences.

5 intact [ɪnˈtækt] adj. 完整的

Example: The illumination used, so-called soft x-rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biological cells in many cases.

5 insulation [ˌɪnsjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 隔离；孤立

Example: Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

5 inscribed (inscribe [ɪnˈskraɪb] ) v. 刻

Example: It was not until the 1890's that archaeologists excavating in citystates well to the south of Nineveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only.

5 incursions (incursion [ɪnˈkɜ:ʃən] ) n. 入侵

Example: The incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the early third millennia B. C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity.

5 incomes (income [ˈɪnkəm] ) n. 收入

Example: The most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher.

5 inclination [ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃən] n. 倾向

Example: Despite Andrew Jackson's inclination to be a strong President, Democrats as a rule believed in limited government.

5 incentive [ɪnˈsentɪv] n. 动机

Example: The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.

5 hemlock [ˈhemlɒk] n. 铁杉

Example: Even more shade-tolerant species of trees such as hemlock may remain badly suppressed beneath aggressive young alders.

5 hemispheres (hemisphere [ˈhemɪsfɪə] ) n. 大脑半球；地球的半球

Example: The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities.

5 hawks (hawk [hɔ:k] ) n. 鹰

Example: Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill large numbers of migratory birds.

5 glowing (glow [ɡləʊ] ) v. 发红光；发热

Example: Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles.

5 genetically [dʒɪˈnetɪkəlɪ] adv. 从遗传学角度

Example: In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.

5 fungal [ˈfju:ɡəl] adj. 真菌的

Example: As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals).

5 frozen [ˈfrəʊzn] adj. 冰冻的

Example: As a result, its clouds, which are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes.

5 foul [faʊl] v. 弄脏　adj. 污秽的

Example: Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment.

5 formidable [ˈfɔ:mɪdəbl] adj. 强大的；可怕的

Example: Hubbard's surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2, 500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.

5 feasible [ˈfi:zəbl] adj. 可行的

Example: Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.

5 exclusively [ɪkˈsklu:sɪvlɪ] adv. 排外地

Example: The Ediacara fossil formation, which contains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodied forms.

5 exchange [ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ] v. 交换；交易

Example: With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for "goods in kind" from the customer's field, pasture, or dairy.

5 ethology [i:ˈθɒlədʒɪ] n. 动物行为学

4 ethological [ˌi:θəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 动物行为学的

Example: Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.

5 epoch [ˈi:pɒk] n. 新纪元；时代

Example: An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end of the Pleistocene epoch.

5 enthusiastic [ɪn θju:zɪˈæstɪk] adj. 狂热的

4 enthusiasm [ɪnˈθju:zɪæzəm] n. 狂热

Example: Newspaper publishers in the United States have long been enthusiastic users and distributors of weather maps.

5 endless [ˈendlɪs] adj. 不停的

Example: Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city.

5 dull [dʌl] adj. 黯淡的；枯燥无味的　v. 变迟钝；减少

Example: However, after 1885, with the high gloss of the experiment dulled, it became clear that the residents of Pullman had honest grievances about the overcharging of rent and other services.

5 drastically [ˈdræstɪklɪ] adv. 大大地

Example: Their uplift was completed some 289 million years ago, and they have been drastically eroded ever since.

5 dozen [ˈdʌzn] n. 打；十二个

Example: Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enure shoe.

5 disseminated (disseminate [dɪˈsemɪneɪt] ) v. 散播

Example: Hollywood not only supplied jobs；it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation.

5 diminished (diminish [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] ) v. 减少

Example: During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.

5 deterioration [dɪ tɪərɪəˈreɪʃən] n. 恶化

Example: In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.

5 descendants (descendant [dɪˈsend(ə)nt] ) n. 后代

Example: At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

5 crabs (crab [kræb] ) n. 螃蟹

Example: A well-known Burgess Shale animal called Sidneyia is a representative of a previously unknown group of arthropods (a category of animals that includes insects, spiders, mites, and crabs).

5 council [ˈkaʊnsɪl] n. 政务会，理事会

Example: In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and it automatically became the master plan for the city's park system.

5 convince [kənˈvɪns] v. 使相信

Example: Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.

5 convenient [kənˈvi:njənt] adj. 方便的

3 convenience [kənˈvi:njəns] n. 方便

Example: They had wonderfully convenient features that made them superior to the cultivated eastern grasses.

5 contraction [kənˈtrækʃən] n. 收缩

Example: The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it.

5 complained (complain [kəmˈpleɪn] ) v. 抱怨

Example: One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines."

5 compensation [ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃən] n. 补偿

5 compensate [ˈkɒmpənseɪt] v. 补偿

Example: They were compensation for the loss of an overseas supplier.

5 commonplace [ˈkɒmənpleɪs] adj. 平凡的

Example: In the years leading up to the First World War, the realist tradition in the United States was given new life within the ranks of the so-called Ashcan School, a term that loosely describes a group of artists in New York who favored, as the name implies, commonplace subjects, even ones that emphasized the seedy aspects of daily life.

5 commodities (commodity [kəˈmɒdɪtɪ] ) n. 物品；商品

Example: Advertising was generally confined to the back pages and simply listed commodities received by local stores.

5 combustible [kəmˈbʌstəbl] adj. 可燃的

4 combustion [kəmˈbʌstʃən] n. 燃烧

Example: When the air had become saturated, no additional amounts of phlogiston could leave the combustible substance, and the burning would stop.

5 cohesive [kəʊˈhi:sɪv] adj. 黏着的

5 cohesion [kəʊˈhi:ʒən] n. 结合

Example: The cohesive political and social organization of the Anasazi made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer them.

5 centralized (centralize [ˈsentrəlaɪz] ) v. 把……集中于中央

Example: This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.

5 cemented (cement [sɪˈment] ) n. 水泥　v. 接合

Example: This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals；also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.

5 buds (bud [bʌd] ) n. 花蕾

Example: Rich in symbolic overtones, the beautifully painted objects carry additional meanings：butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life, a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on.

5 broadsides (broadside [ˈbrɔ:dsaɪd] ) n. 舷侧

Example: In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy.

5 brilliance [ˈbrɪljəns] n. 光辉

Example: Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.

5 botanical [bəˈtænɪk(ə)l] adj. 植物学的

4 botanists (botanist [ˈbɒtənɪst] ) n. 植物学家

Example: In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers and fruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art.

5 biotic [baɪˈɔtɪk] adj. 生物的

Example: As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution.

5 assigned (assign [əˈsaɪn] ) v. 分派；分配

Example: While animal fossils from before the Cambrian explosion have no modern descendants, many animals that evolved during the Cambrian explosion can be assigned to modern groups.

5 archaic [ɑ:ˈkeɪɪk] adj. 古代的

Example: By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certain native plants, including sunflowers；weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder；and squash or gourds of some kind.

5 arbitrary [ˈɑ:bɪtrərɪ] adj. 任性的，专制的

Example: The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.

5 alien [ˈeɪljən] n. 外国人；外星人

Example: An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominants, most distinctive feature—the ocean.

5 accomplished (accomplish [əˈkɒmplɪʃ] ) v. 实现；完成

Example: Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water.

4 worms (worm [wɜ:m] ) n. 蠕虫

Example: Organisms that lack hard parts, such as worms and jellyfish, have left a meager geologic record.

4 worded (word [wɜ:d] ) v. 用言词表达

Example: Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.

4 woolly [ˈwʊlɪ] adj. 羊毛制的

Example: The thick, woolly fleece of the domestic sheep is its distinguishing feature and the source of much of its economic importance.

4 wondered (wonder [ˈwʌndə] ) v. 想知道；惊奇

Example: They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect.

4 withdrawal [wɪðˈdrɔ:əl] n. 收回；撤退

Example: Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America.

4 weeds (weed [wi:d] ) n. 野草

Example: Many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens.

4 wedging (wedge [wedʒ] ) v. 楔入　n. 楔子

Example: The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice.

4 vivid [ˈvɪvɪd] adj. 生动的

Example: They concentrated on the play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces, stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected light in all of its possibilities.

4 Vancouver [vænˈku:və] n. 温哥华

Example: Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate.

4 upcoming [ˈʌp kʌmɪŋ] adj. 即将来临的

Example: In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers.

4 transparent [trænsˈpeərənt] adj. 透明的；显然的

Example: They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag.

4 tolerate [ˈtɒləreɪt] v. 容忍

3 tolerance [ˈtɒlərəns] n. 宽容；容限

Example: A complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of pests.

本天乱序

在本章单词背诵结束后，请完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

attachment [əˈtætʃmənt] n. 附属

prairie [ˈpreərɪ] n. 牧场

pond [pɒnd] n. 池塘

pile [paɪl] v. 堆积

career [kəˈrɪə] n. 事业

calculated (calculate [ˈkælkjʊleɪt] ) v. 计算

depleted (deplete [dɪˈpli:t] ) v. 耗尽

penicillin [ˌpenɪˈsɪlɪn] n. 盘尼西林，青霉素

slip [slɪp] v. 滑倒

promise [ˈprɒmɪs] v. 保证

accustomed (accustom [əˈkʌstəm] ) v. 使习惯于

vehicles (vehicle [ˈvi:ɪkl] ) n. 交通工具

unity [ˈju:nɪtɪ] n. 结合

advertisements（advertisement [ədˈvɜ:tɪsmənt] ) n. 广告

botanists (botanist [ˈbɒtənɪst] ) n. 植物学家

biotic [baɪˈɔtɪk] adj. 生物的

assigned (assign [əˈsaɪn] ) v. 分派；分配

archaic [ɑ:ˈkeɪɪk] adj. 古代的

homestead [ˈhəʊmsted] n. 家园

greedy [ˈɡri:dɪ] adj. 贪婪的

instinct [ˈɪnstɪŋkt] n. 本能

orbit [ˈɔ:bɪt] n. 轨道　v. 绕……轨道而行

spectacular [spekˈtækjʊlə] n. 奇观　adj. 壮观的

diminished (diminish [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] ) v. 减少

combustion [kəmˈbʌstʃən] n. 燃烧

herbs (herb [hɜ:b] ) n. 药草

gulls (gull [ɡʌl] ) n. 海鸥

imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn] v. 想象

prime [praɪm] adj. 最初的

convenience [kənˈvi:njəns] n. 方便

directional [dɪˈrekʃənəl] adj. 方向的

butter [ˈbʌtə] n. 奶油

interstellar [ˈɪntə(:)ˈstelə] adj. 星际的

exterior [ɪkˈstɪərɪə] n. 外部

abstract [ˈæbstrækt] n. 梗概；摘要　adj. 抽象的

witnessed (witness [ˈwɪtnɪs] ) v. 目击　n. 证人

imaginary [ɪˈmædʒɪnərɪ] adj. 想象中的

hollow [ˈhɒləʊ] n. 洞

spinal [ˈspaɪnl] adj. 脊椎的

palace [ˈpælɪs] n. 宫殿

ore [ɔ:(r)] n. 矿石

patches (patch [pætʃ] ) n. 补丁；小块土地

enthusiastic [ɪn θju:zɪˈæstɪk] adj. 狂热的

backbone [ˈbækbəʊn] n. 脊椎；骨干

repeated (repeat [rɪˈpi:t] ) v. 重复

temporarily [ˈtempərerɪlɪ] adv. 暂时地，临时地

calcium [ˈkælsɪəm] n. 钙

enterprise [ˈentəpraɪz] n. 企业

precious [ˈpreʃəs] adj. 宝贵的

context [ˈkɒntekst] n. 上下文

ward [wɔ:d] v. 守护

protein [ˈprəʊti:n] n. 蛋白质

hawks (hawk [hɔ:k] ) n. 鹰

glowing (glow [ɡləʊ] ) v. 发红光；发热

biographies (biography [baɪˈɒɡrəfɪ] ) n. 传记

target [ˈtɑ:ɡɪt] n. 目标

stimulus [ˈstɪmjʊləs] n. 刺激

withdrawal [wɪðˈdrɔ:əl] n. 收回；撤退

weeds (weed [wi:d] ) n. 野草

squash [skwɒʃ] n. 南瓜

prolific [prəˈlɪfɪk] adj. 多产的

battle [ˈbætl] n. 战斗　v. 作战

solo [ˈsəʊləʊ] adj. 独奏的；单独的

admired (admire [ədˈmaɪə] ) v. 钦佩

woven (weave [wi:v] ) v. 编织（weave的过去分词）

attached (attach [əˈtætʃ] ) v. 贴上；使附属

ornamental [ˌɔ:nəˈmentl] adj. 装饰性的

odd [ɒd] adj. 奇数的；古怪的

penetrate [ˈpenɪtreɪt] v. 穿透

pack [pæk] n. 包

oxides (oxide [ˈɒksaɪd] ) n. 氧化物

laser [ˈleɪzə] n. 激光

kettle [ˈketl] n. 茶壶

intervals (interval [ˈɪntəvəl] ) n. 间隔

convenient [kənˈvi:njənt] adj. 方便的

advertising (advertise [ˈædvətaɪz] ) v. 做广告

tactics (tactic [ˈtæktɪk] ) n. 策略

synthetic [sɪnˈθetɪk] adj. 合成的

array [əˈreɪ] n. 军队；编队

antibiotics (antibiotic [ˌæntɪbaɪˈɒtɪk] ) n. 抗生素

affection [əˈfekʃən] n. 感情；影响

solve [sɒlv] v. 解决

switch [swɪtʃ] v. 转换

fingerboard [ˈfɪŋɡəbɔ:d] n. 键盘

devote [dɪˈvəʊt] v. 献身于

determination [dɪ tɜ:mɪˈneɪʃən] n. 决心

alpine [ˈælpaɪn] adj. 高山的

flour [ˈflaʊə] n. 面粉

bit [bɪt] n. 少量

railway [ˈreɪlweɪ] n. 铁路

quilts (quilt [kwɪlt] ) n. 棉被　v. 制成棉被

resolve [rɪˈsɒlv] v. 解决

presumably [prɪˈzju:məbəlɪ] adv. 大概

worded (word [wɜ:d] ) v. 用言词表达

arbitrary [ˈɑ:bɪtrərɪ] adj. 任性的，专制的

basalt [ˈbæsɔ:lt] n. 玄武岩

assert [əˈsɜ:t] v. 声称；断言

controversial [ˌkɒntrəˈvɜ:ʃəl] adj. 争论的

trance [trɑ:ns] n. 恍惚

trampling (trample [ˈtræmpl] ) v. 践踏

silica [ˈsɪlɪkə] n. 硅石

deciphered (decipher [dɪˈsaɪfə] ) v. 译解

cured (cure [kjʊə] ) v. 治愈；加工处理

ranching (ranch [ræntʃ] ) v. 经营牧场

alien [ˈeɪljən] n. 外国人；外星人

accomplished (accomplish [əˈkɒmplɪʃ] ) v. 实现；完成

military [ˈmɪlɪtərɪ] n. 军队　adj. 军事的

directed (direct [dɪˈrekt] ) v. 指挥

pronounced (pronounce [prəˈnaʊns] ) v. 发音

securing (secure [sɪˈkjʊə] ) v. 使安全；掩护　adj. 安全的；可靠的

observe [əbˈzɜ:v] v. 观察；遵守

ignored (ignore [ɪɡˈnɔ:] ) v. 忽视；不顾

humorous [ˈhju:mərəs] adj. 富幽默感的

disturbance [dɪsˈtɜ:bəns] n. 扰乱

segments (segment [ˈseɡmənt] ) n. 部分；断片

worms (worm [wɜ:m] ) n. 蠕虫

informed (inform [ɪnˈfɔ:m] ) v. 通知

clusters (cluster [ˈklʌstə] ) n. 串；丛

genetically [dʒɪˈnetɪkəlɪ] adv. 从遗传学角度

fungal [ˈfju:ɡəl] adj. 真菌的

collision [kəˈlɪʒən] n. 碰撞

imposed (impose [ɪmˈpəʊz] ) v. 把……强加于

election [ɪˈlekʃ(ə)n] n. 选举

overall [ˈəʊvərɔ:l] adj. 总的

fold [fəʊld] n. 折叠　v. 折叠

epoch [ˈi:pɒk] n. 新纪元；时代

precipitation [prɪ sɪpɪˈteɪʃən] n. 降雨量

implements（implement [ˈɪmplɪmənt] ) n. 工具　v. 实现

monumental [ˌmɒnjʊˈmentl] adj. 纪念碑的

secrete [sɪˈkri:t] v. 隐藏

rhythm [ˈrɪðəm] n. 旋律

inscribed (inscribe [ɪnˈskraɪb] ) v. 刻

wedging (wedge [wedʒ] ) v. 楔入　n. 楔子

parallel [ˈpærəlel] n. 平行；相匹敌之物　v. 与……平行；与……相同

eruptions (eruption [ɪˈrʌpʃən] ) n. 爆发

coral [ˈkɒrəl] n. 珊瑚

refused (refuse [rɪˈfju:z] ) v. 拒绝

complained (complain [kəmˈpleɪn] ) v. 抱怨

denser (dense [dens] ) adj. 密集的

frighten [ˈfraɪtn] v. 使害怕

foster [ˈfɒstə] v. 养育

mobility [məʊˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 灵活性

pebbles (pebble [ˈpebl] ) n. 小圆石

frozen [ˈfrəʊzn] adj. 冰冻的

foul [faʊl] v. 弄脏　adj. 污秽的

endless [ˈendlɪs] adj. 不停的

dull [dʌl] adj. 黯淡的；枯燥无味的　v.变迟钝；减少

drastically [ˈdræstɪklɪ] adv. 大大地

senate [ˈsenɪt] n. 参议院

capture [ˈkæptʃə] v. 捕获　n. 捕获之物

formidable [ˈfɔ:mɪdəbl] adj. 强大的；可怕的

feasible [ˈfi:zəbl] adj. 可行的

exclusively [ɪkˈsklu:sɪvlɪ] adv. 排外地

illumination [ɪ lju:mɪˈneɪʃən] n. 照明

elliptical [ɪˈlɪptɪkəl] adj. 椭圆的

ease [i:z] v. 放松

droplets (droplet [ˈdrɒplɪt] ) n. 小滴

domesticated [dəˈmestɪkeɪt] ) v. 驯养

intercity [ɪntəˈsɪtɪ] adj. 城市间的

intelligence [ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns] n. 智力

cliff [klɪf] n. 悬崖

incursions (incursion [ɪnˈkɜ:ʃən] ) n. 入侵

cemented (cement [sɪˈment] ) n. 水泥　v. 接合

buds (bud [bʌd] ) n. 花蕾

pump [pʌmp] n. 泵　v. 泵水

fantasy [ˈfæntəsɪ] n. 幻想

external [ɪkˈstɜ:nl] adj. 外部的

maritime [ˈmærɪtaɪm] adj. 海的

maple [ˈmeɪpl] n. 枫；枫木

deterioration [dɪ tɪərɪəˈreɪʃən] n. 恶化

descendants (descendant [dɪˈsend(ə)nt] ) n. 后代

relevant [ˈrelɪvənt] adj. 有关的

reasonable [ˈri:znəbl] adj. 合理的

experts (expert [ˈekspɜ:t] ) n. 专家

deliberate [dɪˈlɪbəreɪt] adj. 深思熟虑的

cargo [ˈkɑ:ɡəʊ] n. 货物

distort [dɪsˈtɔ:t] v. 歪曲

sulfuric [sʌlˈfju:rɪk] adj. 硫的

struck (strike [ˌstraɪk] ) v. 攻击；罢工

mature [məˈtjʊə] v. 成熟　adj. 成熟的

elsewhere [ˈelsˈ(h)weə] adv. 在别处

committee [kəˈmɪtɪ] n. 委员会

incubate [ˈɪnkjʊbeɪt] v. 孵卵

compression [kəmˈpreʃ(ə)n] n. 压缩

scores (score [skɔ:] ) n. 得分；成绩；二十　v. 使得分

homesteaders (homesteader [ˈhəʊmstedə] ) n. 农场所有权人

granted (grant [ɡrɑ:nt] ) v. 允许；授予

fund [fʌnd] n. 资金　v. 拨款

realm [relm] n. 领域

thrust [θrʌst] n. 推动力　v. 插入

incubators (incubator [ˈɪnkjʊbeɪtə] ) n. 孵卵器

telescope [ˈtelɪskəʊp] n. 望远镜

profound [prəˈfaʊnd] adj. 极深的

insulation [ˌɪnsjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 隔离；孤立

tunnels (tunnel [ˈtʌnl] ) n. 隧道　v. 挖

pales（pale [peɪl] ) v. 使黯淡；相形见绌　adj. 苍白的

optimal [ˈɒptɪməl] adj. 最佳的

controversy [ˈkɒntrəvɜ:sɪ] n. 辩论

humidity [hju:ˈmɪdɪtɪ] n. 湿度

arch [ɑ:tʃ] n. 拱形

analogy [əˈnælədʒɪ] n. 类似

compensation [kɒmpenˈseɪʃən] n. 补偿

defend [dɪˈfend] v. 防卫

curved (curve [kɜ:v] ) v. 使弯曲

cord [kɔ:d] n. 绳

millennia (millennium [mɪˈlenɪəm] ) n. 千禧年，一千年

combustible [kəmˈbʌstəbl] adj. 可燃的

exchange [ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ] v. 交换；交易

metropolitan [ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən] adj. 大都市的

molded (mold [məʊld] ) n. 模子　vt. 浇铸；塑造

ornament [ˈɔ:nəmənt] n. 装饰

exploit [ɪksˈplɔɪt] v. 开采

brilliance [ˈbrɪljəns] n. 光辉

botanical [bəˈtænɪk(ə)l] adj. 植物学的

rail [reɪl] n. 铁轨

putrefying (putrefy [ˈpju:trɪfaɪ] ) v. 化脓

autonomous [ɒ:ˈtɒnəməs] adj. 自治的

crabs (crab [kræb] ) n. 螃蟹

council [ˈkaʊnsɪl] n. 政务会，理事会

statistic[stəˈtɪstɪk] n. 统计量；统计数值　adj. 统计的

sponsored (sponsor [ˈspɒnsə] ) n. 发起者　v. 发起

domestication [dəʊˈmestɪkeɪʃən] n. 驯养

seldom [ˈseldəm] adv. 很少

simplified (simplify [ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ] ) v. 精简

violent [ˈvaɪələnt] adj. 猛烈的

disseminated (disseminate [dɪˈsemɪneɪt] ) v. 散播

attentive [əˈtentɪv] adj. 注意的

cohesion [kəʊˈhi:ʒən] n. 结合

blown (blow [bləʊ] ) v. 刮（blow的过去分词）

steadily [ˈstedɪlɪ] adv. 稳定地

confusing (confuse [kənˈfju:z] ) v. 使糊涂

automatically [ɔ:təˈmætɪklɪ] adv. 自动地

postage [ˈpəʊstɪdʒ] n. 邮资

gray [ɡreɪ] n. 灰色

dozen [ˈdʌzn] n. 打；十二个

extensively [ɪkˈstensɪvlɪ] adv. 广泛地

scattered (scatter [ˈskætə] ) v. 使消散

flask [flɑ:sk] n. 细颈瓶

evergreen [ˈevəɡri:n] adj. 常绿的

tremendous [trɪˈmendəs] adj. 巨大的

bombard [ˈbɒmbɑ:d] v. 炮击

proponents (proponent [prəˈpəʊnənt] ) n. 支持者

contraction [kənˈtrækʃən] n. 收缩

erect [ɪˈrekt] v. 使竖立

phonograph [ˈfəʊnəɡrɑ:f] n. 留声机

silent [ˈsaɪlənt] adj. 沉默的　n. 无声电影

shelves (shelve [ʃelv] ) n. 架子　v. 放置架子上

separation [ˌsepəˈreɪʃən] n. 分离

compressed (compress [kəmˈpres] ) v. 压缩

fins (fin [fɪn] ) n. 鳍

aristocracy [ˌærɪsˈtɒkrəsɪ] n. 贵族；上层社会

instinctive [ɪnˈstɪŋktɪv] adj. 本能的

poetry [ˈpəʊɪtrɪ] n. 诗

pipeline [ˈpaɪp laɪn] n. 管道

disturb [dɪsˈtɜ:b] v. 打扰

mysterious [mɪsˈtɪərɪəs] adj. 神秘的

surpassed (surpass [sɜ:ˈpɑ:s] ) v. 超越

sulfur [ˈsʌlfə] n. 硫

interfere [ˌɪntəˈfɪə] v. 妨碍；抵触

vase [vɑ:z] n. 花瓶

trolleys (trolley [ˈtrɒlɪ] ) n. 电车

tannins (tannin [ˈtænɪn] ) n. 丹宁酸

unit [ˈju:nɪt] n. 单位

intelligent [ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt] adj. 聪明的

gravel [ˈɡrævəl] n. 砂砾

float [fləʊt] v. 飘浮

hemispheres（hemisphere [ˈhemɪsfɪə] ) n. 大脑半球；地球的半球

beach [bi:tʃ] n. 海滩

aristocrats (aristocrat [ˈærɪstəkræt] ) n. 贵族；持贵族观点的人

substitute [ˈsʌbstɪtju:t] v. 代替　n. 代理；代理人

incised (incise [ɪnˈsaɪz] ) v. 切割

sandy [ˈsændɪ] adj. 含沙的

resolution [ˌrezəˈlju:ʃən] n. 决心

broadsides (broadside [ˈbrɔ:dsaɪd] ) n. 舷侧

thoroughly [ˈθʌrəlɪ] adv. 彻底地

temporary [ˈtempərərɪ] adj. 暂时的　n. 临时工

woolly [ˈwʊlɪ] adj. 羊毛制的

convince [kənˈvɪns] v. 使相信

magnesium [mægˈni:zjəm] n. 镁

limbs (limb [lɪm] ) n. 肢

laden [ˈleɪdn] adj. 装满的

invasion [ɪnˈveɪʒən] n. 侵犯

vcentralized（centralize [ˈsentrəlaɪz] ) v. 把……集中于中央

tribal [ˈtraɪbəl] adj. 部落的

notion [ˈnəʊʃən] n. 概念；想法

mule [mju:l] n. 杂交动物

mounds (mound [maʊnd] ) n. 堤

vivid [ˈvɪvɪd] adj. 生动的

Vancouver [vænˈku:və] n. 温哥华

upcoming [ˈʌp kʌmɪŋ] adj. 即将来临的

transparent [trænsˈpeərənt] adj. 透明的；显然的

tolerate [ˈtɒləreɪt] v. 容忍

calculations [ˌkælkjʊˈleɪʃən] ) n. 计算

bureau [ˈbjʊərəʊ] n. 局

intact [ɪnˈtækt] adj. 完整的

peripheral [pəˈrɪfərəl] adj. 周边的

enthusiasm [ɪnˈθju:zɪæzəm] n. 狂热

calendar [ˈkælɪndə] n. 日历；时间表

ethological [ˌi:θəˈlɔdʒɪkəl] adj. 动物行为学的

alkali [ˈælkəlaɪ] n. 碱

primal [ˈpraɪməl] adj. 原始的

meteoric [ˌmi:tɪˈɒrɪk] adj. 流星的

imagination [ɪ mædʒɪˈneɪʃən] n. 想象力

span [spæn] n. 跨度　v. 横跨

slabs (slab [slæb] ) n. 平板

gravitational [ˌgrævəˈteɪʃənəl] adj. 重力的

incentive [ɪnˈsentɪv] n. 动机

hemlock [ˈhemlɒk] n. 铁杉

satiric [səˈtɪrɪk] adj. 讽刺的

integrated (integrate [ˈɪntɪɡreɪt] ) v. 使结合

translucent [trænzˈlju:snt] adj. 半透明的

tongue [tʌŋ] n. 舌

ranchers (rancher [ˈræntʃə] ) n. 牧场工人

commonplace [ˈkɒmənpleɪs] adj. 平凡的

linen [ˈlɪnɪn] n. 亚麻布　adj. 亚麻的

leisure [ˈleʒə] n. 空闲

elected (elect [ɪˈlekt] ) v. 选举

displace [dɪsˈpleɪs] v. 取代

ethology [i:ˈθɔlədʒɪ] n. 动物行为学

tectonics [tekˈtɔnɪks] n. 筑造学

systematic [ˌsɪstɪˈmætɪk] adj. 有系统的

swept (sweep [swi:p] ) v. 扫（sweep的过去式）

presentation [ˌprezənˈteɪʃən] n. 介绍；演讲

patchy [ˈpætʃɪ] adj. 不调和的

monuments (monument [ˈmɒnjʊmənt] ) n. 纪念碑

observers (observer [əbˈzɜ:və] ) n. 观察者

neutral [ˈnju:trəl] adj. 中立的

mystery [ˈmɪstərɪ] n. 神秘的事物

scratches (scratch [skrætʃ] ) n. 抓痕

deficiency [dɪˈfɪʃənsɪ] n. 缺乏

thread [θred] n. 线

tendency [ˈtendənsɪ] n. 倾向

incomes (income [ˈɪnkəm] ) n. 收入

commodities (commodity [kəˈmɒdɪtɪ] ) n. 物品；商品

wondered (wonder [ˈwʌndə] ) v. 想知道；惊奇

closet [ˈklɒzɪt] n. 壁橱

carpenters (carpenter [ˈkɑ:pɪntə] ) n. 木匠

equivalent [ɪˈkwɪvələnt] n. 同等物

cohesive [kəʊˈhi:sɪv] adj. 黏着的

workshops（workshop [ˈwɜ:kʃɒp] ) n. 车间，工场；研讨会

vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəb(ə)l] adj. 易受伤害的

solitary [ˈsɒlɪtərɪ] adj. 单独的；隐居的

obstacle [ˈɒbstəkl] n. 障碍

compensate [ˈkɒmpənseɪt] v. 补偿

criterion [kraɪˈtɪərɪən] n. 标准

confusion [kənˈfju:ʒən] n. 混乱

marble [ˈmɑ:bl] n. 大理石

liters (liter [ˈli:tə] ) n. 公升

inclination [ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃən] n. 倾向

undisturbed [ˈʌndɪsˈtɜ:bd] adj. 没受到干扰的

backup [ˈbækʌp] n. 备用物

periphery [pəˈrɪfərɪ] n. 外围

disgust [dɪsˈɡʌst] v. 厌恶

depletion [dɪˈpli:ʃən] n. 消耗

tolerance [ˈtɒlərəns] n. 宽容；容限

List 6　第六天

本天前测

在开始本章单词背诵之前，请先在10分钟之内完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

thoughtful [ˈθɔ:tfʊl] adj. 体贴的

territory [ˈterɪtərɪ] n. 领土

supreme [sju:ˈpri:m] adj. 至高的

supplanted (supplant [səˈplɑ:nt] ) v. 代替

summit [ˈsʌmɪt] n. 顶点

stoneware [ˈstəʊnweə] n. 瓷器

starvation [stɑ:ˈveɪʃən] n. 饥饿

solemn [ˈsɒləm] adj. 严肃的

sole [səʊl] adj. 单独的

silt [sɪlt] n. 淤泥

rudimentary [ru:dɪˈmentərɪ] adj. 基本的

rotates (rotate [rəʊˈteɪt] ) v. 旋转

replenish [rɪˈplenɪʃ] v. 把……装满

rear [rɪə] n. 后部

prone [prəʊn] adj. 有……倾向的

prestige [presˈti:ʒ] n. 名望

practitioners (practitioner [prækˈtɪʃənə] ) n. 从业者

obsidian [ɒbˈsɪdɪən] n. 黑曜石

notwithstanding [ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ] prep. 尽管

navigation [ˌnævɪˈgeɪʃən] n. 航海

metabolism [meˈtæbəlɪzəm] n. 新陈代谢

Mesopotamian [ˌmesəʊpəˈteɪmjən] n. 美索不达米亚的居民

merchandise [ˈmɜ:tʃəndaɪz] n. 商品　v. 买卖；经营

meaningful [ˈmi:nɪŋfʊl] adj. 意味深长的

lumber [ˈlʌmbə] n. 木材　v. 采伐……林木

locomotion [ləʊkəˈməʊʃ(ə)n] n. 运动

invade [ɪnˈveɪd] v. 侵略

inferior [ɪnˈfɪərɪə] adj. 下等的

immense [ɪˈmens] adj. 极广大的

hazard [ˈhæzəd] n. 危险

facilitate [fəˈsɪlɪteɪt] v. 使容易；促进

experimentation [eks perɪmenˈteɪʃən] n. 实验

dynamic [daɪˈnæmɪk] adj. 动力学的；动力的

descent [dɪˈsent] n. 降落；家系

counterparts (counterpart [ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t] ) n. 配对物；副本

celebrated (celebrate [ˈselɪbreɪt] ) v. 庆祝

adept [ˈædept] adj. 熟练的

yields [ji:ld] ) v. 生产；同意；出产；投降

vigorous [ˈvɪɡərəs] adj. 精力旺盛的

triple [ˈtrɪpl] v. 使成三倍；三倍于　adj. 三倍的

tobacco [təˈbækəʊ] n. 烟草

synthesize [ˈsɪnθɪsaɪz] v. 综合；合成

suffered (suffer [ˈsʌfə] ) v. 遭受；忍受

strive [straɪv] v. 努力；苦干

strategy [ˈstrætɪdʒɪ] n. 策略

spectacles (spectacle [ˈspektəkl] ) n.奇观；场面

slices (slice [slaɪs] ) n. 薄片；切片　v. 切成薄片；切

shades (shade [ʃeɪd] ) n. 荫凉处；遮光物　v. 遮蔽；使阴暗

sensory [ˈsensərɪ] adj. 感觉器官的；感觉的

scope [skəʊp] n. 范围

refined (refine [rɪˈfaɪn] ) v. 提炼

pursue [pəˈsju:] v. 追赶

prolonged (prolong [prəˈlɒŋ] ) v. 延长；拖延

pregnant [ˈpreɡnənt] adj. 怀孕的；充满的

portable [ˈpɔ:təbl] adj. 可携带的；可移动的

port [pɔ:t] n. 港；机场

plowing (plow [plaʊ] ) v. 耕，开路　n.犁；除雪机

4 thoughtful [ˈθɔ:tfʊl] adj. 体贴的

Example: It was thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival.（托福考试里面共出现4次，均为在选项之中，因此此例句来自其他来源。）

4 territory [ˈterɪtərɪ] n. 领土

Example: As their numbers increased, they needed additional territory.

4 tenants (tenant [ˈtenənt] ) n. 承租人；房客

Example: Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases.

4 temper [ˈtempə] n. 脾气；调剂

Example: It loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substance that helped reduce shrinkage and cracking.

4 tapestries (tapestry [ˈtæpɪstrɪ] ) n. 挂毯

Example: It can be inferred from the passage that the green areas in woven tapestries developed a bluish tinge.

4 supreme [sju:ˈpri:m] adj. 至高的

Example: These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis’ supreme achievements.

4 supplanted (supplant [səˈplɑ:nt] ) v. 代替

Example: Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located.

4 supersonic [ˈsju:pəˈsɒnɪk] adj. 超音波的

Example: Many supersonic aircrafts have a similar needle at the nose.

4 summit [ˈsʌmɪt] n. 顶点

Example: Located inside Rainier's two ice-filled summit craters, these caves form a labyrinth of tunnels and vaulted chambers about one and one-half miles in total length.

4 sulfates (sulfate [ˈsʌlfeɪt] ) n. 硫酸盐

Example: Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses.

4 stoneware [ˈstəʊnweə] n. 瓷器

Example: Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware.

4 starvation [stɑ:ˈveɪʃən] n. 饥饿

Example: When game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation.

4 stalks (stalk [stɔ:k] ) n. 茎

Example: By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine.

4 spun [spʌn] adj. 纺成的

Example: Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver；fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass looked golden.

4 sponges (sponge [spʌndʒ] ) n. 海绵；海绵体

Example: In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.

4 in spite of 虽然

Example: Deeper still, the pressure is even more intense, preventing the rock from melting in spite of a higher temperature.

4 spirit [ˈspɪrɪt] n. 精神；心灵

Example: Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, particularly shamans who believe that an animal's spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance.

4 spills (spill [spɪl] ) n. 溢出

Example: Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills.

4 spiders (spider [ˈspaɪdə] ) n. 蜘蛛

Example: Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made.

4 sphere [sfɪə] n. 球；球形

Example: The continents and the seabed are formed by the crust—a thin sphere of relatively light, solid rock.

4 solemn [ˈsɒləm] adj. 严肃的

Example: Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.

4 sole [səʊl] adj. 单独的

Example: Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method).

4 sociobiology [ˌsəʊsɪəʊbaɪˈɔlədʒɪ] n. 生物社会学

Example: Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined.

4 socially [ˈsəʊʃəlɪ] adv. 在社交方面

Example: Such an area included the county in which the central city is located, and adjacent counties that are found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city.

4 snowfall [ˈsnəʊfɔ:l] n. 降雪

Example: The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.

4 slicks (slick [slɪk] ) n. 平滑的水面　adj. 光滑的

Example: Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea.

4 slender [ˈslendə] adj. 修长的

Example: Leaves develop chlorosis；stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces.

4 sketching (sketch [sketʃ] ) v. 速写；打草稿

Example: Further, the river had long served as the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks　and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.

4 silt [sɪlt] n. 淤泥

Example: Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and silt.

4 Sierra Nevada 内华达山脉

Example: Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada.

4 shortage [ˈʃɔ:tɪdʒ] n. 不足

Example: The shortage of affordable housing in the United States...

4 seemingly [ˈsi:mɪŋlɪ] adv. 表面上地

Example: Another seemingly plausible explanation that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development—also is incorrect.

4 sedentary [ˈsedəntərɪ] adj. 久坐的

Example: Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

4 scurrying (scurry [ˈskʌrɪ] ) v. 急赶　n. 急赶；急跑

Example: The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.

4 rudimentary [ru:dɪˈmentərɪ] adj. 基本的

Example: He received rudimentary village schooling but mostly he roamed his uncle's farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills.

4 rotates (rotate [rəʊˈteɪt] ) v. 旋转

3 rotation [rəʊˈteɪʃən] n. 旋转

3 rotating (rotate [rəʊˈteɪt] ) v. 旋转

Example: Committee membership rotates every year, so that new voices and opinions are constantly heard.

4 romanticism [rəˈmæntɪsɪzəm] n. 浪漫精神

Example: After the 1870’s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed immediately following the Civil War of 1861～1865 and turned instead to realism.

4 retail [ˈri:teɪl] n. 零售　v. 零售　adj. 零售的

Example: Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs.

4 replenish [rɪˈplenɪʃ] v. 把……装满

Example: This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.

4 regulatory [ˈregjʊlətərɪ] adj. 管理的

4 regulation [regjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 规章

Example: In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs.

4 rear [rɪə] n. 后部

Example: By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.

4 radius [ˈreɪdjəs] n. 半径

Example: Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as line fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople.

4 radiation [ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən] n. 发光；辐射

Example: The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

4 publications (publication [ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃən] ) n. 出版

Example: Magazines as they are known today began publication around 1882, and, in fact, the circulation of weekly magazines exceeded that of newspapers in the period which followed.

4 prone [prəʊn] adj. 有……倾向的

Example: These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.

4 probable [ˈprɒbəbl] adj. 很可能发生的

Example: In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others.

4 prizes (prize [praɪz] ) n. 奖赏

Example: ... including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners.

4 prison [ˈprɪzn] n. 监狱

Example: Davis was temporarily chained in his prison cell during the early days of his two-year imprisonment.

4 prestige [presˈti:ʒ] n. 名望

Example: No other colonial artisans rivaled the silversmiths’ prestige.

4 practitioners (practitioner [prækˈtɪʃənə] ) n. 从业者

Example: The awards and prizes total about $750, 000 a year, but most of them range in size from $5, 000 to $12, 500, a welcome sum to many young practitioners whose work may not bring in that much money in a year.

4 powder [ˈpaʊdə] n. 粉

Example: Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder.

4 plumbing (plumb [plʌm] ) n. 铅锤　adj. 垂直的　v. 用铅锤测量；使垂直；探究

Example: The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning.

4 peregrine [ˈperɪɡrɪn] adj. 外来的

Example: It can be inferred that black-headed gulls change direction when they spot a peregrine falcon for which of the following reasons?

4 pamphlets (pamphlet [ˈpæmflɪt] ) n. 小册子

Example: Chapbook were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both informal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks).

4 ownership [ˈəʊnəʃɪp] n. 所有权

Example: Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles.

4 outlying [ˈaʊtlaɪɪŋ] adj. 在外的

Example: The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city.

4 outermost [ˈaʊtəməʊst] adj. 最外边的

Example: The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick.

4 otters (otter [ˈɒtə] ) n. 水獭

Example: Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.

4 ornate [ɔ:ˈneɪt] adj. 装饰的

Example: Stoneware, which had been simple, utilitarian kitchenware, grew increasingly ornate throughout the nineteenth century, and in addition to the earlier scratched and drawn designs, three-dimensional molded relief decoration became popular.

4 octopus [ˈɒktəpəs] n. 章鱼

Example: According to the passage, studies have shown that hermit crabs manage to turn octopus away by attacking the octopus with their claws.

4 obsidian [ɒbˈsɪdɪən] n. 黑曜石

Example: The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.

4 numerical [njʊ(:)ˈmerɪkəl] adj. 数字的

Example: The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant；in fact the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area.

4 notwithstanding [ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ] prep. 尽管

Example: Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out.

4 norm [nɔ:m] n. 基准

Example: Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760～1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm.

4 necessitated (necessitate [nɪˈsesɪteɪt] ) v. 使成为必需

Example: The marketing of industrial products necessitated large-scale storage spaces, and enormous shops selling under one roof a wide variety of items.

4 navigable [ˈnævɪɡəbl] adj. 可航行的

3 navigation [ˌnævɪˈgeɪʃən] n. 航海

Example: Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure, building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads, deepening harbors, and removing obstructions from navigable streams.

4 moths (moth [mɒθ] ) n. 蛾

Example: When they fly, however, brightly colored hind wings are exposed, which render the moths highly conspicuous.

4 missions (mission [ˈmɪʃən] ) n. 任务

Example: Like the artisans of the Arts and Crafts Movement in England and the United States, art deep practitioners considered it their mission to transform the domestic environment through well-designed furniture and household accessories.

4 minuscule [mɪˈnʌskju:l] n. 草写小字

Example: At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.

4 mild [maɪld] adj. 温和的

Example: Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel high-tensile steel, or aluminum.

4 metabolism [meˈtæbəlɪzəm] n. 新陈代谢

3 metabolic [ˌmetəˈbɒlɪk] adj. 代谢作用的

Example: Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy.

4 Mesopotamia [ˌmesəʊpəˈteɪmjə] n. 美索不达米亚

3 Mesopotamian [ˌmesəʊpəˈteɪmjən] n. 美索不达米亚的居民

Example: Many of these buildings were shaped in the ziggurat form, a design resembling an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower that recedes in progressively smaller stages to the summit, creating a staircase-like effect.

4 merchandise [ˈmɜ:tʃəndaɪz] n. 商品　v. 买卖；经营

Example: The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise.

4 meaningful [ˈmi:nɪŋfʊl] adj. 意味深长的

Example: Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive，such as being hospitalized or a sibling's birth.

4 mating (mate [meɪt] ) v. 使成配偶

Example: Clues to this evolutionary process can be found in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating, such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil.

4 maser [ˈmeɪzə] n. 微波激射器

Example: Before long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at even shorter wavelengths.

4 marshes (marsh [mɑ:ʃ] ) n. 沼泽

Example: Florida gars are sometimes seen in huge numbers, which is the result of low water that confines individuals from the expanses of the marshes to limited aquatic habitats where they remain during the dry season.

4 mallet [ˈmælɪt] n. 木槌

Example: Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools.

4 lumber [ˈlʌmbə] n. 木材　v. 采伐……林木

Example: The perishable commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control.

4 lug [lʌɡ] n. 把手

Example: On these rested the ends of a "lug pole" from which pots were suspended when cooking.

4 loyalties (loyalty [ˈlɔɪəltɪ] ) n. 忠诚

Example: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.

4 locomotive [ˌləʊkəˈməʊtɪv] n. 火车头

4 locomotion [ləʊkəˈməʊʃ(ə)n] n. 运动

Example: As the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant.

4 lithospheric [ˌlɪθəʊˈsferɪk] adj. 岩石圈的

Example: Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types.

4 licensing (license [ˈlaɪsəns] ) n. 执照　v. 许可

Example: Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds.

4 lectures (lecture [ˈlektʃə] ) n. 演讲　v. 讲演

Example: Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time.

4 lasts (last [lɑ:st] ) v. 持续

Example: As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there.

4 lamented (lament [ləˈment] ) v. 哀悼

Example: Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams lamented the role that the new frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditional values.

4 kerosene [ˈkerəsi:n] n. 煤油

Example: At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils.

4 journal [ˈdʒɜ:nl] n. 杂志

3 journalism [ˈdʒɜ:nəlɪzəm] n. 新闻业

Example: Towns and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Letter, but Gould filed a patent application.

4 jewelry [ˈdʒu:əlrɪ] n. 珠宝

Example: The women made baskets and pottery; the men wove textile and crafted turquoise jewelry.

4 jaws (jaw [dʒɔ:] ) n. 颌；颚；下巴

Example: These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement.

4 invaders (invader [ɪnˈveɪdə] ) n. 入侵者

4 invade [ɪnˈveɪd] v. 侵略

Example: The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.

4 inferior [ɪnˈfɪərɪə] adj. 下等的

Example: The photographer used inferior equipment.

4 indispensable [ˌɪndɪsˈpensəbl] adj. 不可缺少的

Example: For any species, the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adult morphology.

4 incidental [ˌɪnsɪˈdentl] adj. 附带的

Example: What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.

4 implications (implication [ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃən] ) n. 含意

Example: Several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred；what the social implications of meat eating were；and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.

4 immense [ɪˈmens] adj. 极广大的

Example: When each fragment slammed at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier.

4 ignited (ignite [ɪɡˈnaɪt] ) v. 点燃

Example: The flash was fired by piercing the bulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignited spontaneously.

4 icy [ˈaɪsɪ] adj. 多冰的

Example: The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself.

4 humanity [hjʊ(:)ˈmænɪtɪ] n. 人性

3 humanitarian [hjʊ(:) mænɪˈteərɪən] n. 人道主义者

Example: Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.

4 host [həʊst] n. 主人

Example: Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes.

4 horns (horn [hɔ:n] ) n. 角

Example: In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver.

4 horizontal [ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl] n. 水平线　adj. 地平线的；水平的

Example: The second manifestation of art deco was the 1930’s streamlined modern style—a Futuristic-looking aerodynamic style of rounded corners and horizontal bands known as "speed stripes."

4 honor [ˈɒnə] n. 荣誉

Example: The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made.

4 honest [ˈɒnɪst] adj. 诚实的

Example: Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.

4 hibernating (hibernate [ˈhaɪbəneɪt] ) v. 冬眠

Example: One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate.

4 heel [hi:l] n. 脚后跟

Example: Examination of the shape of the prints revealed to Mary Leakey that the feet had a raised arch, a rounded heel, a pronounced ball, and a big toe that pointed forward.

4 headquarters (headquarter [ˌhedˈkwɔ:tə] ) v. 以……作总部　n. 总部

Example: Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate.

4 hazard [ˈhæzəd] n. 危险

Example: Such impacts continue to pose a natural hazard to life on Earth.

4 harmony [ˈhɑ:mənɪ] n. 和睦，协调

Example: Unlike string and wind instrument, the piano is completely selfsufficient, as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time.

4 harbor [ˈhɑ:bə] n. 港湾

Example: The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections.

4 guncotton [ˈɡʌn kɔtən] n. 棉火药

Example: He did this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles.

4 gosling [ˈɡɒzlɪŋ] n. 年轻无知者

Example: If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead.

4 gin [dʒɪn] n. 杜松子酒

Example: American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793.

4 gigantic [dʒaɪˈgæntɪk] adj. 巨大的

Example: Scientists speculate it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size the Earth could easily fit inside it, lasts for hundreds of years.

4 gear [ɡɪə] n. 齿轮

Example: Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

4 fusion [ˈfju:ʒən] n. 熔化；熔合

Example: Their loose organization and local autonomy fostered a cultural fusion between native and settler cultures that proved one of the most notable—and least 5 understood—developments of early North American history.

4 frogs (frog [frɒɡ] ) n. 蛙

Example: Similarly, some frogs and lizards have brightly colored patches or frills that may serve a "flash" function when they move quickly.

4 frequency [ˈfri:kwənsɪ] n. 频率

Example: The intensity and frequency of the events discouraged development and contributed to persistent poverty in the valley.

4 formulas (formula [ˈfɔ:mjʊlə] ) n. 公式；规则

Example: In full computer animation, complex mathematical formulas are used to produce the final sequence of pictures.

4 forehead [ˈfɔ:hed] n. 前额，前部

Example: The experiment called for familiarizing the animal with the mirror and then marking the animal's forehead with a red spot.

4 fortuitous [fɔ:ˈtjʊ(:)ɪtəs] adj. 偶然的

Example: Scholars have deciphered other ancient languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions.

4 flush [flʌʃ] v. 发红；放水（冲卫生间）

Example: The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all.

4 fluid [ˈflʊ(:)ɪd] n. 液体　adj. 流动的

Example: It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces.

4 flaked (flake [fleɪk] ) n. 小薄片　v. 使成薄片

Example: One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in toolmaking: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker).

4 firearms (firearm [ˈfaɪər ɑ:m] ) n. 火器；枪炮

Example: In France and England, unlike Scandinavia, hunting had been long reserved for the nobility, and so few French and English settlers had much experience in handling firearms or understanding the patterns of game animals.

4 feldspar [ˈfeldspɑ:] n. 长石

Example: Feldspar, which is the most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and alumina combined with alkalies like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron.

4 fathoms (fathom [ˈfæðəm] ) n. 深度单位

Example: The zoologist Edward Forbes argued that no life existed below a depth of 300 fathoms (about 600 meters), a view widely accepted until disproved by the voyage of the British research vessel HMS Challenger (1872～1876).

4 fate [feɪt] n. 命运

Example: Pushing evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and merciless environment determined human fate.

4 facilitate [fəˈsɪlɪteɪt] v. 使容易；促进

Example: Molds were used to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines；for other products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some quantity, they were used to facilitate mass production.

4 fortunate [ˈfɔ:tʃənɪt] adj. 幸运的

Example: For the most part, the remains of organisms are recycled in the earth, which is fortunate because otherwise soil and water would soon become depleted of essential nutrients.

4 experimentation [eks perɪmenˈteɪʃən] n. 实验

Example: The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7, 000 years ago and domestication beginning 4, 000 to 2, 000 years ago.

4 expenditure [ɪksˈpendɪtʃə] n. 开支

Example: New waterways were needed. Sectional jealousies and constitutional scruples stood in the way of action by the federal government and necessary expenditures were too great for private enterprise.

4 ethnic [ˈeθnɪk] adj. 种族的

Example: The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic consciousness, and Americanism.

4 essence [ˈesns] n. 基本；精髓

Example: The essence of the Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways.

4 envision [ɪnˈvɪʒən] v. 想象；预想

Example: Unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

4 enveloped (envelop [ɪnˈveləp] ) v. 包围；遮盖

Example: A second, more dense atmosphere, however, gradually enveloped Earth as gasses from molten rocks within its hot interior escaped through volcanoes and steam vents.

4 enriched (enrich [ɪnˈrɪtʃ] ) v. 使富裕；使丰富

Example: This sediment layer is enriched in the rare metal iridium and other elements that are relatively abundant in a meteorite but very rare in the crust of Earth.

4 endangered (endanger [ɪnˈdeɪndʒə] ) adj. 有危险的

Example: On the other hand, when it comes to substantive—particularly behavioral—information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor to cite one obvious example.

4 embers (ember [ˈembə] ) n. 灰烬

Example: This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid.

4 dynamic [daɪˈnæmɪk] adj. 动力学的；动力的

4 dynamics [daɪˈnæmɪks] n. 动力学

Example: These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.

4 drift [drɪft] v. 漂；漂流　n. 漂流

Example: South Americans who drifted on balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind and current, but from the west, by groups from mainland Asia who gradually spread from island to island out into the Pacific.

4 dotted (dot [dɒt] ) n. 点　v. 打点于；布满

Example: The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832],　hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.

4 distrust [dɪsˈtrʌst] n. 不信任　v. 不信任

Example: By the 1850’s and 1860’s, there was a great distrust among writer and intellectuals of the rapid industrialization of which the railroad was a leading force. Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams lamented the role that the new frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditional values.

4 district [ˈdɪstrɪkt] n. 区域；区

Example: The district in New York City know as Harlem was the capital of the movement.

4 disrupted (disrupt [dɪsˈrʌpt] ) v. 使分裂；使混乱

Example: These incursions disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3, 000 years.

4 discipline [ˈdɪsɪplɪn] n. 训练，纪律　v. 训练

Example: With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline.

4 dirt [dɜ:t] n. 污垢；泥土

Example: Counts could also be maintained by making scratches in the dirt or on a stone, by cutting notches in a piece of wood, or by tying knots in a string.

4 digest [daɪˈdʒest] v. 消化　n. 摘要

Example: Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.

4 devoid [dɪˈvɔɪd] adj. 缺乏的；全无的

Example: Most of their member stars are very old and since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them.

4 designated (designate [ˈdezɪɡneɪt] ) v. 任命；指出　adj. 指定的

Example: To that existing for land areas designated as national parks...

4 descent [dɪˈsent] n. 降落；家系

Example: Encouraged by the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States.

4 deforested (deforest [di:ˈfɔrɪst] ) v. 采伐森林

Example: Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.

4 deepening (deepen [ˈdi:pən] ) v. 加深；深化

Example: In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-morepowerful pumps.

4 dedicated (dedicate [ˈdedɪkeɪt] ) v. 致力；奉献

Example: Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward, sold over a million copies in 1888, giving rise to the growth of organizations dedicated to the realization of Bellamy's vision of the future.

4 deception [dɪˈsepʃən] n. 欺骗

Example: Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location wellaway from the nest.

4 crown [kraʊn] n. 王冠，顶点　v. 加冕

Example: For the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.

4 crevices (crevice [ˈkrevɪs] ) n. 裂缝

Example: But note that porosity is 67 not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material；this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

4 creators (creator [kri:ˈeɪtə(r)] ) n. 创造者

Example: Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.

4 cranial [ˈkreɪnɪəl] adj. 头盖的，头盖形的

Example: In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentioned above), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings.

4 cramped (cramp [kræmp] ) v. 用夹钳夹紧；约束　n. 铁夹钳；约束物

Example: This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light.

4 coverage [ˈkʌvərɪdʒ] n. 覆盖范围

Example: Recognizing the power of television's pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events, called pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage.

4 counterparts (counterpart [ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t] ) n. 配对物；副本

Example: Imitative as they were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable from their British counterparts.

4 count [kaʊnt] v. 计算；认为；看做　n. 计数；总数；计算

Example: Probably the earliest way of keeping a count was by some simple tally method, employing the principle of one-to-one correspondence.

4 copy [ˈkɒpɪ] v. 抄写；复制　n. 副本；拷贝

Example: Often working with no staff at all, these editors wrote copy, set type, delivered papers, oversaw billing, and sold advertising.

4 cope [kəʊp] v. 对付；竞争　n. 斗篷式长袍；笼罩

Example: Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope.

4 contacts (contact [ˈkɒntækt] ) v. 接触；联系　n. 接触；联系

Example: Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.

4 conifers (conifer [ˈkəʊnɪfə] ) n. 针叶树

Example: Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.

4 concrete [ˈkɒnkri:t] n. 水泥　v. 使凝固　adj. 具体的，水泥的

Example: These hominids walked across a stretch of moist volcanic ash, which was subsequently turned to mud by rain, and which then set like concrete.

4 concert [ˈkɒnsət] n. 音乐会；合奏　v. 商议，使协调

Example: The clavichord's tone was metallic and never powerful;　nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for concert use, but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices.

4 coaches (coach [kəʊtʃ] ) v. 训练，指导　n. 四轮大马车，教练

Example: Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10, 000 miles per year.

4 clan [klæn] n. 氏族，党派

Example: A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly selfsufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.

4 churches (church [tʃɜ:tʃ] ) n. 教堂

Example: Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.

4 chlorophyll [ˈklɔ:rəfɪl] n. 叶绿素

Example: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf issue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant.

4 chisel [ˈtʃɪzl] n. 凿子　v. 凿

Example: Direct carving—in which the sculptors themselves carve stone or wood with mallet and chisel—must be recognized as something more than just a technique.

4 champion [ˈtʃæmpjən] n. 冠军；拥护者　v. 保卫，拥护

Example: He was a champion of the City Beautiful Movement—an effort to increase the presence of urban art—and defended the central role that sculpture played in its national program.

4 celebrated (celebrate [ˈselɪbreɪt] ) v. 庆祝

Example: The most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846～1904).

4 cedar [ˈsi:də] n. 雪松

Example: Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed；also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

4 caste [kɑ:st] n. 种姓制度

Example: Ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both.

4 cap [kæp] n. 帽子

Example: Both have an ice cap that is melting rapidly.

4 bowls (bowl [bəʊl] ) n. 碗；保龄球戏

Example: Articles for nearly every household activity and ornament could be bought in Rockingham ware: dishes and bowls, of course；also bedpans, foot warmers, cuspidors, lamp bases, doorknobs, molds, picture frames, even curtain tiebacks.

4 bovines (bovine [ˈbəʊvaɪn] ) n. 牛科动物　adj. 牛的

Example: That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer.

4 boulders (boulder [ˈbəʊldə] ) n. 卵石

Example: As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders.

4 bone [bəʊn] n. 骨头

Example: They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of 206 feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird.

4 beak [bi:k] n. 鸟嘴

Example: This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe directly with its beak.

4 bake [beɪk] v. 烘，烤

Example: The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.

4 background [ˈbækɡraʊnd] n. 背景；背景知识

Example: From this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was to result in greater group awareness and selfdetermination.

4 association [ə səʊsɪˈeɪʃən] n. 协会；结合

Example: If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics.

4 assistants (assistant [əˈsɪstənt] ) n. 助手　adj. 辅助的

4 assist [əˈsɪst] v. 协助；支持

Example: Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily conceding that the assistants they employed were far better than they were at carving the finished marble.

4 ascent [əˈsent] n. 上升

Example: They can cause severe pains, particularly around the joints. Another complication may result if the breath is held during ascent.

4 arose (arise [əˈraɪz] ) v. 升起；产生

Example: The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds.

4 archaeocyte [ˌa:kɪəˈsaɪt] n. 原始生物

Example: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans.

4 arcades (arcade [ɑ:ˈkeɪd] ) n. 拱廊

Example: It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time.

4 arboreal [ɑ:ˈbɔ:rɪəl] adj. 树木的

Example: Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed；also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

4 approval [əˈpru:vəl] n. 赞成

Example: Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval.

4 angles (angle [ˈæŋɡl] ) n. 角

Example: We contract the eyebrows and lower the corners of the mouth；in geometric terms, we make angles and diagonals on our faces.

4 amplification [ˌæmplɪfɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 扩大

Example: Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation...

4 aluminum [əˈlju:mɪnəm] n. 铝

Example: The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium.

4 altogether [ˌɔ:ltəˈɡeðə] adv. 合计；完全

Example: In reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether.

4 allocated (allocate [ˈæləʊkeɪt] ) v. 分派；分配

Example: Almost all of an organism's energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body.

4 aimed (aim [eɪm] ) v. 瞄准　n. 瞄准；目标

Example: To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting.

4 adept [ˈædept] adj. 熟练的

Example: One observation that supports this suggestion is the recorded tendency for slow-flying black-headed gulls, which are normally able to escape predators by means of direct flight, to show frequent changes in flight direction when they spot a peregrine falcon (peregrines are adept at capturing flying birds).

3 yields (yield [ji:ld] ) v. 生产；同意；出产；投降

Example: For maximum yields, a chemical fertilizer may be required in addition to manure and plant waste.

3 Yellowstone [ˈjeləʊstəʊn] n. 黄石国家公园

Example: The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier.

3 woody [ˈwʊdɪ] adj. 多树木的；木质的

Example: Using the combined action of the bill and tongue, the bird cracks open and discards the woody seed covering and swallows the nutritious inner kernel.

3 woodpecker [ˈwʊdpekə] n. 啄木鸟

Example: One of the species of Galapagos finch, the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stem.

3 wiring (wire [ˈwaɪə] ) n. 线路

Example: The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning.

3 willow [ˈwɪləʊ] n. 柳树

Example: The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used welt was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread.

3 whereby [(h)weəˈbaɪ] adv. 凭什么（=how）

Example: Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.

3 warehouses (warehouse [ˈweəhaʊs] ) n. 仓库

Example: In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them.

3 viscosity [vɪsˈkɒsɪtɪ] n. 黏性

Example: Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid.

3 vine [vaɪn] n. 攀爬植物；蔓

Example: In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Linares, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

3 vigorous [ˈvɪɡərəs] adj. 精力旺盛的

Example: Having found an oasis of land in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef and landed on its shores, the survivors then faced a series of pressing problems for which solutions had to be found quickly if the small group was to become a vigorous, self-sustaining island population.

3 via [ˈvaɪə] prep. 经由，通过

Example: The first Europeans in the Delaware Valley, a region located near the Atlantic Coast of North America, were Scandinavians.

3 venture [ˈventʃə] v. 敢于，冒……的危险　n. 冒险

Example: Few knew much about transport or about business, but they were willing to take a chance on a new venture that had low entry costs.

3 vents (vent [vent] ) n. 通风孔；出口　v. 发泄；排出

Example: A second, more dense atmosphere, however, gradually enveloped Earth as gasses from molten rocks within its hot interior escaped through volcanoes and steam vents.

3 vacation [vəˈkeɪʃən] n. 假期（形近词：vocation n. 职业）

Example: By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants.

3 vacancy [ˈveɪkənsɪ] n. 空缺；空虚

Example: San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws.

3 underneath [ˌʌndəˈni:θ] adv. 在下面

Example: ... contains the largest amount of Ogallala water underneath the soil.

3 uncovered (uncover [ʌnˈkʌvə] ) v. 揭露；揭开

Example: In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.

3 turbulent [ˈtɜ:bjʊlənt] adj. 狂暴的

Example: Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees.

3 triple [ˈtrɪpl] v. 使成三倍；三倍于　adj. 三倍的

Example: Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs.

3 tributary [ˈtrɪbjʊtərɪ] n. 进贡国；附庸国

Example: Meanwhile, a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day.

3 transmission [trænzˈmɪʃən] n. 传输；变速器

Example: Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range.

3 translate [trænsˈleɪt] v. 翻译；转化

Example: It took several decades, but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar Old Persian language: Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century.

3 trampled (trample [ˈtræmpl] ) v. 踩，践踏；蔑视；蹂躏

Example: The cattle themselves helped plant the fresh grass year after year for they trampled the natural seeds firmly into the soil to be watered by the melting snows of winter and the occasional rains of spring.

3 torque [tɔ:k] n. 扭矩；转矩

Example: Newton's laws of motion assume that the total amount of spin of a body cannot change unless an external torque speeds it up or slows it down.

3 toll [təʊl] n. 通行费；使用费

Example: The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster.

3 toes (toe [təʊ] ) n. 脚趾

Example: Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes.

3 tobacco [təˈbækəʊ] n. 烟草

Example: River boats carried to New Orleans the corn and other crops of northwestern farmers, the cotton and tobacco of southwestern planters.

3 thereafter [ðeərˈɑ:ftə] adv. 从那时以后

Example: Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose—either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.

3 textbook [ˈtekstbʊk] n. 教科书

Example: Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic.

3 terrace [ˈterəs] n. 大阳台；露台

Example: The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the maria (dark lowlands) and the terrace (bright highlands).

3 terminology [ˌtɜ:mɪˈnɒlədʒɪ] n. 术语学

Example: The term "print" has several meanings, so it is important to understand exactly what is meant by the artistic terminology.

3 tentatively [ˈtentətɪvlɪ] adv. 试验性地；暂时地

Example: Several other mass extinctions in the geological record have been tentatively identified with large impacts, but none is so dramatic as the Cretaceous event.

3 tentacles (tentacle [ˈtentəkl] ) n. 触角

Example: One form even has vivid purple tentacles.

3 tenfold [ˈtenfəʊld] adv. 十倍地

Example: Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.

3 temple [ˈtempl] n. 神殿

Example: Many of these buildings were shaped in the ziggurat form, a design resembling an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower that recedes in progressively smaller stages to the summit, creating a staircase-like effect.

3 televised (televise [ˈtelɪvaɪz] ) v. 电视播送；电视拍摄

Example: Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speech writers, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption.

3 tap [tæp] v. 轻拍；选定　n. 轻拍，轻敲

Example: More than 100, 000 wells now tap the Ogallala.

3 synthesize [ˈsɪnθɪsaɪz] v. 综合；合成

Example: The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms.

3 sympathy [ˈsɪmpəθɪ] n. 同情；同感

Example: They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor,　 and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

3 suspect [səsˈpekt] v. 怀疑；猜疑　n. 嫌疑犯；可疑分子　adj. 令人怀疑的

Example: Some geologists thought that it contained a highly compressed ball of incandescent gas, while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells, each made of a different material.

3 suppresses (suppress [səˈpres] ) v. 镇压；废止

Example: It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension.

3 supervised (supervise [ˈsju:pəvaɪz] ) v. 监督；管理

Example: It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.

3 superheated (superheat [ˌsju:pəˈhi:t] ) v. 使过热　n. 过热

Example: When each fragment slammed at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier.

3 sums (sum [sʌm] ) n. 总数　v. 概括；总结

Example: With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively.

3 suffered (suffer [ˈsʌfə] ) v. 遭受；忍受

Example: Water projects in the United States gained a new rationale in the 1930’s as the nation suffered its worst economic depression and the Great Plains region suffered its worst drought in recorded history.

3 succulent [ˈsʌkjʊlənt] adj. 多汁的　n. 多汁植物

Example: The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800’s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.

3 semisubsistence [ˌsemɪsəbˈsɪstəns] adj. 半地下的

Example: The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs’ control of the market economy.

3 subsidized (subsidize [ˈsʌbsɪdaɪz] ) v. 给予补助金；贿赂

Example: In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls.

3 subsided (subside [səbˈsaɪd] ) v. 退落；消退；平息

Example: The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years;　protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area.

3 subscribed (subscribe [səbˈskraɪb] ) v. 捐献；签署；赞成

Example: Virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy.

3 strive [straɪv] v. 努力；苦干

Example: Like all artists, jazz musicians strive for an individual style, and the improvise or paraphrased is a jazz musician's main opportunity to display his or her individuality.

3 strategy [ˈstrætɪdʒɪ] n. 策略

Example: Adaptations for speed, however, are likely to require sacrifices in other attributes, so we might expect only some species to adopt a simple fast flight strategy.

3 stationary [ˈsteɪʃ(ə)nərɪ] adj. 不动的；定居的

Example: Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills.

3 startling (startle [ˈstɑ:tl] ) v. 吃惊；惊吓

Example: Soon after Voyager 2’s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa's subsurface ocean might harbor life.

3 stagnant [ˈstæɡnənt] adj. 不流动的；萧条的

Example: The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus.

3 squander [ˈskwɒndə] v. 浪费；挥霍

Example: Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.

3 sprawl [sprɔ:l] v. 蔓生；蔓延　n. 蔓延，延伸

Example: The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.

3 sprang (spring [sprɪŋ] ) v. 跳；弹起（过去时）

Example: Farmers seemed to become more scientific, joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprang up throughout the country.

3 spectators (spectator [spekˈteɪtə] ) n. 观众；旁观者

Example: Slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to audiences of hundreds of spectators.

3 spectacles (spectacle [ˈspektəkl] ) n. 奇观；场面

Example: How did the early movies differ from previous spectacles that were presented to large audiences?

3 spearheaded (spearhead [ˈspɪəhed] ) v. 带头

Example: And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers.

3 sparse [spɑ:s] adj. 稀疏的

Example: For the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.

3 sparked (spark [spɑ:k] ) v. 发出火花；发动；激励

Example: Much of this interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the food supply is unsafe or in adequate in meeting nutritional needs.

3 softens (soften [ˈsɔ(:)fn] ) v. 使变柔软；使变和蔼

Example: Unlike metals that flow or "freeze" at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup.

3 sodium [ˈsəʊdjəm] n. 钠

Example: Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil.

3 sociologists (sociologist [səʊsɪəˈlɒdʒɪst] ) n. 社会学家

Example: According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States.

3 soaked (soak [səʊk] ) v. 吸入；浸泡　n. 浸泡

Example: Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

3 snap [snæp] n. 猛咬　v. 咬

Example: Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.

3 smoky [ˈsməʊkɪ] adj. 冒烟的

Example: Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets.

3 slush [slʌʃ] n. 融雪；泥泞　v. 溅泼；给……上润滑油

Example: Europa's icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below.

3 slices (slice [slaɪs] ) n. 薄片；切片　v. 切成薄片；切

Example: After they picked it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices before they stored them.

3 slates (slate [sleɪt] ) n. 板岩；石板　v. 铺石板；责骂

Example: Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United States museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

3 skyscrapers (skyscraper [ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)] ) n. 摩天楼

Example: An industrial process for manufacturing steel, which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers...

3 skeptical [ˈskeptɪkəl] adj. 怀疑论的；怀疑的

Example: Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country's most outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye.

3 situated (situate [ˈsɪtjʊeɪt] ) v. 使位于

Example: At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters'quarters were situated on the cities’ outskirts, and potters and makers of terracotta figurines were also established well within the city of Athens itself.

3 silicon [ˈsɪlɪkən] n. 硅

Example: Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers Quartz is quartz—a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions—there's no difference at all between two-million-yearold Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago.

3 shale [ʃeɪl] n. 泥板岩

Example: While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same.

3 shafts (shaft [ʃɑ:ft] ) n. 轴；杆状物

Example: They engraved animal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.

3 shades (shade [ʃeɪd] ) n. 荫凉处；遮光物　v. 遮蔽；使阴暗

Example: What was the advantage of using madder plants for different shades of red?

3 sensory [ˈsensərɪ] adj. 感觉器官的；感觉的

Example: For babies, language is a sensory-motor delight rather than the route to prosaic meaning that it often is for adults.

3 seeps (seep [si:p] ) n. 小泉　v. 渗出

Example: The rain seeps underground and the water may reappear later as springs.

3 secular [ˈsekjʊlə] adj. 世俗的（与宗教相对）

Example: Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails.

3 scope [skəʊp] n. 范围

Example: The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals.

3 scavengers (scavenger [ˈskævɪndʒə] ) n. 食腐动物

Example: ...quick burial of the dead organism, so that protection is afforded against weathering, bacterial action, and scavengers.

3 salty [ˈsɔ:ltɪ] adj. 有盐分的

Example: There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.

3 salary [ˈsælərɪ] n. 工资

Example: Congress provided that the mail carriers who delivered the mail from the post offices to private addresses should receive a government salary, and that there should be no extra charge for that delivery.

3 saint [seɪnt] n. 圣人

Example: Eruptions at glaciated volcanoes typically destroy ice fields as they did in 1980 when 70 percent of Mount Saint Helens ice cover was demolished.

3 sacred [ˈseɪkrɪd] adj. 宗教的；神圣的

Example: The sacred objects of the family were under the control of the oldest female, but the ritual ceremonies were conducted by her brother or son.

3 rust [rʌst] n. 锈；生锈　v. 生锈

Example: Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars.

3 Rockies [ˈrɒkɪz] n. 洛矶山脉

Example: Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.

3 ridiculous [rɪˈdɪkjʊləs] adj. 荒谬的；可笑的

Example: For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.

3 revered (revere [rɪˈvɪə] ) v. 崇敬

Example: Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art.

3 retract [rɪˈtrækt] v. 缩回；缩进

Example: Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

3 reputation [ˌrepjʊ(:)ˈteɪʃən] n. 名声；信誉

Example: Local craftspeople—sign, coach, and house painters—began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline；sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits；artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.

3 repertoire [ˈrepətwɑ:] n. 全部技能；全部剧目

Example: Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.

3 render [ˈrendə] v. 给予；描述

Example: Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species.

3 regolith [ˈreɡəlɪθ] n. 浮土

Example: Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon.

3 refined (refine [rɪˈfaɪn] ) v. 提炼

Example: The higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.

3 recruitment [rɪˈkru:tmənt] n. 征募新兵；补充

Example: In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

3 recording [rɪˈkɔ:dɪŋ] n. 记录；录像；录音

Example: They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoors to complete the work from memory.

3 receptor [rɪˈseptə] n. 感觉器官

Example: The process by which the nose recognizes an odor is not fully understood, but there are apparently specific receptor sites for specific odors.

3 rebound [rɪˈbaʊnd] v. 弹回，复兴　n. 弹回，跳回

Example: The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions.

3 reaped (reap [ri:p] ) v. 收割；获得

Example: These ponderous machines—sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses—reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.

3 raft [rɑ:ft] n. 筏　v. 用筏子运送

Example: This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft flats on a pond.

3 quarry [ˈkwɒrɪ] n. 石场；猎物

Example: That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds.

3 pursuit [pəˈsju:t] n. 追踪；从事；事务

Example: City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways.

3 pursue [pəˈsju:] v. 追赶

Example: Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action.

3 purification [ˌpjʊərɪfɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 洗净；提纯

Example: These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil on a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.

3 protrude [prəˈtru:d] v. 伸出；突出

Example: The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all.

3 prose [prəʊz] n. 散文

Example: They left the Academy-Institute a unique bequest: for five consecutive years, two distinguished (and financially needy) writers would receive enough money so they could devote themselves entirely to "prose literature" (no plays, no poetry, and no paying job that might distract).

3 prolonged (prolong [prəˈlɒŋ] ) v. 延长；拖延

Example: When water is scarce (as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that condition for prolonged periods of time.

3 prodigious [prəˈdɪdʒəs] adj. 很大的；异常的

Example: Certain species such as salmonberry and sword ferns have adapted to the limited sunlight dappling through the canopy, but few evergreen trees will survive there；still fewer can compete with the early prodigious growth of alders.

3 proceeded (proceed [prəˈsi:d] ) v. 进行；开展

Example: He then proceeded to teach himself geology and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England.

3 prizefights (prizefight [ˈpraɪzfaɪt] ) n. 职业性拳击赛

Example: For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).

3 prerecorded (prerecord [ˌpri:rɪˈkɔ:d] ) v. 预先录音

Example: Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.

3 pregnant [ˈpreɡnənt] adj. 怀孕的；充满的

Example: Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere?

3 portable [ˈpɔ:təbl] adj. 可携带的；可移动的

Example: Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire, beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible, they are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market.

3 port [pɔ:t] n. 港；机场

Example: This was natural because these areas were nearest England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements.

3 porpoises (porpoise [ˈpɔ:pəs] ) n. 小鲸

Example: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals.

3 plutonic [plu:ˈtɔnɪk] adj. 火成岩的

Example: Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.

3 plugged (plug [plʌɡ] ) v. 堵　n. 塞子

Example: This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals；also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.

3 plowing (plow [plaʊ] ) v. 耕，开路　n. 犁；除雪机

Example: Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.

本天乱序

在本章单词背诵结束后，请完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

regulatory [ˈregjʊlətərɪ] adj. 管理的

tenfold [ˈtenfəʊld] adv. 十倍地

mating (mate [meɪt] ) v. 使成配偶

viscosity [vɪsˈkɒsɪtɪ] n. 黏性

embers (ember [ˈembə] ) n. 灰烬

dynamic [daɪˈnæmɪk] adj. 动力学的；动力的

drift [drɪft] v. 漂；漂流　n. 漂流

render [ˈrendə] v. 给予；描述

descent [dɪˈsent] n. 降落；家系

crevices (crevice [ˈkrevɪs] ) n. 裂缝

journalism [ˈdʒɜ:nəlɪzəm] n. 新闻业

aluminum [əˈlju:mɪnəm] n. 铝

ornate [ɔ:ˈneɪt] adj. 装饰的

arboreal [ɑ:ˈbɔ:rɪəl] adj. 树木的

prestige [presˈti:ʒ] n. 名望

locomotion [ləʊkəˈməʊʃ(ə)n] n. 运动

lithospheric [ˌlɪθəʊˈsferɪk] adj. 岩石圈的

arose (arise [əˈraɪz] ) v. 升起；产生

maser [ˈmeɪzə] n. 微波激射器

norm [nɔ:m] n. 基准

necessitated (necessitate [nɪˈsesɪteɪt] ) v. 使成为必需

navigable [ˈnævɪɡəbl] adj. 可航行的

digest [daɪˈdʒest] v. 消化　n. 摘要

ignited (ignite [ɪɡˈnaɪt] ) v. 点燃

porpoises (porpoise [ˈpɔ:pəs] ) n. 小鲸

prerecorded (prerecord [ˌpri:rɪˈkɔ:d] )　v. 预先录音

ridiculous [rɪˈdɪkjʊləs] adj. 荒谬的；可笑的

protrude [prəˈtru:d] v. 伸出；突出

vacancy [ˈveɪkənsɪ] n. 空缺；空虚

immense [ɪˈmens] adj. 极广大的

scope [skəʊp] n. 范围

prizes (prize [praɪz] ) n. 奖赏

enveloped (envelop [ɪnˈveləp] ) v. 包围；遮盖

superheated (superheat [ˌsju:pəˈhi:t] ) v. 使过热　n. 过热

ethnic [ˈeθnɪk] adj. 种族的

squander [ˈskwɒndə] v. 浪费；挥霍

cedar [ˈsi:də] n. 雪松

supreme [sju:ˈpri:m] adj. 至高的

saint [seɪnt] n. 圣人

inferior [ɪnˈfɪərɪə] adj. 下等的

jaws (jaw [dʒɔ:] ) n. 颌；颚；下巴

invaders (invader [ɪnˈveɪdə] ) n. 入侵者

quarry [ˈkwɒrɪ] n. 石场；猎物

pursuit [pəˈsju:t] n. 追踪；从事；事务

smoky [ˈsməʊkɪ] adj. 冒烟的

spills (spill [spɪl] ) n. 溢出

horns (horn [hɔ:n] ) n. 角

approval [əˈpru:vəl] n. 赞成

assistants (assistant [əˈsɪstənt] ) n. 助手　adj. 辅助的

spearheaded (spearhead [ˈspɪəhed] ) v. 带头

gin [dʒɪn] n. 杜松子酒

navigation [ˌnævɪˈgeɪʃən] n. 航海

moths (moth [mɒθ] ) n. 蛾

heel [hi:l] n. 脚后跟

Rockies [ˈrɒkɪz] n. 洛矶山脉

warehouses (warehouse [ˈweəhaʊs] ) n. 仓库

creators (creator [kri:ˈeɪtə(r)] ) n. 创造者

bowls (bowl [bəʊl] ) n. 碗；保龄球戏

missions (mission [ˈmɪʃən] ) n. 任务

fortuitous [fɔ:ˈtjʊ(:)ɪtəs] adj. 偶然的

flush [flʌʃ] v. 发红；放水（冲卫生间）

subscribed (subscribe [səbˈskraɪb] ) v. 捐献；签署；赞成

deforested (deforest [di:ˈfɔrɪst] ) v. 采伐森林

temper [ˈtempə] n. 脾气；调剂

tapestries (tapestry [ˈtæpɪstrɪ] ) n. 挂毯

formulas (formula [ˈfɔ:mjʊlə] ) n. 公式；规则

forehead [ˈfɒrɪd] n. 前额，前部

sole [səʊl] adj. 单独的

honor [ˈɒnə] n. 荣誉

retract [rɪˈtrækt] v. 缩回；缩进

prose [prəʊz] n. 散文

sums (sum [sʌm] ) n. 总数　v. 概括；总结

plumbing (plumb [plʌm] ) n. 铅锤　adj. 垂直的　v. 用铅锤测量；使垂直；探究

peregrine [ˈperɪɡrɪn] adj. 外来的

merchandise [ˈmɜ:tʃəndaɪz] n. 商品　v. 买卖；经营

lug [lʌɡ] n. 把手

loyalties (loyalty [ˈlɔɪəltɪ] ) n. 忠诚

prone [prəʊn] adj. 有……倾向的

expenditure [ɪksˈpendɪtʃə] n. 开支

prolonged (prolong [prəˈlɒŋ] ) v. 延长；拖延

cramped (cramp[kræmp] ) v. 用夹钳夹紧；约束　n. 铁夹钳；约束物

coverage [ˈkʌvərɪdʒ] n. 覆盖范围（

sprang (spring [sprɪŋ] ) v. 跳；弹起（过去式）

otters (otter [ˈɒtə] ) n. 水獭

spun [spʌn] adj. 纺成的

counterparts (counterpart [ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t] )

implications (implication [ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃən] ) n. 含意

meaningful [ˈmi:nɪŋfʊl] adj. 意味深长的

salty [ˈsɔ:ltɪ] adj. 有盐分的

probable [ˈprɒbəbl] adj. 很可能发生的

shades (shade [ʃeɪd] ) n. 荫凉处；遮光物　v. 遮蔽；使阴暗

sensory [ˈsensərɪ] adj. 感觉器官的；感觉的

arcades (arcade [ɑ:ˈkeɪd] ) n. 拱廊

devoid [dɪˈvɔɪd] adj. 缺乏的；全无的

assist [əˈsɪst] v. 协助；支持

replenish [rɪˈplenɪʃ] v. 把……装满

via [ˈvaɪə] prep. 经由，通过

pamphlets (pamphlet [ˈpæmflɪt] ) n. 小册子

ownership [ˈəʊnəʃɪp] n. 所有权

disrupted (disrupt [dɪsˈrʌpt] ) v. 使分裂；使混乱

stagnant [ˈstæɡnənt] adj. 不流动的；萧条的

rebound [rɪˈbaʊnd] v. 弹回，复兴　n. 弹回，跳回

reaped (reap [ri:p] ) v. 收割；获得

raft [rɑ:ft] n. 筏　v. 用筏子运送

marshes (marsh [mɑ:ʃ] ) n. 沼泽

mallet [ˈmælɪt] n. 木槌

lumber [ˈlʌmbə] n. 木材　v. 采伐……林木

pursue [pəˈsju:] v. 追赶

sparked (spark [spɑ:k] ) v. 发出火

harmony [ˈhɑ:mənɪ] n. 和睦，协调

deepening (deepen [ˈdi:pən] ) v. 加深；深化

gear [ɡɪə] n. 齿轮

fusion [ˈfju:ʒən] n. 熔化；熔合

shale [ʃeɪl] n. 泥板岩

shafts (shaft [ʃɑ:ft] ) n. 轴；杆状物

district [ˈdɪstrɪkt] n. 区域；区

boulders (boulder [ˈbəʊldə] ) n. 卵石

dotted (dot [dɒt] ) n. 点　v. 打点于；布满

distrust [dɪsˈtrʌst] n. 不信任　v. 不信任

transmission [trænzˈmɪʃən] n. 传输；变速器

skyscrapers (skyscraper [ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)] ) n. 摩天楼

licensing (license [ˈlaɪsəns] ) n. 执照　v. 许可

venture [ˈventʃə] v. 敢于，冒……的危险　n. 冒险

revered (revere [rɪˈvɪə] ) v. 崇敬

tentacles (tentacle [ˈtentəkl] ) n. 触角

sketching (sketch [sketʃ] ) v. 速写；打草稿

silt [sɪlt] n. 淤泥

Sierra Nevada内华达山脉

shortage [ˈʃɔ:tɪdʒ] n. 不足

underneath [ˌʌndəˈni:θ] adv. 在下面

sympathy [ˈsɪmpəθɪ] n. 同情；同感

gosling [ˈɡɒzlɪŋ] n. 年轻无知者

refined (refine [rɪˈfaɪn] ) v. 提炼

slender [ˈslendə] adj. 修长的

beak [bi:k] n. 鸟嘴

sponges [spʌndʒ] ) n. 海绵；海绵体

in spite of 虽然

spirit [ˈspɪrɪt] n. 精神；心灵

fluid [ˈflʊ(:)ɪd] n. 液体　adj. 流动的

succulent [ˈsʌkjʊlənt] adj. 多汁的　n. 多汁植物

metabolism [meˈtæbəlɪzəm] n. 新陈代谢

jewelry [ˈdʒu:əlrɪ] n. 珠宝

woodpecker [ˈwʊdpekə] n. 啄木鸟

wiring (wire [ˈwaɪə] ) n. 线路

conifers (conifer [ˈkəʊnɪfə] ) n. 针叶树

invade [ɪnˈveɪd] v. 侵略

repertoire [ˈrepətwɑ:] n. 全部技能；全部剧目

adept [ˈædept] adj. 熟练的

sprawl [sprɔ:l] v. 蔓生；蔓延　n. 蔓延，延伸

startling (startle [ˈstɑ:tl] ) v. 吃惊；惊吓

vigorous [ˈvɪɡərəs] adj. 精力旺盛的

thoughtful [ˈθɔ:tfʊl] adj. 体贴的

purification [ˌpjʊərɪfɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 洗净；提纯

vents (vent [vent] ) n. 通风孔；出口　v. 发泄；排出

outermost [ˈaʊtəməʊst] adj. 最外边的

soaked (soak [səʊk] ) v. 吸入；浸泡　n. 浸泡

snap [snæp] n. 猛咬　v. 咬

icy [ˈaɪsɪ] adj. 多冰的

humanity [hjʊ(:)ˈmænɪtɪ] n. 人性

concert [ˈkɒnsət] n. 音乐会；合奏　v. 商议， 使协调

willow [ˈwɪləʊ] n. 柳树

horizontal [hɒrɪˈzɒntl] n. 水平线　adj. 地平线的；水平的

tenants (tenant [ˈtenənt] ) n. 承租人；房客

concrete [ˈkɒnkri:t] n. 水泥　v. 使凝固　adj. 具体的，水泥的

tributary [ˈtrɪbjʊtərɪ] n. 进贡国；附庸国

supervised (supervise [ˈsju:pəvaɪz] ) v. 监督；管理

Mesopotamian [ˌmesəʊpəˈteɪmjən] n. 美索不达米亚的居民

stationary [ˈsteɪʃ(ə)nərɪ] adj. 不动的；定居的

receptor [rɪˈseptə] n. 感觉器官

triple [ˈtrɪpl] v. 使成三倍；三倍于　adj. 三倍的

humanitarian [hju(:) mænɪˈteərɪən] n. 人道主义者

clan [klæn] n. 氏族，党派

essence [ˈesns] n. 基本；精髓

aimed (aim[eɪm] ) v. 瞄准　n. 瞄准；目标

radius [ˈreɪdjəs] n. 半径

prodigious [prəˈdɪdʒəs] adj. 很大的；异常的

subsided (subside [səbˈsaɪd] ) v. 退落；消退；平息

spectators (spectator [spekˈteɪtə] ) n. 观众；旁观者

recording [rɪˈkɔ:dɪŋ] n. 记录；录像；录音

amplification [ˌæmplɪfɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 扩大

sociobiology [ˌsəʊsɪəʊbaɪˈɔlədʒɪ] n. 生物社会学

tentatively [ˈtentətɪvlɪ] adv. 试验性地；暂时地

regolith [ˈreɡəlɪθ] n. 浮土

cope [kəʊp] v. 对付；竞争　n. 斗篷式长袍；笼罩

pregnant [ˈpreɡnənt] adj. 怀孕的；充满的

snowfall [ˈsnəʊfɔ:l] n. 降雪

slicks (slick [slɪk] ) n. 平滑的水面　adj. 光滑的

metabolic [ˌmetəˈbɒlɪk] adj. 代谢作用的

honest [ˈɒnɪst] adj. 诚实的

headquarters (headquarter [ˌhedˈkwɔ:tə] ) v. 以……作总部　n. 总部

whereby [(h)weəˈbaɪ] adv. 凭什么（=how）

flaked (flake [fleɪk] ) n. 小薄片　v. 使成薄片

suffered (suffer [ˈsʌfə] ) v. 遭受；忍受

socially [ˈsəʊʃəlɪ] adv. 在社交方面

archaeocyte [ˌɑ:kɪəˈsaɪt] n. 原始细胞

endangered (endanger [ɪnˈdeɪndʒə] ) adj. 有危险的

seemingly [ˈsi:mɪŋlɪ] adv. 表面上地

toes (toe [təʊ] ) n. 脚趾

terminology [ˌtɜ:mɪˈnɒlədʒɪ] n. 术语学

slush [slʌʃ] n. 融雪；泥泞　v. 溅泼；给……上润滑油

cap [kæp] n. 帽子

romanticism [rəˈmæntɪsɪzəm] n. 浪漫精神

retail [ˈri:teɪl] n. 零售　v. 零售　adj. 零售的

dedicated (dedicate [ˈdedɪkeɪt] ) v. 致力；奉献

sacred [ˈseɪkrɪd] adj. 宗教的；神圣的

rust [rʌst] n. 锈；生锈　v. 生锈

feldspar [ˈfeldspɑ:] n. 长石

angles (angle [ˈæŋɡl] ) n. 角

bake [beɪk] v. 烘，烤

supersonic [ˈsju:pəˈsɒnɪk] adj. 超音波的

radiation [ˌreɪdɪˈeɪʃən] n. 发光；辐射

publications (publication [ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃən] ) n. 出版

trampled (trample [ˈtræmpl] ) v. 踩，践踏；蔑视；蹂躏

torque [tɔ:k] n. 扭矩；转矩

terrace [ˈterəs] n. 大阳台；露台

stoneware [ˈstəʊnweə] n. 瓷器

host [həʊst] n. 主人

spectacles (spectacle [ˈspektəkl] ) n.奇观；场面

designated (designate [ˈdezɪɡneɪt] ) v. 任命；指出　adj. 指定的

mild [maɪld] adj. 温和的

deception [dɪˈsepʃən] n. 欺骗

crown [kraʊn] n. 王冠，顶点　v. 加冕

strive [straɪv] v. 努力；苦干

rotation [rəʊˈteɪʃən] n. 旋转

sparse [spɑ:s] adj. 稀疏的

territory [ˈterɪtərɪ] n. 领土

incidental [ˌɪnsɪˈdentl] adj. 附带的

altogether [ˌɔ:ltəˈɡeðə] adv. 合计；完全

vine [vaɪn] n. 攀爬植物；蔓

discipline [ˈdɪsɪplɪn] n. 训练，纪律　v.训练

tobacco [təˈbækəʊ] n. 烟草

sphere [sfɪə] n. 球；球形

toll [təʊl] n. 通行费；使用费

background [ˈbækɡraʊnd] n. 背景；背景知识

association [ə səʊsɪˈeɪʃən] n. 协会；结合

televised (televise [ˈtelɪvaɪz] ) v. 电视播送；电视拍摄

tap [tæp] v. 轻拍；选定　n. 轻拍，轻敲

synthesize [ˈsɪnθɪsaɪz] v. 综合；合成

proceeded (proceed [prəˈsi:d] ) v. 进行；开展

prizefights (prizefight [ˈpraɪzfaɪt] ) n. 职业性拳击赛

textbook [ˈtekstbʊk] n. 教科书

rear [rɪə] n. 后部

contacts (contact [ˈkɒntækt] ) v. 接触；联系　n. 接触；联系

semisubsistence [ˌsemɪsəbˈsɪstəns] adj. 半地下的

subsidized (subsidize [ˈsʌbsɪdaɪz] ) v. 给予补助金；贿赂

recruitment [rɪˈkru:tmənt] n. 征募新兵；补充

sociologists (sociologist [səʊsɪəˈlɒdʒɪst] ) n. 社会学家

coaches (coach [kəʊtʃ] ) v. 训练，指导　n. 四轮大马车，教练

starvation [stɑ:ˈveɪʃən] n. 饥饿

envision [ɪnˈvɪʒən] v. 想象；预想

copy [ˈkɒpɪ] v. 抄写；复制　n. 副本；拷贝

rotating (rotate [rəʊˈteɪt] ) v. 旋转

frogs (frog [frɒɡ] ) n. 蛙

frequency [ˈfri:kwənsɪ] n. 频率

caste [kɑ:st] n. 种姓制度

fate [feɪt] n. 命运

facilitate [fəˈsɪlɪteɪt] v. 使容易；促进

locomotive [ˌləʊkəˈməʊtɪv] n. 火车头

regulation [regjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 规章

secular [ˈsekjʊlə] adj. 世俗的（与宗教相对）

octopus [ˈɒktəpəs] n. 章鱼

fathoms (fathom [ˈfæðəm] ) n. 深度单位

slices (slice [slaɪs] ) n. 薄片；切片　v. 切成薄片；切

champion [ˈtʃæmpjən] n. 冠军；拥护者　v. 保卫，拥护

celebrated (celebrate [ˈselɪbreɪt] ) v. 庆祝

yields (yield [ji:ld] ) v. 生产；同意；出产；投降

notwithstanding [ˌnɒtwɪθˈstændɪŋ] prep. 尽管

sulfates (sulfate [ˈsʌlfeɪt] ) n. 硫酸盐

port [pɔ:t] n. 港；机场

silicon [ˈsɪlɪkən] n. 硅

cranial [ˈkreɪnɪəl] adj. 头盖的，头盖形的

hibernating (hibernate [ˈhaɪbəneɪt] ) v. 冬眠

bovines (bovine [ˈbəʊvaɪn] ) n. 牛科动物　adj. 牛的

outlying [ˈaʊtlaɪɪŋ] adj. 在外的

harbor [ˈhɑ:bə] n. 港湾

guncotton [ˈɡʌn kɔtən] n. 棉火药

situated (situate [ˈsɪtjʊeɪt] ) v. 使位于

allocated (allocate [ˈæləʊkeɪt] ) v. 分派；分配

stalks (stalk [stɔ:k] ) n. 茎

count [kaʊnt] 算　v. 计算；认为；看作　n. 计数；总数；计算

prison [ˈprɪzn] n. 监狱

hazard [ˈhæzəd] n. 危险

solemn [ˈsɒləm] adj. 严肃的

minuscule [mɪˈnʌskju:l] n. 草写小字

obsidian [ɒbˈsɪdɪən] n. 黑曜石

Mesopotamia [ˌmesəʊpəˈteɪmjə] n. 美索不达米亚

enriched (enrich [ɪnˈrɪtʃ] ) v. 使富裕；使丰富

seeps (seep [si:p] ) n. 小泉　v. 渗出

practitioner (spractitioner [prækˈtɪʃənə] ) n. 从业者

supplanted (supplant [səˈplɑ:nt] ) v. 代替

plugged (plug [plʌɡ] ) v. 堵　n. 塞子

fortunate [ˈfɔ:tʃənɪt] adj. 幸运的

uncovered (uncover [ʌnˈkʌvə] ) v. 揭

turbulent [ˈtɜ:bjʊlənt] adj. 狂暴的

churches (church [tʃɜ:tʃ] ) n. 教堂

Yellowstone [ˈjeləʊstəʊn] n. 黄石国家公园

woody [ˈwʊdɪ] adj. 多树木的；木质的

scavengers (scavenger [ˈskævɪndʒə] ) n. 食腐动物

temple [ˈtempl] n. 神殿

suppresses (suppress [səˈpres] ) v. 镇压；废止

experimentation [eks perɪmenˈteɪʃən] n. 实验

salary [ˈsælərɪ] n. 工资

powder [ˈpaʊdə] n. 粉

firearms (f irearm [ˈfaɪər ɑ:m] ) n. 火器；枪炮

chisel [ˈtʃɪzl] n. 凿子　v. 凿

slates (slate [sleɪt] ) n. 板岩；石板　v. 铺石板；责骂

indispensable [ˌɪndɪsˈpensəbl] adj. 不可缺少的

bone [bəʊn] n. 骨头

softens (soften [ˈsɔ(:)fn] ) v. 使变柔软；使变和蔼

strategy [ˈstrætɪdʒɪ] n. 策略

lectures (lecture [ˈlektʃə] ) n. 演讲；讲演

v.lasts (last [lɑ:st] ) v. 持续

numerical [njʊ(:)ˈmerɪkəl] adj. 数字的

ascent [əˈsent] n. 上升

skeptical [ˈskeptɪkəl] adj. 怀疑论的；怀疑的

dirt [dɜ:t] n. 污垢

gigantic [dʒaɪˈgæntɪk] adj. 巨大的

chlorophyll [ˈklɔ:rəfɪl] n. 叶绿素

summit [ˈsʌmɪt] n. 顶点

thereafter [ðeərˈɑ:ftə] adv. 从那时以后

plutonic [plu:ˈtɔnɪk] adj. 火成岩的

sedentary [ˈsedəntərɪ] adj. 久坐的

scurrying (scurry [ˈskʌrɪ] ) v. 急赶　n. 急赶；急跑

rudimentary [ru:dɪˈmentərɪ] adj. 基本的

rotates (rotate [rəʊˈteɪt] ) v. 旋转

sodium [ˈsəʊdjəm] n. 钠

spiders (spider [ˈspaɪdə] ) n. 蜘蛛

vacation [vəˈkeɪʃən] n. 假期（形近词：vocation n. 职业）

reputation [ˌrepjʊ(:)ˈteɪʃən] n. 名声；信誉

suspect [səsˈpekt] v. 怀疑；猜疑　n. 嫌疑犯；可疑分子　adj. 令人怀疑的

lamented (lament [ləˈment] ) v. 哀悼

kerosene [ˈkerəsi:n] n. 煤油

journal [ˈdʒɜ:nl] n. 杂志

portable [ˈpɔ:təbl] adj. 可携带的；可移动的

translate [trænsˈleɪt] v. 翻译；转化

plowing （plow [plaʊ] ) v. 耕，开路　n. 犁；除雪机

List 7　第七天

本天前测

在开始本章单词背诵之前，请先在10分钟之内完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

plaster [ˈplɑ:stə] n. 石膏　v. 涂以灰泥

peninsula [pɪˈnɪnsjʊlə] n. 半岛

penchant [ˈpentʃənt] n. 强烈倾向

patent [ˈpeɪtənt] n. 专利权　v. 取得……的专利权　adj. 专利的，新奇的

parasitic [ˌpærəˈsɪtɪk] adj. 寄生的

parades（parade [pəˈreɪd] ) n. 游行；阅兵；炫耀　v. 游行

orderly [ˈɔ:dəlɪ] adj. 有秩序的

optical [ˈɒptɪkəl] adj. 光学的；视觉的

narrative [ˈnærətɪv] n. 叙述　adj. 叙述的

memorable [ˈmemərəbl] adj. 值得纪念的

melody [ˈmelədɪ] n. 曲调

megawatts (megawatt [ˈmeɡəwɒt] ) n. 百万瓦特

mediterranean [medɪtəˈreɪnjən] n. 地中海　adj. 地中海的

medieval [ˌmedɪˈi:vəl] adj. 中世纪的

linguistic [lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk] adj. 语言的，语言学的

inherited (inherit [ɪnˈherɪt] ) v. 继承

ingredient [ɪnˈgri:dɪənt] n. 成分；因素

hieroglyphic [ˌhaɪərəˈglɪfɪk] adj. 象形素文字的

hampered (hamper [ˈhæmpə] ) v. 妨碍　n. 障碍物

grandiose [ˈɡrændɪəʊs] adj. 宏伟的

genuine [ˈdʒenjʊɪn] adj. 真正的

foremost [ˈfɔ:məʊst] adj. 最初的；最重要的

fatal [ˈfeɪtl] adj. 重大的；致命的

exuberant [ɪgˈzju:bərənt] adj. 丰富的；繁茂的

estate [ɪˈsteɪt] n. 不动产

equatorial [ˌekwəˈtɔ:rɪəl] adj. 赤道的

endure [ɪnˈdjʊə] v. 忍耐

elegant [ˈelɪɡənt] adj. 雅致的

earthenware [ˈɜ:θənweə] n. 陶器

dolphins (dolphin [ˈdɒlfɪn] ) n. 海豚

discard [dɪsˈkɑ:d] v. 解雇；抛弃　n. 垫牌；抛弃

diffuses (diffuse [dɪˈfju:z] ) v. 扩散；传播　adj. 散开的

detachment [dɪˈtætʃmənt] n. 分离；客观

deprived (deprive [dɪˈpraɪv] ) v. 剥夺

depart [dɪˈpɑ:t] v. 出发；违反

deciduous [dɪˈsɪdʒu:əs] adj. 每年落叶的

debated (debate [dɪˈbeɪt] ) v. 辩论　n.辩论；讨论

cow [kaʊ] n. 母牛　v. 恐吓，威胁

coins (coin [kɔɪn] ) n. 硬币；货币　v. 铸造；创造

clinical [ˈklɪnɪkəl] adj. 临床的

clarify [ˈklærɪfaɪ] v. 使明晰

celestial [sɪˈlestjəl] adj. 天空的

cavities (cavity [ˈkævɪtɪ] ) n. 洞

canvas [ˈkænvəs] n. 帆布；画布

bias [ˈbaɪəs] n. 偏见

barren [ˈbærən] adj. 贫瘠的；不结果实的

barn [bɑ:n] n. 谷仓

attests (attest [əˈtest] ) v. 证实

assure [əˈʃʊə] v. 担保；保证

ascending [əˈsendɪŋ] adj. 上升的

anticipated (anticipate [ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt] ) v. 预期；预料

antenna [ænˈtenə] n. 触角；天线

aircraft [ˈeəkrɑ:ft] n. 航空器

aggravating [ˈæɡrəveɪtɪŋ] adj. 恶化的；加重的；（口语）恼人的

adorned (adorn [əˈdɔ:n] ) v. 装饰

address [əˈdres] v. 演说；写姓名地址　n. 地址；演讲

acute [əˈkju:t] adj. 剧烈的；敏锐的

3 plight [plaɪt] n. 困境；誓约

Example: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly.

3 plaster [ˈplɑ:stə] n. 石膏　v. 涂以灰泥

Example: Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.

3 pits (pit [pɪt] ) n. 凹处；果核　v. 使成凹

Example: Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were entered from the roof.

3 pillows (pillow [ˈpɪləʊ] ) n. 枕头　v. 垫

Example: They were short because people slept in a semi-sitting position with many bolsters or pillows, and wide, because each bed often slept three or more.

3 pet [pet] n. 宠物

Example: One pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door.

3 pests (pest [pest] ) n. 害虫

Example: Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests.

3 persisted (persist [pəˈsɪst] ) v. 坚持

Example: As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.

3 perishables (perishable [ˈperɪʃəbl] ) n. 易腐坏的东西　adj. 易腐坏的

Example: Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods.

3 percussion [pəˈkʌʃən] n. 敲；敲打乐器

Example: In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions.

3 perceived (perceive [pəˈsi:v] ) v. 察觉

Example: Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it.

3 peninsula [pɪˈnɪnsjʊlə] n. 半岛

Example: Its altitude is a mere couple of hundred feet, but it is high ground on a peninsula elsewhere close to sea level, and its drainage is so critical that a difference of inches in elevation can bring major changes in its plant communities.

3 penchant [ˈpentʃənt] n. 强烈倾向

Example: Neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.

3 patent [ˈpeɪtənt] n. 专利权　v. 取得……的专利权　adj. 专利的，新奇的

Example: Towns and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Letter, but Gould filed a patent application.

3 patchiness [ˈpætʃɪnɪs] n. 补缀；不规则

Example: Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.

3 pasture [ˈpɑ:stʃə] n. 牧场；草地　v. 放牧

Example: The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.

3 passive [ˈpæsɪv] adj. 消极的；被动的

Example: Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader.

3 parrots (parrot [ˈpærət] ) n. 鹦鹉

Example: In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions.

3 parasitic [ˌpærəˈsɪtɪk] adj. 寄生的

Example: Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship.

3 parades (parade [pəˈreɪd] ) n. 游行；阅兵；炫耀　v. 游行

Example: Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.

3 panic [ˈpænɪk] n. 恐慌　v. 使恐慌

Example: The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed.

3 oversaw (oversee [ˈəʊvəˈsi:] ) v. 监督

Example: Often working with no staff at all, these editors wrote copy, set type, delivered papers, oversaw billing, and sold advertising.

3 overlapping (overlap [ˈəʊvəˈlæp] ) v. 重叠，重复

Example: There are many variations, combinations with photographic techniques, and considerable overlapping.

3 orderly [ˈɔ:dəlɪ] adj. 有秩序的

Example: Historian David Donald has written,"Social atomization affected every segment of society,"and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded".

3 optical [ˈɒptɪkəl] adj. 光学的；视觉的

Example: It is lightweight impermeable to liquids, readily cleaned and reused, durable yet fragile, and often very beautiful. Glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional.

3 onward [ˈɒnwəd] adj. 向前的　adv. 向前

Example: They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well.

3 offspring [ˈɒfsprɪŋ] n. 子孙后代

Example: But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young.

3 notable [ˈnəʊtəbl] n. 著名人士　adj. 值得注意的；显著的

Example: Their loose organization and local autonomy fostered a cultural line fusion between native and settler cultures that proved one of the most notable—and least understood—developments of early North American history.

3 nomadic [nəʊˈmædɪk] adj. 游牧的

Example: The shared needs and pressures that encourage extended-family ties are less prominent in settled than in nomadic societies.

3 nodules (nodule [ˈnɔdju:l] )　n. 小肿瘤

Example: The HMS Challenger expedition provided valuable information about the seabed, including the discovery of manganese nodules that are now being seen as a potentially valuable source of minerals.

3 nitric [ˈnaɪtrɪk] adj. 氮的

Example: Large quantities of nitric acid were produced.

3 needle [ˈni:dl] v. 刺激；用针穿刺；用针缝；缝纫　n. 针

Example: Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose.

3 nectar [ˈnektə] n. 甘露

Example: Honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern.

3 necessity [nɪˈsesɪtɪ] n. 需要；必需品

Example: In discussing the Pacific Railroad bill, the chair of the congressional committee bluntly stated that without government subsidy no one would undertake so unpromising a venture；yet it was a national necessity to link East and West together.

3 narrative [ˈnærətɪv] n. 叙述　adj. 叙述的

3 narrator [næˈreɪtə] n. 讲述者

Example: One Lascaux narrative picture, which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained.

3 myriad [ˈmɪrɪəd] n. 无数

Example: A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

3 mussel [ˈmʌsl] n. 蚌类

Example: Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.

3 morphology [mɔ:ˈfɔlədʒɪ] n. 形态学

Example: For any species, the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adult morphology.

3 morally [ˈmɒrəlɪ] adv. 道德上

Example: Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive.

3 monopolies (monopoly [məˈnɒpəlɪ] ) n. 垄断

Example: Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves.

3 momentum [məʊˈmentəm] n. 力量；劲头；努力

Example: The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed.

3 modeled (model [ˈmɒdl] ) n. 模型；模范　v. 模仿

Example: Kinetoscope parlors for viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors.

3 minimal [ˈmɪnɪməl] adj. 最小的

Example: Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

3 midair [ˌmɪdˈeə] n. 半空中；不确定

Example: The ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair and land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages.

3 mice [maɪs] n. 老鼠（mouse的复数）

Example: Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels,　 are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.

3 meticulously [mɪˈtɪkjʊləslɪ] adv. 极注意地

Example: The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors.

3 methane [ˈmeθeɪn] n. 沼气

Example: Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets.

3 meteorologists (meteorologist [ˌmi:tjəˈrɒlədʒɪst] ) n. 气象学者

Example: As meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in weather forecasting offices, Nowcasting is becoming a reality.

3 memorable [ˈmemərəbl] adj. 值得纪念的

Example: To enhance their listener's enjoyment, storytellers continually make their stores more engaging and memorable.

3 melody [ˈmelədɪ] n. 曲调

Example: Unlike string and wind instrument, the piano is completely selfsufficient, as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time.

3 megawatts (megawatt [ˈmeɡəwɔt] ) n. 百万瓦特

Example: In 1994 there were nearly 20, 000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3, 000 megawatts of electricity.

3 mediterranean [ˌmedɪtəˈreɪnjən] n. 地中海　adj. 地中海的

Example: Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures.

3 mediocre [ˌmi:dɪˈəʊkə] adj. 中等的

Example: The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to clients and architects.

3 medieval [ˌmedɪˈi:vəl] adj. 中世纪的

Example: Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals.

3 manure [məˈnjʊə] n. 肥料

Example: Rotating a "green manure" crop such as clover, which is plowed under after the end of the growing season, would renew only nitrogen in the soil, not trace elements.

3 manuals (manual [ˈmænjʊəl] ) n. 手册　adj. 手工的

Example: Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who undertook to interpret architectural manuals imported from England.

3 magnitude [ˈmægnɪtju:d] n. 光度；大小

Example: Reviewers have admired her enormous energy, but find a productivity of such magnitude difficult to assess.

3 magnify [ˈmæɡnɪfaɪ] v. 放大

Example: Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these tended to magnify social distinctions.

3 lure [ljʊə] v. 引诱　n. 魅力；诱饵

Example: To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors and scents.

3 longevity [lɒnˈdʒevɪtɪ] n. 长寿

Example: The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity.

3 logical [ˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 有逻辑的；合理的

Example: None of the other sentences preceding squares is a question, so the inserted sentence cannot logically follow any one of them.

3 lizards (lizard [ˈlɪzəd] ) n. 蜥蜴

Example: These were the pterosaurs, literally the "winged lizards".

3 linguistic [lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk] adj. 语言的，语言学的

Example: Contrary to the conclusions of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki expedition of 1946, the evidence of plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistics, and genetics now shows quite conclusively that the Pacific Islands were not populated from the east by South Americans who drifted on balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind and current, but from the west, by groups from mainland Asia who gradually spread from island to island out into the Pacific.

3 linear [ˈlɪnɪə] adj. 直线的

Example: The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use.

3 liberty [ˈlɪbətɪ] n. 自由

Example: They were focused on issues of public liberty.

3 landforms (landform [ˈlændfɔ:m] ) n. 地形

Example: There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.

3 kivas (kiva [ˈki:və] ) n. 大地穴（美国西部印第安人村落中房屋下，用作宗教典礼集会室或卧室）

Example: Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more kivascircular underground chambers faced with stone.

3 kinetic [kaɪˈnetɪk] adj. 运动的

Example: A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.

3 keen [ki:n] v. 恸哭，哀号　adj. 热衷的；锋利的；敏锐的

Example: During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings.

3 isotopes (isotope [ˈaɪsəʊtəʊp] ) n. 同位素

Example: Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.

3 iridium [aɪˈrɪdɪəm] n. 白金

Example: An iridium-enriched sediment layer and a large impact crater in the Yucat provide evidence that a large meteorite struck Earth about 65 million years ago.

3 intoxication [ɪn tɒksɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 兴奋；醉

Example: A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication.

3 intimate [ˈɪntɪmɪt] adj. 秘密的；私人的

Example: Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the intimate relationship they had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites.

3 interrupt [ˌɪntəˈrʌpt] v. 打断；妨碍

Example: When the American Revolution (1775～1783) interrupted the flow of the superior European ware, there was incentive for American potters to replace the imports with comparable domestic goods.

3 intellectuals (intellectual [ˌɪntɪˈlektjʊəl] ) n. 知识分子　adj. 智力的

Example: Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture.

3 integrity [ɪnˈteɡrɪtɪ] n. 正直；完整

Example: Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art. Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.

3 instantly [ˈɪnstəntlɪ] adv. 立即地

Example: It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.

3 inspection [ɪnˈspekʃən] n. 检查

Example: In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs.

3 injured (injure [ˈɪndʒə] ) v. 伤害

Example: The photographer thought the cat might be injured.

3 injecting (inject [ɪnˈdʒekt] ) v. 注射

Example: Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground.

3 inherited (inherit [ɪnˈherɪt] ) v. 继承

Example: The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople.

3 ingredient [ɪnˈgri:dɪənt] n. 成分；因素

Example: It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century.

3 influx [ˈɪnflʌks] n. 流入；河口

Example: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States.

3 indefinite [ɪnˈdefɪnɪt] adj. 模糊的；不确定的

Example: Wild life zoologist Helmut Buechner (1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320, 000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65, 000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.

3 inconspicuous [ˌɪnkənˈspɪkjʊəs] adj. 不显眼的

3 conspicuous [kənˈspɪkjʊəs] adj. 显著的

Example: The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet.

3 impersonation [ɪm pɜ:səˈneɪʃən] n. 扮演；模仿

Example: According to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.

3 identical [aɪˈdentɪkəl] adj. 同一的；完全相同的

Example: On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical.

3 huddling (huddle [ˈhʌdl] ) v. 挤作一团；推挤

Example: Two kinglets huddling together were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter and three together saved a third of their heat.

3 hormones (hormone [ˈhɔ:məʊn] ) n. 荷尔蒙

Example: Pheromones, which are sometimes called "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal.

3 homogeneous [ˌhɒməʊˈdʒi:njəs] adj. 同种的

Example: The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid.

3 homemaking [ˈhəʊm meɪkɪŋ] n. 家政

Example: In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included incomeproducing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem.

3 hieroglyphic [ˌhaɪərəˈglɪfɪk] adj. 象形文字的

Example: The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars’ efforts for several decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were decoded using the Greek inscriptions.

3 hay [heɪ] n. 干草

Example: It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed. But in the dry grazing lands of the West that familiar bluejoint grass was often killed by drought.

3 haul [hɔ:l] v. 拖拉

Example: Farm women had to haul large quantities of water into the house from wells or pumps for every purpose.

3 hampered (hamper [ˈhæmpə] ) v. 妨碍　n. 障碍物

Example: Horse-drawn coaches were neither a competitive nor a comfortable alternative given the deplorable state of the nation's highways；and though bicycles were popular in both town and country, they, too, were hampered by poor road surfaces.

3 greenish [ˈɡri:nɪʃ] adj. 呈绿色的

Example: The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms.

3 grandiose [ˈɡrændɪəʊs] adj. 宏伟的

Example: In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers.

3 gradient [ˈɡreɪdɪənt] n. 倾斜度

Example: Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.

3 goose [ɡu:s] n. 鹅

Example: If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead.

3 glands (gland [ɡlænd] ) n. 腺

Example: The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones.

3 girders (girder [ˈɡɜ:də] ) n. 梁

Example: One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers.

3 gibbon [ˈɡɪbən] n. 长臂猿

Example: A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping.

3 genuine [ˈdʒenjʊɪn] adj. 真正的

3 genuinely [ˈdʒenjʊɪnlɪ] adv. 真正地

Example: These writers who can genuinely be said to have created a genre, the "railroad novel" are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from memory.

3 generous [ˈdʒenərəs] adj. 有雅量的

Example: Although President Abraham Lincoln signed the original Pacific Railroad bill in 1862 and a revised, financially much more generous version in 1864...

3 gender [ˈdʒendə] n. 性别

Example: Such a gender division of labor was much like that practiced by Scandinavian settlers.

3 frowned (frown [fraʊn] ) v. 皱眉；不赞成　n. 皱眉；不悦之色

Example: Fulfillment in life—as opposed to concern about an afterlife—became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the pleasures of the senses were no longer frowned on.

3 friendliness [ˈfrendlɪnɪs] n. 善

Example: Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval.

3 friction [ˈfrɪkʃən] n. 摩擦

Example: The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body.

3 freeze [fri:z] v. 冻结

Example: Unlike metals that flow or "freeze" at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup.

3 fracture [ˈfræktʃə] v. 使折断；使骨折　n. 骨折

Example: Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed.

3 fraction [ˈfrækʃən] n. 小部分；破片

Example: Only a small fraction of all the organisms that have ever lived are preserved as fossils.

3 founders (founder [ˈfaʊndə] ) n. 奠基者

Example: The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River.

3 foremost [ˈfɒ:məʊst] adj. 最初的；最重要的

Example: Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control.

3 forbidden [fəˈbɪdn] adj. 被禁止的

Example: Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands.

3 foliage [ˈfəʊlɪɪdʒ] n. 树叶

Example: Like "art nouveau" (1890～1910), art deco also used plant motifs, but regularized the forms into abstracted repetitive patterns rather than presenting them as flowing, asymmetrical foliage. Like the Viennese craftspeople of the Wiener Werkstatte, art deco designers worked with exotic materials, geometricized shapes, and colorfully ornate patterns.

3 fodder [ˈfɒdə] n. 饲料

Example: Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed；also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

3 flesh [fleʃ] n. 肉　v. 使长肉

Example: Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean.

3 fleece [fli:s] n. 羊毛

Example: Much of the selective breeding that led to the fleece types known today took place in prehistory, and even the later developments went largely unchronicled.

3 flax [flæks] n. 亚麻

Example: By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to the touch.

3 ferns (fern [fɜ:n] ) n. 蕨类植物

Example: Certain species such as salmonberry and sword ferns have adapted to the limited sunlight dappling through the canopy, but few evergreen trees will survive there；still fewer can compete with the early prodigious growth of alders.

3 feat [fi:t] n. 壮举；功绩

Example: The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime colonization in human history.

3 fatal [ˈfeɪtl] adj. 重大的；致命的

Example: Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals.

3 fascinating [ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ] adj. 迷人的

Example: What is truly fascinating is that Native Americans quickly learned these construction techniques and probably did as much as colonists to spread the practice of log construction across the frontiers of colonial North America.

3 fare [feə] n. 费用

Example: No particular date marks the beginning of the American intercity bus industry because so many individuals were attracted to it at about the same time by the large profits available to those who could carry fare-paying passengers over public highways. These ubiquitous bus pioneers came from all walks of life.

3 fame [feɪm] n. 名望

Example: Famed for their high-elevation forests, the Appalachian Mountains sweep south from Quebec to Alabama.

3 faded (fade [feɪd] ) v. 褪色；消失

Example: These writers who can genuinely be said to have created a genre, the "railroad novel" are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from memory.

3 exuberant [ɪgˈzju:bərənt] adj. 丰富的；繁茂的

Example: Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits.

3 extermination [ɪk stɜ:mɪˈneɪʃən] n. 灭绝

Example: The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832],　hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.

3 exempt [ɪɡˈzempt] v. 豁免　adj. 免除的

Example: In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls.

3 execution [ˌeksɪˈkju:ʃən] n. 实行；执行

Example: With the turn-of-the-century Crafts Movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium.

3 excitation [ˌeksɪˈteɪʃən] n. 刺激；激励

Example: The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms.

3 evaluating (evaluate [ɪˈvæljʊeɪt] ) v. 评估

Example: In performing verbal art, the performer assumes responsibility for the manner as well as the content of the performance, while the audience assumes the responsibility for evaluating the performer's competence in both areas.

3 ether [ˈi:θə] n. 乙醚

Example: After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide.

3 estate [ɪˈsteɪt] n. 不动产

Example: Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.

3 erectus [ɪˈrektəs] n. 直立人

Example: Populations of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo habilis, seem to have been predominantly right-handed, as we are.

3 equatorial [ˌekwəˈtɔ:rɪəl] adj. 赤道的

Example: In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.

3 epitome [ɪˈpɪtəmɪ] n. 象征

Example: Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.

3 episodes (episode [ˈepɪsəʊd] ) n. 一集；插曲

Example: Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon.

3 ensuing [enˈsju:ɪŋ] adj. 接踵而至的

Example: The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950's onward, transformed the economy of the region.

3 endure [ɪnˈdjʊə] v. 忍耐

Example: Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures.

3 encroached (encroach [ɪnˈkrəʊtʃ] ) v. 侵犯；蚕食

Example: A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories.

3 embedded (embed [ɪmˈbed] ) v. 使嵌入

Example: When meteorites fall on the continent they are embedded in the moving ice sheets.

3 elongated (elongate [ˈi:lɒŋɡeɪt] ) v. 拉长；延长

Example: Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid.

3 elegant [ˈelɪɡənt] adj. 雅致的

Example: The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces.

3 efficiently [ɪˈfɪʃəntlɪ] adv. 高效地；有效地

3 efficiency [ɪˈfɪʃənsɪ] n. 效率

Example: The government postal service lost volume to private competition and was not able to handle efficiently even the business it had.

3 edition [ɪˈdɪʃən] n. 版本

Example: Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.

3 earthenware [ˈɜ:θənweə] n. 陶器

Example: The name of the ware was probably derived from its resemblance to English brown-glazed earthenware made in South Yorkshire.

3 dwarfed (dwarf [dwɔ:f] ) v. 使矮小；阻碍……的生长　n. 矮子

Example: It can be dwarfed by nature's output of pollutants in the localized region.

3 durability [ˌdjʊərəˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 耐久性

Example: Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability...

3 dormancy [ˈdɔ:mənsɪ] n. 休眠状态

Example: What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy?

3 dolphins (dolphin [ˈdɒlfɪn] ) n. 海豚

Example: This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins.

3 disguise [dɪsˈɡaɪz] v. 假装；隐瞒

Example: Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals.

3 discrete [dɪsˈkri:t] adj. 不连续的

Example: By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities.

3 discern [dɪˈsɜ:n] v. 分辨；领悟

Example: Although it is not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almost certainly glacial varves.

3 discard [dɪsˈkɑ:d] v. 解雇；抛弃　n. 垫牌；抛弃

Example: Squirrels pry off the caps of acorns, bite through the shells to get at the nutritious inner kernels, and then discard them half-eaten.

3 diffuses (diffuse [dɪˈfju:z] ) v. 扩散；传播　adj. 散开的

Example: The reverse occurs when the diver surfaces；the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood and from the blood into the lungs.

3 dictated (dictate [dɪkˈteɪt] ) v. 要求；口授

Example: The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities.

3 dialects (dialect [ˈdaɪəlekt] ) n. 方言；语调

Example: Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the "true" relationships between people.

3 devour [dɪˈvaʊə] v. 吞没；挥霍

Example: If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.

3 detachment [dɪˈtætʃmənt] n. 分离；客观

3 detached (detach [dɪˈtætʃ] ) v. 分开；分离

Example: For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.

3 despondent [dɪsˈpɒndənt] adj. 没有精神的；失望的

Example: Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent?

3 deprived (deprive [dɪˈpraɪv] ) v. 剥夺

Example: If children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired?

3 depart [dɪˈpɑ:t] v. 出发；违反

Example: Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature.

3 demise [dɪˈmaɪz] n. 死亡；转让

Example: Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats.

3 delight [dɪˈlaɪt] v. 高兴　n. 高兴，愉快

Example: For babies, language is a sensory-motor delight rather than the route to prosaic meaning that it often is for adults.

3 dehydrated (dehydrate [di:ˈhaɪdreɪt] ) v. 脱水

Example: Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.

3 decoy [dɪˈkɔɪ] n. 引诱人或物；圈套　v. 诱骗

Example: What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy?

3 decomposition [ˌdi:kɒmpəˈzɪʃən] n. 分解

3 decompose [ˌdi:kəmˈpəʊz] v. 分解

Example: Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse.

3 deciduous [dɪˈsɪdʒu:əs] adj. 每年落叶的

Example: In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, but these coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the border into the Northeast United States.

3 debated (debate [dɪˈbeɪt] ) v. 辩论　n. 辩论；讨论

Example: The advantages claimed for such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated.

3 damp [dæmp] v. 使潮湿；抑制　n. 湿气　adj. 潮湿的

Example: Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a plastic.

3 customary [ˈkʌstəmərɪ] adj. 惯常的

Example: It is customary to number prints as they come off the press, the earlier impressions being the finest and therefore the most desirable.

3 custom [ˈkʌstəm] n. 习惯；风俗

Example: A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly selfsufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race.

3 curtain [ˈkɜ:tən] n. 帐　v. 装帘子于；遮掉

Example: Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes.

3 curious [ˈkjʊərɪəs] adj. 好奇的；古怪的

Example: The town of Pullman became a popular tourist stop, attracting more than its share of curious travelers.

3 cue [kju:] n. 提示　v. 暗示

Example: Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating such cues.

3 crying (cry [kraɪ] ) v. 哭，喊　n. 大叫；哭声

Example: They will stop crying when they hear a person talking, but not if they hear a bell or the sound of a rattle.

3 crowded (crowd [kraʊd] ) n. 人群；许多　v. 挤，拥挤

Example: Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople.

3 credited (credit [ˈkredɪt] ) v. 归功于，信任　n. 信誉；信赖

Example: The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush.

3 cow [kaʊ] n. 母牛　v. 恐吓，威胁

Example: On a 1948 vacation, Hazen fortuitously collected a clump of soil from the edge of W. B. Nourse's cow pasture in Fauquier County, Virginia, that, when tested, revealed the presence of the microorganisms.

3 courts (court [kɔ:t] ) n. 法院

Example: Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.

3 courses (course [kɔ:s] ) n. 过程；进程；课程

Example: The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals.

3 cotta [ˈkɒtə] n. 白色短衣

Example: The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine themselves to either decorated ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes.

3 corpse [kɔ:ps] n. 尸体

Example: The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.

3 contrary [ˈkɒntrərɪ] n. 相反，对立面　adj. 相反的，对立的，矛盾的　adv. 相反地

Example: In Sacramento an excavation at the size of a fashionable nineteenthcentury hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.

3 contradictory [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktərɪ] adj. 反驳的；反对的

Example: It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979 provided many contradictory statistics about Europa.

3 contours (contour [ˈkɒntʊə] ) n. 轮廓

Example: A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry, a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints.

3 constituted (constitute [ˈkɒnstɪtju:t] ) v. 制定；组成

Example: But in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling cat constituted a scientific experiment.

3 condensed (condense [kənˈdens] ) v. 浓缩；摘要

Example: With much of the water vapor already condensed into water and the concentration of carbon dioxide dwindling, the atmosphere gradually became rich nitrogen.

3 compromise [ˈkɒmprəmaɪz] v. 妥协　n. 妥协；折中

Example: That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).

3 comprises (comprise [kəmˈpraɪz] ) v. 包含

Example: Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader.

3 communal [ˈkɒmjʊnl] adj. 公有的

Example: The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as "information centers."

3 commonsense [ˌkɒmənˈsens] adj. 常识的

Example: They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions.

3 commissioned (commission [kəˈmɪʃən] ) v. 委任　n. 任务；权限；委任

Example: When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777.

3 coins (coin [kɔɪn] ) n. 硬币；货币　v. 铸造；创造

Example: Unlike the silver coins from which they were made, silver articles were readily identifiable.

3 clinical [ˈklɪnɪkəl] adj. 临床的

Example: The stages of development of clinical nutrition as a field of study...

3 clients (client [ˈklaɪənt] ) n. 客户；委托人

Example: Both clients and architects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.

3 clarify [ˈklærɪfaɪ] v. 使明晰

Example: It clarified which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down.

3 cite [saɪt] v. 引用

Example: In their "Pleistocene overkill hypothesis", they cite what seems to be a remarkable coincidence between the arrival of prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths, giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct.

3 chimney [ˈtʃɪmnɪ] n. 烟囱

Example: It was made like a small, secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke.

3 cheese [tʃi:z] n. 乳酪

Example: The women also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves.

3 chart [tʃɑ:t] n. 图表　v. 制成图表

Example: Although some newspapers that had carried the United States Weather Bureau's national weather map in 1912 dropped it once the novelty had passed, many continued to print the daily weather chart provided by their local forecasting office.

3 channels (channel [ˈtʃænl] ) n. 水道；航道；海峡；频道　v. 引导

Example: The rapidly accumulating sediments in flood plains, deltas, and stream channels buried freshwater organisms, along with other plants and animals that happened to fall into the water.

3 celsius [ˈselsjəs] n. 摄氏温度计的

Example: The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel.

3 cellulose [ˈseljʊləʊs] n. 纤维素

Example: The walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made.

3 celluloid [ˈseljʊ lɔɪd] n.（口语）电影；“商标”赛璐珞

Example: With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.

3 celestial [sɪˈlestjəl] adj. 天空的

Example: Stars may be spheres, but not every celestial object is spherical.

3 cavities (cavity [ˈkævɪtɪ] ) n. 洞

Example: But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material；this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

3 canvas [ˈkænvəs] n. 帆布；画布

Example: Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor.

3 candle [ˈkændl] n. 蜡烛

Example: Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets.

3 campus [ˈkæmpəs] n. 校园

Example: According to one report, squirrels destroyed tens of thousands of fallen acorns from an oak stand on the University of Indiana campus.

3 camel [ˈkæməl] n. 骆驼

Example: Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes.

3 calcareous [kælˈkeərɪəs] adj. 钙质的

Example: Thick deposits of calcareous ooze made up of the tiny remains of the calcium carbonate-secreting plankton also accumulated as never before.

3 cabin [ˈkæbɪn] n. 小屋

Example: Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier.

3 bushy [ˈbʊʃɪ] adj. 灌木茂密的

Example: Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed；also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

3 brightness [ˈbraɪtnɪs] n. 明亮；活泼

Example: As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of x-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft x-rays.

3 breeds (breed [bri:d] ) n. 品种；种类　v. 养育

Example: They began using improved implements, tried new crops and pure animal breeds, and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement.

3 brass [brɑ:s] n. 黄铜；铜管乐器

Example: A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once；a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it.

3 bond [bɒnd] v. 使结合；结合　n. 结合

Example: It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.

3 boiling (boil [bɔɪl] ) v. 沸腾　n. 沸腾

Example: Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could be heated to boiling, but air could reenter.

3 boasted (boast [bəʊst] ) n. 自吹；引以为荣的事物　v. 吹牛；拥有

Example: Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame.

3 board [bɔ:d] n. 木板；管理委员会；食物　v. 乘船；用板铺；供膳食

Example: In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington...

3 bluish [ˈblu:ɪʃ] adj. 带蓝色的

Example: This accounts for the bluish tinge of what were once bright greens in, for example, woven tapestry.

3 bison [ˈbaɪsn] n. 野牛

Example: The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellows, and browns.

3 binding (bind [baɪnd] ) v. 捆；黏结

Example: By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine.

3 bilingual [baɪˈlɪŋɡwəl] adj. 双语的

Example: Scholars have deciphered other ancient languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions.

3 bias [ˈbaɪəs] n. 偏见

Example: They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias.

3 bemoaned (bemoan [bɪˈməʊn] ) v. 惋惜

Example: The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800's and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.

3 beat [bi:t] v. 打　n. 敲打；拍子

Example: Perhaps this is primeval heat or beat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet.

3 beasts (beast [bi:st] ) n. 野兽；兽性

Example: Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters).

3 beans (bean [bi:n] ) n. 豆子

Example: Alder roots contain clusters of nitrogen-fixing nodules like those found on legumes such as beans.

3 bath [bɑ:θ] n. 沐浴

Example: The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, and one arrow.

3 bartering (barter [ˈbɑ:tə] ) v. 作物物交换

Example: Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.

3 barren [ˈbærən] adj. 贫瘠的；不结果实的

Example: Its soil is pure silica, so barren it supports only lichens as ground cover.

3 barn [bɑ:n] n. 谷仓

Example: When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep or chopping wood.

3 bark [bɑ:k] n. 树皮；吠声；轻舟　v. 吠

Example: Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials.

3 backdrops (backdrop [ˈbæk drɒp] ) n. 背景幕

Example: The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings.

3 Babylonian [ˌbæbɪˈləʊnjən] n. 巴比伦人　adj. 巴比伦的

Example: Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians.

3 automated [ˈɔ:təmeɪtɪd] adj. 机械化的

Example: As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power.

3 auditorium [ˌɔ:dɪˈtɔ:rɪəm] n. 听众席；礼堂

Example: The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well. Loud speakers or groups of instruments may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.

3 attests (attest [əˈtest] ) v. 证实

Example: That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks.

3 astounding [əˈstaʊndɪŋ] adj. 令人惊骇的

Example: In ʊuly of 1994, an astounding series of events took place.

3 assure [əˈʃʊə] v. 担保；保证

Example: Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.

3 ascending [əˈsendɪŋ] adj. 上升的

Example: To connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.

3 arousal [əˈraʊzəl] n. 唤起

Example: Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity.

3 arduous [ˈɑ:djʊəs] adj. 艰巨的

Example: In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon.

3 aqueduct [ˈækwɪ dʌkt] n. 水渠

Example: The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River.

3 anticipated (anticipate [ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt] ) v. 预期；预料

Example: The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural fairs. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near.

3 antennae (antenna [ænˈtenə] ) n. 触角；天线

Example: The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae.

3 Andes [ˈændi:z] n. 安第斯山脉

Example: All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, race their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.

3 alloy [ˈælɔɪ] n. 合金；杂质；成色　v. 使……成合金；使变硬；损害

Example: Silversmiths complied with these requests by melting the money in a small furnace, adding a bit of copper to form a stronger alloy, and casting the alloy in rectangular blocks.

3 alkaloids (alkaloid [ˈælkəlɔɪd] ) n. 生物碱　adj. 生物碱的

Example: The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests.

3 algae [ˈældʒi:] n. 藻类

Example: These unassignable animals include a large swimming predator called Anomalocaris and a soft-bodied animal called Wiwaxia, which ate detritus or algae.

3 aircraft [ˈeəkrɑ:ft] n. 航空器

Example: Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose.

3 aggravating [ˈægrəveɪtɪŋ] adj. 恶化的；加重的；（口语）恼人的

Example: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings.

3 adorned (adorn [əˈdɔ:n] ) v. 装饰

Example: Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

3 address [əˈdres] v. 演说；写姓名地址　n. 地址；演讲

Example: Besides, the stamp covered only delivery to the post office and did not include carrying it to a private address.

3 acute [əˈkju:t] adj. 剧烈的；敏锐的

Example: Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener.

本天乱序

在本章单词背诵结束后，请完成下述单词的自我测试。注意：只写下第一反应，不要涂改。然后对照标准答案进行评测。

答案与精进

在核对答案的时候，请再巩固一下单词的意思，并发现自己在“潜意识”里的很多模糊记忆。

magnify [ˈmæɡnɪfaɪ] v. 放大

lure [ljʊə] v. 引诱　n. 魅力；诱饵

inconspicuous [ˌɪnkənˈspɪkjʊəs] adj. 不显眼的

conspicuous [kənˈspɪkjʊəs] adj. 显著的

generous [ˈdʒenərəs] adj. 有雅量的

arduous [ˈɑ:djʊəs] adj. 艰巨的

disguise [dɪsˈɡaɪz] v. 假装；隐瞒

attests (attest [əˈtest] ) v. 证实

bark [bɑ:k] n. 树皮；吠声；轻舟　v. 吠

assure [əˈʃʊə] v. 担保；保证

bias [ˈbaɪəs] n. 偏见

bemoaned (bemoan [bɪˈməʊn] ) v. 惋惜

ether [ˈi:θə] n. 乙醚

fascinating [ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ] adj. 迷人的

narrator [næˈreɪtə] n. 讲述者

intoxication [ɪn tɒksɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 兴奋；醉

discern [dɪˈsɜ:n] v. 分辨；领悟

extermination [ɪk stɜ:mɪˈneɪʃən] n. 灭绝

dialects (dialect [ˈdaɪəlekt] ) n. 方言；语调

bluish [ˈblu:ɪʃ] adj. 带蓝色的

fracture [ˈfræktʃə] v. 使折断；使骨折　n. 骨折

debated (debate [dɪˈbeɪt] ) v. 辩论　n. 辩论；讨论

estate [ɪˈsteɪt] n. 不动产

pests (pest [pest] ) n. 害虫

intellectuals (intellectual [ˌɪntɪˈlektjʊəl] ) n. 知识分子　adj. 智力的

efficiently [ɪˈfɪʃəntlɪ] adv. 高效地；有效地

discard [dɪsˈkɑ:d] v. 解雇；抛弃　n. 垫牌；抛弃

Babylonian [ˌbæbɪˈləʊnjən] n. 巴比伦人　adj. 巴比伦的

automated [ˈɔ:təmeɪtɪd] adj. 机械化的

indefinite [ɪnˈdefɪnɪt] adj. 模糊的；不确定的

campus [ˈkæmpəs] n. 校园

percussion [pəˈkʌʃən] n. 敲；敲打乐器

cow [kaʊ] n. 母牛　v. 恐吓，威胁

orderly [ˈɔ:dəlɪ] adj. 有秩序的

nitric [ˈnaɪtrɪk] adj. 氮的

kinetic [kaɪˈnetɪk] adj. 运动的

dehydrated (dehydrate [di:ˈhaɪdreɪt] ) v. 脱水

friendliness [ˈfrendlɪnɪs] n. 善

barn [bɑ:n] n. 谷仓

despondent[dɪsˈpɒndənt] adj. 没有精神的；失望的

nectar [ˈnektə] n. 甘露

astounding [əˈstaʊndɪŋ] adj. 令人惊骇的

episodes (episode [ˈepɪsəʊd] ) n. 一集；插曲

equatorial [ˌekwəˈtɔ:rɪəl, i:k-] adj. 赤道的

parrots (parrot [ˈpærət] ) n. 鹦鹉

demise [dɪˈmaɪz] n. 死亡；转让

board [bɔ:d] n. 木板；管理委员会；食物　v. 乘船；用板铺；供膳食

keen [ki:n] v. 恸哭，哀号　adj. 热衷的；锋利的；敏锐的

isotopes (isotope [ˈaɪsəʊtəʊp] ) n. 同位素

beans (bean [bi:n] ) n. 豆子

diffuses (diffuse [dɪˈfju:z] ) v. 扩散；传播　adj. 散开的

elongated (elongate [ˈi:lɒŋɡeɪt] ) v. 拉长；延长

dolphins (dolphin [ˈdɒlfɪn] ) n. 海豚

coins（coin [kɔɪn] ) n. 硬币；货币　v. 铸造；创造

exempt [ɪɡˈzempt] v. 豁免　adj. 免除的

methane [ˈmeθeɪn] n. 沼气

logical [ˈlɒdʒɪkəl] adj. 有逻辑的；合理的

oversaw (oversee [ˈəʊvəˈsi:] ) v. 监督

parasitic [ˌpærəˈsɪtɪk] adj. 寄生的

fraction [ˈfrækʃən] n. 小部分；破片

decompose [ˌdi:kəmˈpəʊz] v. 分解

aircraft [ˈeəkrɑ:ft] n. 航空器

damp [dæmp] v. 使潮湿；抑制　n. 湿气　adj. 潮湿的

customary [ˈkʌstəmərɪ] adj. 惯常的

bath [bɑ:θ] n. 沐浴

deprived (deprive [dɪˈpraɪv] ) v. 剥夺

clarify [ˈklærɪfaɪ] v. 使明晰

beat [bi:t] v. 打　n. 敲打；拍子

feat [fi:t] n. 壮举；功绩

homogeneous [ˌhɒməʊˈdʒi:njəs] adj. 同种的

credited（credit [ˈkredɪt] ) v. 归功于，信任　n. 信誉；信赖

inherited (inherit [ɪnˈherɪt] ) v. 继承

fame [feɪm] n. 名望

breeds (breed [bri:d] ) n. 品种；种类　v. 养育

dormancy [ˈdɒ:mənsɪ] n. 休眠状态

barren [ˈbærən] adj. 贫瘠的；不结果实的

alloy [ˈælɔɪ] n. 合金；杂质；成色　v. 使……成合金；使变硬；损害

dictated (dictate [dɪkˈteɪt] ) v. 要求；口授

ingredient [ɪnˈgri:dɪənt] n. 成分；因素

ascending [əˈsendɪŋ] adj. 上升的

optical [ˈɒptɪkəl] adj. 光学的；视觉的

monopolies (monopoly [məˈnɒpəlɪ] ) n. 垄断

plaster [ˈplɑ:stə] n. 石膏　v. 涂以灰泥

deciduous [dɪˈsɪdʒu:əs] adj. 每年落叶的

parades (parade [pəˈreɪd] ) n. 游行；阅兵；炫耀　v. 游行

crying (cry [kraɪ] ) v. 哭，喊　n. 大叫；哭声

meteorologists (meteorologist[ˌmi:tjəˈrɒlədʒɪst] n. 气象学者

interrupt [ˌɪntəˈrʌpt] v. 打断；妨碍

compromise [ˈkɒmprəmaɪz] v. 妥协　n. 妥协；折中

discrete [dɪsˈkri:t] adj. 不连续的

friction [ˈfrɪkʃən] n. 摩擦

channels（channels [vˈtʃænl] ) n. 水道；航道；海峡；频道　v. 引导

celsius [ˈselsjəs] n. 摄氏温度计的

gradient [ˈɡreɪdɪənt] n. 倾斜度

hormones (hormone [ˈhɔ:məʊn] ) n. 荷尔蒙

courts (court [kɔ:t] ) n. 法院

boiling (boil [bɔɪl] ) v. 沸腾　n. 沸腾

anticipated (anticipate [ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt] ) v. 预期；预料

freeze [fri:z] v. 冻结

camel [ˈkæməl] n. 骆驼

penchant [ˈpentʃənt] n. 强烈倾向

cheese [tʃi:z] n. 乳酪

homemaking [ˈhəʊm meɪkɪŋ] n. 家政

momentum [məʊˈmentəm] n. 力量；劲头；努力

fare [feə] n. 费用

edition [ɪˈdɪʃən] n. 版本

earthenware [ˈɜ:θənweə] n. 陶器

forbidden [fəˈbɪdn] adj. 被禁止的

boasted（boast[bəʊst] ) n. 自吹；引以为荣的事物　v. 吹牛；拥有

girders (girder [ˈɡɜ:də] ) n. 梁

fatal [ˈfeɪtl] adj. 重大的；致命的

aqueduct [ˈækwɪ dʌkt] n. 水渠

endure [ɪnˈdjʊə] v. 忍耐

cellulose [ˈseljʊləʊs] n. 纤维素

celluloid [ˈseljʊlɔɪd] n. （口语）电影；“商标”赛璐珞

haul [hɔ:l] v. 拖拉

corpse [kɔ:ps] n. 尸体

magnitude [ˈmægnɪtju:d] n. 光度；大小

commonsense [ˌkɒmənˈsens] adj. 常识的

perceived (perceive [pəˈsi:v] ) v. 察觉

cue [kju:] n. 提示　v. 暗示

brass [brɑ:s] n. 黄铜；铜管乐器

inspection [ɪnˈspekʃən] n. 检查

narrative [ˈnærətɪv] n. 叙述　adj. 叙述的

modeled (model [ˈmɒdl] ) n. 模型；模范　v. 模仿

binding (bind [baɪnd] ) v. 捆；黏结

mediocre [ˌmi:dɪˈəʊkə] adj. 中等的

offspring [ˈɒfsprɪŋ] n. 子孙后代

notable [ˈnəʊtəbl] n. 著名人士　adj. 值得注意的；显著的

backdrops (backdrop [ˈbæk drɒp] ) n. 背景幕

overlapping (overlap [ˈəʊvəˈlæp] ) v. 重叠， 重复

embedded (embed [ɪmˈbed] ) v. 使嵌入

alkaloids (alkaloid [ˈælkəlɔɪd] ) n. 生物碱　adj. 生物碱的

pillows (pillow [ˈpɪləʊ] ) n. 枕头　v. 垫

linear [ˈlɪnɪə] adj. 直线的

address [əˈdres] v. 演说；写姓名地址　n. 地址；演讲

morally [ˈmɒrəlɪ] adv. 道德上

devour [dɪˈvaʊə] v. 吞没；挥霍

lizards (lizard [ˈlɪzəd] ) n. 蜥蜴

bison [ˈbaɪsn] n. 野牛

chimney [ˈtʃɪmnɪ] n. 烟囱

constituted (c onstitute [ˈkɒnstɪtju:t] ) v. 制定；组成

manure [məˈnjʊə] n. 肥料

grandiose [ˈɡrændɪəʊs] adj. 宏伟的

courses ( course [kɒ:s] ) n. 过程；进程；课程

founders (founder [ˈfaʊndə] ) n. 奠基者

efficiency [ɪˈfɪʃənsɪ] n. 效率

midair [ˌmɪdˈeə] n. 半空中；不确定

clinical [ˈklɪnɪkəl] adj. 临床的

pet [pet] n. 宠物

bartering (barter [ˈbɑ:tə] ) v. 作物物交换

elegant [ˈelɪɡənt] adj. 雅致的

contradictory [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktərɪ] adj. 反驳的；反对的

fleece [fli:s] n. 羊毛

iridium [aɪˈrɪdɪəm] n. 白金

curtain [ˈkɜ:tən] n. 帐　v. 装帘子于；遮掉

hieroglyphic [ˌhaɪərəˈglɪfɪk] adj. 象形文字的

glands (gland [ɡlænd] ) n. 腺

execution [ˌeksɪˈkju:ʃən] n. 实行；执行

decoy [dɪˈkɒɪ] n. 引诱人或物；圈套　v. 诱骗

foliage [ˈfəʊlɪɪdʒ] n. 树叶

panic [ˈpænɪk] n. 恐慌　v. 使恐慌

identical [aɪˈdentɪkəl] adj. 同一的；完全相同的

huddling (huddle [ˈhʌdl] ) v. 挤作一团；推挤

passive [ˈpæsɪv] adj. 消极的；被动的

gibbon [ˈɡɪbən] n. 长臂猿

celestial [sɪˈlestjəl] adj. 天空的

cavities (cavity [ˈkævɪtɪ] ) n. 洞

hay [heɪ] n. 干草

genuine [ˈdʒenjʊɪn] adj. 真正的

contours (contour [ˈkɒntʊə] ) n. 轮廓

patent [ˈpeɪtənt] n. 专利权　v. 取得……的专利权　adj. 专利的，新奇的

patchiness [ˈpætʃɪnɪs] n. 补缀；不规则

mediterranean [ˌmedɪtəˈreɪnjən] n. 地中海　adj. 地中海的

landforms (landform [ˈlændfɔ:m] ) n. 地形

kivas ([ˈki:və] ) n. 大地穴（美国西部印第安人村落中房屋下，用作宗教典礼集会室或卧室）

delight [dɪˈlaɪt] v. 高兴　n. 高兴，愉快

calcareous [kælˈkeərɪəs] adj. 钙质的

frowned (frown [fraʊn] ) v. 皱眉；不赞成　n. 皱眉；不悦之色

instantly [ˈɪnstəntlɪ]　adv. 立即地

mice [maɪs] n. 老鼠（mouse的复数）

acute [əˈkju:t] adj. 剧烈的；敏锐的

nomadic [nəʊˈmædɪk] adj. 游牧的

curious [ˈkjʊərɪəs] adj. 好奇的；古怪的

brightness [ˈbraɪtnɪs] n. 明亮；活泼

manuals（manual [ˈmænjʊəl] ) n. 手册　adj. 手工的

ensuing [enˈsju:ɪŋ] adj. 接踵而至的

decomposition [ˌdi:kɒmpəˈzɪʃən] n. 分解

cotta [ˈkɒtə] n. 白色短衣

morphology [mɔ:ˈfɔlədʒɪ] n. 形态学

injured (injure [ˈɪndʒə] ) v. 伤害

condensed (condense [kənˈdens] ) v. 浓缩；摘要

persisted (persist [pəˈsɪst] ) v. 坚持

communal [ˈkɒmjʊnl] adj. 公有的

plight [plaɪt] n. 困境；誓约

nodules (nodule [ˈnɔdju:l] )　n. 小肿瘤

arousal [əˈraʊzəl] n. 唤起

bilingual [baɪˈlɪŋɡwəl] adj. 双语的

needle [ˈni:dnl] v. 刺激；用针穿刺；用针缝；缝纫　n. 针

durability [ˌdjʊərəˈbɪlɪtɪ] n. 耐久性

memorable [ˈmemərəbl] adj. 值得纪念的

chart [tʃɑ:t] n. 图表　v. 制成图表

cabin [ˈkæbɪn] n. 小屋

bushy [ˈbʊʃɪ] adj. 灌木茂密的

candle [ˈkændl] n. 蜡烛

longevity [lɒnˈdʒevɪtɪ] n. 长寿

crowded (crowd [kraʊd] ) n. 人群；许多　v. 挤，拥挤

aggravating [ˈægrəveɪtɪŋ] adj. 恶化的；加重的；（口语）恼人的

adorned (adorn [əˈdɔ:n] ) v. 装饰

mussel [ˈmʌsl] n. 蚌类

epitome [ɪˈpɪtəmɪ] n. 象征

hampered (hamper [ˈhæmpə] ) v. 妨碍　n. 障碍物

greenish [ˈɡri:nɪʃ] adj. 呈绿色的

detached (detach [dɪˈtætʃ] ) v. 分开；分离

myriad [ˈmɪrɪəd] n. 无数

liberty [ˈlɪbətɪ] n. 自由

Andes [ˈændi:z] n. 安第斯山脉

meticulously [mɪˈtɪkjʊləslɪ] adv. 极注意地

commissioned (commission [kəˈmɪʃən] ) v. 委任　n. 任务；权限；委任

influx [ˈɪnflʌks] n. 流入；河口

antennae (　antenna [ænˈtenə] ) n. 触角；天线

megawatts (megawatt [ˈmeɡəwɔt] ) n. 百万瓦特

intimate [ˈɪntɪmɪt] adj. 秘密的；私人的

pasture [ˈpɑ:stʃə] n. 牧场；草地　v. 放牧

goose [ɡu:s] n. 鹅

canvas [ˈkænvəs] n. 帆布；画布

gender [ˈdʒendə] n. 性别

erectus [ɪˈrektəs] n. 直立人

onward [ˈɒnwəd] adj. 向前的　adv. 向前

necessity [nɪˈsesɪtɪ] n. 需要；必需品

algae [ˈældʒi:] n. 藻类

pits (pit [pɪt] ) n. 凹处；果核　v. 使成凹

impersonation [ɪm pɜ:səˈneɪʃən] n. 扮演；模仿

evaluating (evaluate [ɪˈvæljʊeɪt] ) v. 评估

cite [saɪt] v. 引用

perishables（perishable　[ˈperɪʃəbl] ) n. 易腐坏的东西　adj. 易腐坏的

beasts (beast [bi:st] ) n. 野兽；兽性

flax [flæks] n. 亚麻

ferns (fern [fɜ:n] ) n. 蕨类植物

linguistic [lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk] adj. 语言的，语言学的

clients (client [ˈklaɪənt] ) n. 客户；委托人

encroached (encroach [ɪnˈkrəʊtʃ] ) v. 侵犯；蚕食

medieval [ˌmedɪˈi:vəl] adj. 中世纪的

injecting (inject [ɪnˈdʒekt] ) v. 注射

peninsula [pɪˈnɪnsjʊlə] n. 半岛

contrary [ˈkɒntrərɪ] n. 相反，对立面　adj. 相反的，对立的，矛盾的　adv. 相反地

integrity [ɪnˈteɡrɪtɪ] n. 正直；完整

foremost [ˈfɔ:məʊst] adj. 最初的；最重要的

dwarfed (dwarf [dwɔ:f] ) v. 使矮小；阻碍……的生长　n. 矮子

auditorium [ˌɔ:dɪˈtɔ:rɪəm] n. 听众席；礼堂

comprises (comprise [kəmˈpraɪz] ) v. 包含

minimal [ˈmɪnɪməl] adj. 最小的

bond [bɒnd] v. 使结合；结合　n. 结合

depart [dɪˈpɑ:t] v. 出发；违反

custom [ˈkʌstəm] n. 习惯；风俗

excitation [ˌeksɪˈteɪʃən] n. 刺激；激励

detachment [dɪˈtætʃmənt] n. 分离；客观

fodder [ˈfɒdə] n. 饲料

flesh [fleʃ] n. 肉　v. 使长肉

melody [ˈmelədɪ] n. 曲调

faded (fade [feɪd] ) v. 褪色；消失

exuberant [ɪgˈzju:bərənt] adj. 丰富的；繁茂的

附录　新托福历年词汇题（单词题）全集

考题　　答案　　中文

A

abandoned=left adj. 被遗弃的

aberrant=abnormal adj. 脱离常轨的

abort=quit v. 夭折；中止

abruptly=suddenly adv. 突然地；意外地

absorb=take in v. 吸收；被……吸引

absorb=appeal v. 吸收；被……吸引

absorb=learn（学习）v. 吸收

abstract=not concrete adj. 抽象的；非实际的

absurd=ridiculous adj. 荒谬的；可笑的

abundance=large amount n. 大量

abundance=great number n. 大量

abundant=affluent adj. 丰富的；大量的

abundant=ample adj. 丰富的；大量的

abundant=numerous adj. 丰富的；大量的

abundant=plentiful adj. 丰富的；大量的

abundant=substantial adj. 丰富的；大量的

abundantly=plentifully adv. 丰富地；大量地

access=reach v. 接近

accessible=easy to reach adj. 接近的

accessible=reachable adj. 可接近的

accidental=unexpected adj. 意外的；偶然的

accommodate=provide for v. 提供

accomplished=skilled adj. 熟练的

accomplished=achieved adj. 实现的；完成的

account=description n. 说明

account for=explain v. 说明

accumulate=collect v. 积累；聚集

accumulate=pile up v. 积累；聚集

accurate=correct adj. 正确的

accurately=correctly adv. 正确地

be accustomed to=get used to phr. 习惯

get accustomed to=become used to phr. 习惯

acknowledge=recognize v. 承认

actually=in fact adv. 事实上

added=extra adj. 附加的；额外的

adept=skilled adj. 熟练的

adherent=supporter n. 拥护者

adjacent=nearby adj. 毗连的

adjacent=neighboring adj. 毗连的

adjust=modify v. 调整；改变……以适应

admit=let in v. 准许进入

adopt=enact v. 采用

advance=improvement n. 发展；增长

advent=arrival n. 出现；到来

advent=beginning n. 出现；到来

affair=matter n. 事件；事情

afford=provide v. 提供；给予

aggravate=increase v. 加重；加剧

aggravate=annoy v. 使恼火

aggregate=overall adj. 聚集的；合计的

aggregate=combined adj. 聚集的；合计的

agile=astute adj. 灵活的；敏捷的

agile=clever adj. 灵活的；敏捷的

agile=quick and active adj. 灵活的；敏捷的

agile=move and act quickly adj. 灵活的；敏捷的

air=feeling n. 气氛

alarm=warning n. 警告

alarm=sound v. 警报

albeit=even though conj. 尽管；虽然

albeit=although conj. 尽管；虽然

allow=enable v. 允许

allude=suggest v. 暗示

allude to=refer to phr. 提到

ally with=link to v. 结盟

alter=change to v. 改变

amazing=remarkable adj. 令人惊讶的；非凡的

ambiguous=vague adj. 不明确的

ambivalent=mixed adj. 矛盾的

ample=spacious adj. 宽敞的

ample=plentiful adj. 充足的；丰富的

anchor=hold in place v. 使固定

ancient=old adj. 古老的

ancient=antique adj. 古老的

annihilate=destroy v. 消灭

annihilate completely=remove v. 消灭

annually=yearly adv. 每年

anomaly=irregularity n. 异常的人或物

antagonist=competitor n. 对手；敌手

anticipate=expect v. 预期

antiseptic=clean adj. 抗菌的

antithesis=opposite n. 对立面

antler=horn n. 鹿角

anxiety=worry n. 忧虑；担心

apart from=except for phr. 除了……之外

apart from=exception phr. 除了……之外

apparatus=equipment n. 仪器；设备

apparent=obvious adj. 显然的

apparently=clearly adv. 显然地

appeal=attraction n. 吸引力

broad appeal=wide popularity phr. 广泛的吸引力

appealing=attractive adj. 有吸引力的

appear=seem v. 似乎

appearance=rise n. 出现

appearance=showing up n. 出现

appearance=arrival n. 出现

application=use n. 应用

appreciable=noticeable adj. 相当可观的

approach=method n. 方法

approach=move toward v. 接近

approximately=roughly adv. 大约地

architecture=structure n. 构造

archive=record v. 存档

archive=stock v. 存档

archive=store v. 存档

arduous=difficult adj. 艰巨的

arid=dry adj. 干旱的

arise=emerge v. 出现

arrangement=configuration n. 安排；布置

array=range n. 一系列

article=item n. 物品

article=object n. 物品

as a rule=in general phr. 通常

assert=declare v. 断言；宣称

assertion=strong statement n. 断言；主张

asset=advantage n. 资产；有利条件

assimilate=combine v. 同化

assistance=help n. 帮助；协助

assorted=various adj. 各式各样的

assume=believe v. 假定；设想

assume=suppose v. 假定；设想

assume=take on v. 承担

assumption=premise n. 假设

astonishing=amazing adj. 惊人的

astute=clever adj. 敏锐的

attachment to=preference for n. 依恋

attain=achieve v. 达到；获得

attainment=achievement n. 达到；获得

attendant=accompanying adj. 伴随的

attest to=confirm v. 证实

attribute=accredit v. 归于；认为

attribute to=credit with v. 归于；认为

attribute=characteristic n. 特点

attribution=character n. 属性

augment=increase v. 增加；提高

available=obtainable adj. 可获得的

avenue=method n. 途径；手段

avenue=means n. 途径；手段

avid=enthusiastic adj. 热衷的

B

be aware of=familiar with phr. 了解

barely=just adv. 仅仅

barge=boat n. 驳船

barrier=obstacle n. 障碍

barrier=impediment n. 障碍

visual barrier=obstacle to view phr. 视觉阻碍

battle=struggle n. 搏斗；奋斗

beckon=invite v. 召唤；引诱

be beforehand=foreordain v. 预先

being=creature n. 生命

beneficial=advantageous adj. 有益的

blossom=flourish v. 兴旺

blossom=thrive v. 兴旺

boast=puff v. 吹嘘

boast=exaggerate v. 吹嘘

bombard=assail v. 炮击；轰击

bombard=assault v. 炮击；轰击

bombard=strike v. 炮击；轰击

boom=expansion n. 激增；暴涨

boon=great benefit n. 利益

boost=raise v. 增加；提高

boundary=periphery n. 边界

branch=division n. 分支

breed=reproduce v. 繁殖；饲养

brilliant=bright adj. 光辉的；明亮的

brittle=breakable adj. 脆弱的

brittle=fragile adj. 脆弱的

broadly=generally adv. 大体上

broadly=extensively adv. 大体上

bulk=great quantity n. 大部分

bulk=majority n. 大部分

bulk=large portion n. 大部分

bulk=large part n. 大部分

bulk=major part n. 主体

burgeon=expand v. 急速成长

bustling=lively adj. 活跃的

C

camouflage=blend with circumstances v. 伪装

camouflage=decorate（装饰）v. 伪装

camouflage=disguise v. 伪装

camouflage=hide v. 伪装

cardinal=fundamental adj. 基本的

cargo=shipment n. 船货；货物

celebrated=famous adj. 著名的

central=essential adj. 主要的

certain=specified adj. 指定的

chancy=risky adj. 冒险的

channel=direct v. 引导

channel=guide v. 引导

channel=provide v. 提供（帮助）

chaotic=disorganized adj. 混乱的

cherish=value v. 珍爱

chief=major adj. 主要的

chisel=carve v. 刻；凿

choose=opt v. 选择

chronic=persistent adj. 长期的；不断的

chronic=confirmed adj. 长期的；不断的

chronic=habitual adj. 长期的；不断的

chronic=inveterate adj. 长期的；不断的

chronically=constantly adv. 长期地

circuitous=indirect adj. 迂迴的

circumstance=condition n. 环境；情况

cite=quote v. 引用

cite=refer to v. 引用

classic=typical adj. 典型的

clear=apparent adj. 显然的

clear=visible adj. 容易看见的

cling to=attach to v. 附着

close=careful adj. 严密的；周密的

clue=hint n. 线索

coating=cover n. 覆盖层

coincide with=be at the same time as v. 同时发生

collaborate=cooperate v. 合作

collaboration=joint effect n. 合作成果

collect=gather v. 收集

collide with=run into v. 碰撞

collide=hit each other v. 碰撞

commemorate=celebrate v. 庆祝；纪念

compact=compressed（结实的）adj. 紧密的；简明的

compact=concise adj. 紧密的；简明的

comparable=equivalent adj. 可比较的

compel=push v. 强迫

compelling=convincing adj. 令人信服的

compensate=reimburse v. 赔偿；补偿

compensate for=balance phr. 赔偿；补偿

complaint=protest v. 抗议

complement=supplement n. 补充物

complement=add to v. 补充

completely=totally adv. 完全地

complex=elaborate adj. 复杂的

complex=system n. 复合物；综合体

complicated=made things more difficult adj. 复杂的

complicated=complex adj. 复杂的

component=constituent adj. 组成的

composition=mixture n. 合成物

comprehensive=understandable adj. 能理解的

comprehensive=complete adj. 全部的

comprise=form v. 组成

comprise=make up v. 组成

concern=interest v. 感兴趣

conclusive=final adj. 最后的

conclusive=ultimate adj. 最后的

conducive=contributive adj. 有助于……的

configuration=form n. 布局；结构

configuration=arrangement n. 布局；结构

confine=limit v. 限制

confront=face v. 面临

congeal=solidify v. 使凝结

consecutive=successive adj. 连续的

consequence=result n. 结果；重要性

consequence=importance n. 结果；重要性

consequent=later adj. 随后的

consequent=resultant adj. 作为结果的

consequent=resulting adj. 作为结果的

consequential=significant adj. 重要的

consequently=therefore adv. 因此

consequently=thus adv. 因此

conserve=save v. 保存

consider=think about v. 考虑；认为

consider=think as v. 考虑；认为

consider=view as v. 考虑；认为

considerable=substantial adj. 相当大的

consist of=compose of v. 由……组成

consistent=regular adj. 一致的

be consistent with=be compatible with phr. 一致的

consistently=regularly adv. 一致地

conspicuous=notable adj. 明显的

constant=stable adj. 固定的；不变的

constantly=always adv. 经常；不断地

constellation=collection n. 一系列；一群

constellation=combination n. 一系列；一群

constitution=component n. 构造

constrain=restrict v. 限制

constraint=limit n. 限制

constraint=restriction n. 限制

consume=eat up v. 消耗；吃；喝

consume=use up v. 消耗

contemplate=consider v. 沉思

contentious=disputed adj. 好争吵的

continual=constant adj. 不间断的；连续的

continuous=uninterrupted adj. 连续的；持续的

on the contrary=on the other hand phr. 恰恰相反

on the contrary=whereas（然而；反之）phr. 恰恰相反

contrive=create v. 发明

contrive=invent v. 发明

conventional=customary adj. 习惯的；惯例的

conventional=traditional adj. 习惯的；惯例的

converging=concentrating adj. 收缩的；会聚的

convert=transform v. 使转变

convert into=change to v. 转变成

convict=condemn v. 宣判

convict=sentence v. 宣判

convict=doom（判决）v. 宣判

conviction=belief n. 相信；信念

conviction=strong belief n. 坚定的信念

cope with=deal with phr. 应付；处理

cope with=handle phr. 应付；处理

core=center n. 核心；要点

correspondence=harmony n. 一致

corroborate=confirm v. 证实；确证

costly=expensive adj. 贵重的；昂贵的

counsel=advise v. 忠告

counter=oppose v. 反对

counter of=in the opposite of adj. 相反的

counterpart=equivalent（同等物）n. 复本；副本

counterpart=similitude（类似物）n. 复本；副本

counterpart=version（版本）n. 复本；副本

countervail=compensate v. 抵消；对抗

countervail=oppose v. 抵消；对抗

copious=plentiful adj. 丰富的；大量的

couple=associate v. 与……联系起来

covered=included adj. 隐蔽的；有盖的

crawl=move v. 爬行；移动

create=invent v. 创作；产生

creative=inventive adj. 创造的

crest=peak n. 顶峰

critical=crucial adj. 关键的

critical=essential adj. 关键的

criticize=debate=(争论；辩论) v. 批评；责备

crucial=important adj. 重要的

crucially=decisively adv. 关键地

crushed=ground adj. 碾碎了的

cumbersome=awkward adj. 笨重的；麻烦的

cumbersome=clumsy adj. 笨重的；麻烦的

cumbersome=unwieldy adj. 笨重的；麻烦的

curb=control v. 控制；遏止

current=present adj. 现在的

D

dam=block v. 筑坝；控制

dangle=hang v. 悬摆；吊

daring=bold adj. 大胆的

debate=argue v. 辩论；争论

decimate=destroy v. 大量毁灭

decimation=destruction n. 大量毁灭

degree=extent n. 程度

degree=measure n. 程度

delicate=dainty adj. 易碎的；精美的

delight=please v. 使高兴

delight=pleasure n. 高兴；愉快

deluxe=lavish adj. 奢华的

demand=need n. 需要；需求

in great demand=in popularity phr. 普遍

demise=extinction n. 死亡

demography=population n. 人口统计

dense=crowded adj. 稠密的；密集的

dense=thick adj. 稠密的；密集的

depend=rely v. 依赖；依靠

dependable=reliable adj. 可信赖的

depict=describe v. 描述

depict=portray v. 描写；描绘

depletion=drain n. 消耗；用尽

deposit=lay down v. 放下；放置

deposit=accumulate v. 沉积

derive=arise v. 源于；导出

design=create v. 设计

designate=identify v. 命名；指定

detractor=critic（批评者）n. 诽谤者；恶意批评者

detrimental=harmful adj. 有害的；不利的

deviate=digress v. 偏离

deviation=departure n. 背离

devise=create v. 设计；发明

devoid of=without (prep. ) adj. 缺乏的

devoid of=lack of adj. 缺乏的

devoid of=scant of adj. 缺乏的

devoted=dedicated adj. 虔诚的；专心致志的

devoted to=concentrated on adj. 虔诚的；专心致志的

dictate=order v. 命令

dictate=determine v. 口授；命令

differential=uneven adj. 差别的；独特的

diffuse=spread (out) v. 扩散；散布

diffuse=travel v. 扩散；散布

diligent=careful adj. 勤奋的

diligently=carefully adv. 勤奋地

dilute=reduce v. 稀释；使薄弱

dim=decrease v. 变暗淡

disassemble=break apart v. 拆开

disassemble=break up v. 拆开

disband=dismiss v. 解散；遣散

discard=throw up v. 摒弃；丢弃

discard=throw away v. 摒弃；丢弃

discernible=noticeable adj. 可辨别的

discernible=discriminating adj. 可辨别的

discharge=release v. 释放

disentangle=disband v. 解开

disgust=distaste v. 厌恶

disintegrate=break apart v. 分解；碎裂

disintegrate=fall apart v. 分解；碎裂

disintegrate=tear apart v. 分解；碎裂

dismantle=demolish v. 拆开；拆除

disorder=anarchy n. 混乱

dispensable=not necessary adj. 非必要的

dispersal=distribution n. 散布；驱散

displace=move out of position v. 迫使(人)离开

disposition=temperament n. 性格；性情

dispute=contention n. 争论；争执

dispute=argument n. 争论；争执

dissipate=disperse v. 驱散

dissipated=dispersed adj. 分散的

dissuade=discourage v. 劝阻

distinct=clear and recognizable adj. 清楚的；明确的

distinction=difference n. 差别

distinction=excellence n. 优秀；卓越

distinction=honor n. 荣誉

distinctive=characteristic adj. 有特色的

distinguish=notice from the difference v. 区别；识别

distribute=spread v. 分配；散布

distribution=geographic range n. 分布区域

distribution=dispersion n. 散布

disturb=upset v. 打乱；扰乱

diverse=distinct adj. 不同的

diversification=emergence of many varieties n. 多样化

diversity=variety n. 多样性

divest=get rid of v. 剥夺

divest=deprive v. 剥夺

domestic=home adj. 家庭的；国内的

dormant=hibernated adj. 休眠的；不活动的

dormant=inactive adj. 休眠的；不活动的

dramatically=greatly adv. 戏剧性地

drastic=extreme adj. 激烈的；极端的

drastically=obviously adv. 大大地；彻底地

drastically=severely=(严重地) adv. 大大地；彻底地

dual=double adj. 双的；双重的

duplicate=copy v. 复制

duplicate=repeat n. 复本

durable=lasting adj. 经久的；持久的

length n. 为期

E

earn=acquire v. 赚得；赢得

ease=facilitate=(使容易) v. 使减轻；使缓和

eccentric=erratic adj. 古怪的；反常的

eccentric=strange adj. 古怪的；反常的

efface=eliminate v. 消去

elaborate=detailed adj. 精巧的；详尽的

elaborate=dainty adj. 精巧的；详尽的

elapsed=passed adj. 过去的；经过的

element=weather condition n.（恶劣的）天气

eliminate=remove v. 排除；消除

elusive=difficult to catch adj. 难懂的；难捉摸的

emanate=emerge v. 散发；产生

embark on=start v. 从事；着手

embed=insert v. 插入；植入

embed=implant v. 插入；植入

embed=enclose v. 插入；植入

emergence=appearance n. 出现

emergency=crisis n. 紧急情况

emergent=developing adj. 新兴的

employ=use v. 利用

enable=allow v. 使能够

enactment=establishment n. 制定

encapsulate=state briefly v. 概述

encourage=stimulate v. 激励；刺激

endangered=not abundant adj. 濒临绝种的

endeavor=enterprise n. 努力

endow=bestow v. 捐赠

engulf=swallow v. 吞没

enhance=improve v. 提高；增强

enhance=intensify v. 提高；增强

enjoy=experience v. 经历

enlist=obtain v. 谋取（支持、赞助等）

enormous=great adj. 巨大的

enrich=enhance v. 使富足

ensue=result v. 因……产生

ensuing=subsequent adj. 接着发生的

ensure=guarantee v. 保证；担保

entail=involve v. 牵涉

enthusiastic=eager adj. 热情的

be entitled to=have the right phr. 有……权利

environment=setting n. 环境

ephemeral=short-lived adj. 短暂的

ephemeral=transient adj. 短暂的

episode=event n. 事件

equilibrium=balance n. 平衡

era=period n. 时代；年代

eradicate=remove completely v. 根除；消灭

erect=build v. 建立

erratic=unpredictable adj. 不稳定的；古怪的

erratic=irregular adj. 不稳定的；古怪的

escalate=extend v. 逐步扩大

essential=crucial adj. 极重要的

established=qualified adj. 已制定的

establishment=formation（构成）n. 建立；创立

estimate=projection n. 估计

estimation=evaluation n. 估计

euphoric=extremely happy adj. 心情愉快的

evaluate=judge v. 评价

eventual=later adj. 最后的

eventually=later adv. 最后地

eventually=ultimately adv. 最后地

evidence=proof n. 证据

evident=apparent adj. 明显的

evident=obvious adj. 明显的

evoke=arouse v. 唤起；引起

evoke=create in the mind v. 唤起；引起

evoke=draw v. 唤起；引起

evoke=produce v. 唤起；引起

evoke=promote v. 唤起；引起

evoke=stimulate v. 唤起；引起

exaggerate=overstate v. 夸张；夸大

excavate=dig out v. 挖掘

excavation=dug-out n. 挖掘

exceed=beyond above v. 超越；胜过

exceed=surpass v. 超越；胜过

exceedingly=extremely adv. 极其；非常

excess=go beyond n. 超越；胜过

exclusively=only adv. 专门地；独占地

excrete=expel v. 排泄；分泌

exercise=use v. 运用

exhausted=tired adj. 精疲力竭的

exhausted=used up adj. 耗尽的；用完的

exhibit=demonstrate v. 展示；陈列

exhibit=display v. 展示；陈列

expand=stretch v. 展开；增长

expand=increase v. 展开；增长

expanse=area n. 一大片区域

expansive=large adj. 广阔的

expediency=advantage n. 优势；利益

expediency=convenience n. 方便；利己

expedient=fitting adj. 权宜的；方便的

expend=use v. 耗尽

explicit=obvious adj. 明确的；清楚的

explicitly=clear adv. 明确地

exploit=take advantage of v. 利用

exploit=make use of v. 利用

exploit=utilize v. 利用

explore=investigate v. 探测；探索

expose to=subject to（遭受）phr. 使经历

express=communicate v. 表达

extant=existing adj. 现存的；尚存的

extant=not extinct adj. 现存的；尚存的

extant=remaining adj. 现存的；尚存的

extend=stretch v. 延伸

extend=reach v. 延伸

become extinct=die out phr. 灭绝

extol=praise v. 赞美

extraneous=inessential adj. 无关的；外来的

extraneous from=outside adj. 无关的；外来的

extraordinary=exceptional adj. 异常的

exude=give off v. 渗出；发散

exude=release v. 渗出；发散

fabricate=produce v. 制造

in fact=actually phr. 事实上

F

far-reaching=extensive adj. 深远的；广泛的far-reaching=broad adj. 深远的；广泛的

fascinating=extremely attractive adj. 迷人的

fashion=way n. 样子；方式

fashion=make v. 形成；造

fashionable=popular adj. 流行的；时尚的

feasible=achievable adj. 可实行的

feasible=practical adj. 可实行的

feast=eating n. 盛宴

ferry=transport n. 渡轮

fertile=productive adj. 肥沃的；多产的

figure out=map（详细规划）phr. 计算出；解决

finding=discovery n. 发现

first and foremost=above all phr. 首先；首要地

flake=fragment n. 小薄片

flattery=praise n. 恭维

flee=run away from v. 逃走

flexible=adaptable adj. 易适应的

float=stay on the top v. 漂浮

float upward=rise phr. 浮起

flourish=prosper v. 繁荣；兴旺

flourish=thrive v. 繁荣；兴旺

flourishing=prosperous adj. 繁荣的

flow=movement n. 流动

fluctuate=change v. 变动

fluctuation=variation n. 变动；起伏

focal point=center area n. 焦点

follow=track v. 跟随

for instance=for example phr. 例如

forage=search for food v. 觅食

forage=feed n. 饲料

formidable=excessive adj. 巨大的

foster=urge v. 培养；促进

foster=promote the development of v. 培养；促进

foster=encourage v. 鼓励

foul=pollute v. 污染

fragment=break up v. 使成碎片

fragmentation=break n. 破裂

fragmentize=break up v. 使成碎片

frankly=sincerely adv. 真诚地

frankly=openly adv. 坦白地

friction=conflict n. 争执；不合

function=operation n. 效用；作用

function=utility n. 效用；作用

fundamental=basic adj. 基础的

funds=money n. 资金

furthermore=in addition adv. 此外

G

gap=opening n. 缺口；裂口

gear=adjust v. 使适合

generate=produce v. 产生

genuinely=actually adv. 真诚地

given=particular adj. 规定的；特定的govern=regulate v. 统治；管理

govern=control v. 统治；管理

grasp=understand v. 领会；理解

groom=make up v. 装扮；使整洁

groom=clean v. 装扮；使整洁

groundless=unfounded adj. 无根据的

grounds=reasons n. 根据；理由

groundwork=base n. 基础

groundwork=basis n. 基础

groundwork=foundation n. 基础

grudging=unenthusiastic adj. 勉强的

guarantee=ensure v. 保证；担保

H

hallmark=characteristic n. 戳记，标志

hamper=district v. 妨碍；束缚

hamper=restrict v. 妨碍；束缚

hamper=make difficulty v. 妨碍；束缚

handy=convenient adj. 便利的；灵活的

haphazard=random adj. 随意的

harness=use v. 利用

harness=utilize v. 利用

harsh=drastic adj. 严厉的；严酷的

hasty=hurried adj. 匆匆的；急忙的

haul=pull v. 拉

havoc=destruction n. 浩劫

hazard=danger n. 危险

heed=notice v. 留心；注意

heighten=increase v. 增加；提高

heir=inheritor n. 继承人；后继者

hence=therefore adv. 因此

heritage=legacy n. 遗产；传统

heritage=tradition n. 遗产；传统

heterogeneous=varied adj. 由不同种类组成的

hide=conceal v. 隐藏

hinder=interfere with v. 妨碍

hint=clue n. 暗示；迹象

hint=implication n. 暗示；迹象

hint=indication n. 暗示；迹象

hint=lead n. 暗示；迹象

hire=employ v. 雇用

hobby=pastime n. 嗜好

hold=support v. 支撑；保持

hold=keep up v. 支撑；保持

hollow=an empty space n. 中空

homogeneous=uniform adj. 同种的

host of=great number n. 大量

however=yet conj. 然而

hub=center n. 中心

huge=large adj. 巨大的

hurdle=fence v. 用篱笆围

hypothetical=supposed adj. 假设的；假定的

I

ice sheet=glacier（冰河）n. 冰原

identical=the same adj. 同样的

idiosyncrasies=peculiarity n. 特性

ignite=set on fire v. 点燃

illusion=impression（印象）n. 错觉；幻象

immediately=closest adv. 接近；紧接着

immense=great adj. 巨大的

immense=huge adj. 巨大的

immense=vast adj. 巨大的

immensely=extremely adv. 非常

immigration=movement n. 移居

immobile=fixed adj. 固定的；静止的

immobility=absence of motion n. 固定；静止

immoral=indecent adj. 不道德的

immoral=improper adj. 不道德的

impermeable=impenetrable adj. 不能渗透的

impermeable=impervious adj. 不能渗透的

impetus=incentive n. 刺激；促进

impetus=stimulus v. 刺激；促进

implausible=unbelievable adj. 难以置信的

implement=tool n. 工具

imply=indicate v. 意味

imposing=impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的

imprecise=inexact adj. 不精确的

improbable=unlikely adj. 不像会发生的

inaccessible=unreachable adj. 难接近的

inadvertently=unintentionally adv. 非故意地

inadvertently=without knowing adv. 非故意地

inauspicious=unfavorable adj. 不吉利的

incidentally=by the way adv. 顺便一提

inclement=unfavorable adj.（气候）严酷的

be inclined=tend v. 倾向

inconceivable=unimaginable adj. 难以置信的

inconclusive=without result（毫无结果）adj. 不确定的

incorporate=include v. 包含

incorporate=merge v. 吸收；併入

incursion=invasion n. 入侵

indicate=demonstrate v. 指示；指出

indigenous=native adj. 本土的；土生土长的

indispensable=significant（重要的）adj. 必不可少的

indispensable=essential adj. 不可缺少的

indispensable=necessary adj. 不可缺少的

indispensable=needed adj. 不可缺少的

indispensable=required adj. 不可缺少的

indispensable=vital adj. 不可缺少的

induce=bring v. 引起

induce=cause v. 引起

ineffectively=without any result adv. 无效地

inert=motionless adj. 迟缓的；惰性的

inevitable=unavoidable adj. 不可避免的

inference=conclusion n. 推断的结果

infirm=weak adj. 不坚定的；衰弱的

inflate=expand v. 膨胀；扩大

infrastructure=foundation n. 基础建设

ingenious=very clever adj. 心灵手巧的

ingenuity=cleverness n. 心灵手巧；独创性

ingenuity=creativeness n. 心灵手巧；独创性

ingenuity=inventiveness n. 心灵手巧；独创性

ingenuity=resourcefulness n. 心灵手巧；独创性

inherent=essential adj. 内在的；固有的

inherent=internal adj. 内在的；固有的

inherent=instinctive adj. 与生俱来的

inherent in=characteristic of adj. 与生俱来的

inherently=essentially adv. 固有地

inhibit=hinder v. 约束；抑制

inhospitable=unfavorable adj. 冷淡的；不适宜的

inhospitable=adverse adj. 冷淡的；不适宜的

initial=first adj. 最初的

initially=originally adv. 最初；开头

initiate=begin v. 开始；创始

initiate=start v. 开始；创始

innovation=new n. 革新；创新

innovative=new adj. 创新的

inordinate=excessive adj. 过度的

instant=moment n. 片刻；瞬间

instantaneous=immediate adj. 即刻的

instigate=incite v. 唆使；煽动

instructive=informative adj. 富有教育意义的

insufficient=inadequate adj. 不足的

intact=untouched adj. 完好的

intangible=nonmaterial adj. 无形的

intangible=immaterial adj. 无形的

integral=essential adj. 构成整体所需要的

intense=strong adj. 强烈的

intentionally=deliberately adv. 有意地；故意地

intermediate=in-between adj. 中间的　n. 媒介

intimate=close adj. 亲密的

intricate=carefully-shaped adj. 复杂的

intricate=complex adj. 复杂的

intrigue=interest v. 引发……兴趣

intriguing=fascinating adj. 迷人的

intrinsic=essential adj. 本质的；内在的

intrinsic=inherent adj. 本质的；内在的

intrusive=invasive adj. 侵入的

invade=move into v. 入侵；侵犯

invaluable=highly useful adj. 极宝贵的

invariably=always adv. 始终如一地；一贯地

invent=devise v. 发明

inviolable=without exception adj. 不可违背的

inviolable=allowing no attack adj. 不可违背的

invoke=appeal v. 恳求，祈求

irrecoverable=permanent adj. 不能挽回的

irreparable=permanent adj. 不能挽回的

isolated=separated adj. 孤立的；分离的

J

jettison=release v. 抛弃

jolt=shock v. 震动；震惊

judge=estimate v. 评判

junction=connection n. 连接；接合

juncture=connection n. 连接；接合

justified=right adj. 正当的

justify=prove v. 证明……是正当的

K

key=significant adj. 重要的；关键的

L

lading=cargo n. 货物

lading=shipment n. 货物

landscape=scenery n. 风景；景色

large=extensive adj. 大的；大量的

largely=mostly adv. 大部分；主要地

launch=initiate v. 发起；发动

launch=start v. 发起；发动

legitimacy=authority n. 合法性

of legitimacy=lawful adj. 合法的

legitimately=properly adv. 正当地；合法地

leisure=free time n. 闲暇

leisurely=slowly adj. 悠闲的；从容不迫地

lethal=fateful adj. 致命的

lethal=deadly adj. 致命的

liberal=extensive adj. 宽大的

of likelihood=probable adj. 可能的

liken to=compare v. 比较

likewise=similarly adv. 同样地

linger=wander v. 徘徊；漫步

linger=stroll v. 徘徊；漫步

link=put together v. 连接；结合

link=consist of v. 连接；结合

link=connect v. 连接

listening=advertent adj. 留神听的

livelihood=means of support n. 生活；生计

locale=place n. 现场；场所

locate=find v. 找出

lucrative=profitable adj. 有利益的

luxuriant=thriving adj. 茂盛的

M

magnify=enlarge v. 放大

magnitude=extent n. 巨大；广大

magnitude=amount n. 量；大小

maintain=continue v. 维持；使继续

majestic=magnificent adj. 壮观的

make their way=travel phr. 前进

malleable=pliable adj. 有延展性的；可塑的

mandatory=required adj. 强制的；义务的

mandatory=obligatory adj. 强制的；义务的

manifest=reveal v. 表明；显现

manipulate=control v. 操纵

marked=considerable adj. 显著的

markedly=distinctly adv. 显著地

mask=cover v. 遮蔽；掩护；伪装

mask=disguise v. 遮蔽；掩护；伪装

massive=enormous adj. 巨大的

massive=huge adj. 巨大的

mastery=control n. 控制

matter=issue n. 问题；事件

maximum=greatest size n. 最大量

mean=average n. 平均值

merely=no more than adv. 仅仅

merely=only adv. 仅仅

merely=simply adv. 仅仅

merge=blend v. 合并；融合

merge=combine v. 合并；融合

meticulously=carefully adv. 小心地

microbe=germ n. 微生物；细菌

milestone=significant event n. 里程碑；划时代的事件

milky way=galaxy n. 银河

mimic=imitate v. 模仿

mimic=copy v. 模仿

miniature=small adj. 微型的

minuscule=tiny adj. 微型的

minute=very small adj. 微小的

minute=tiny adj. 微小的

minutely=in detail adv. 详细地；精密地

minutely=finely adv. 详细地；精密地

mirror=reflect v. 反映；反射

misconception=wrong idea n. 误解

misleading=erroneous adj. 使人误解的

misleading=inaccurate adj. 使人误解的

misunderstanding=wrong idea n. 误解

misunderstanding=false idea n. 误解

mock=pretend v. 模仿

modest=limited（有限的）adj. 适度的

modest=not too large　adj. 适度的

modification=alteration n. 修改；改变

momentous=significant adj. 重要的

monitor=observe v. 监控；监视

monopolize=dominate（支配）v. 独占；垄断

monotone=tedious adj. 单调的；乏味的

monotonous=boring adj. 单调的；无聊的

moreover=additionally adv. 此外

moreover=in addition adv. 此外

motif=pattern n. 图案

set in motion=start phr. 开动

mount=climb v. 登上

mount=grow v. 增长

mount=increase v. 增长

mundane=material adj. 世俗的；平凡的

mundane=ordinary adj. 世俗的；平凡的

myriad=countless adj. 大量的；无数的

myriad=innumerable adj. 大量的；无数的

myriad=numerous adj. 大量的；无数的

N

narrow=limit v. 使变窄

nature=character n. 天性；本质

nearly=almost adv. 几乎；差不多

necessary=required adj. 必要的

needless to say phr. 不用说

nevertheless=however adv. 然而；尽管

nevertheless=in spite of adv. 然而；尽管

nocturnal=nighttime adj. 夜间的

notable=important adj. 显著的；重要的

notable=outstanding adj. 显著的；重要的

note=record v. 记录

have nothing to do with=in no relation to phr. 不相干

noticeable=obvious adj. 显而易见的

notwithstanding=despite prep. 虽然；尽管

O

objective=purpose n. 目标

oblige=force v. 强迫

obscure=conceal v. 使变暗；遮掩

obscure=hide v. 使模糊

obscure=unclear adj. 模糊的

obscure=not clear adj. 模糊的

obsession with=fixation on n. 痴迷；迷恋

obtain=acquire v. 取得；获得

obvious=evident adj. 明显的

occasion=event n. 重大活动

offset=make up v. 补偿；抵消

offset=compensate v. 补偿；抵消

offset=balance v. 补偿；抵消

old male=aged male n. 老人

omit=exclude v. 遗漏；删去

omit=neglect v. 遗漏；删去

ongoing=current adj. 进行的

onset=beginning n. 开始

onset=start n. 开始

opaque=impenetrable adj. 难理解的

optimal=most advantageous adj. 最佳的

option=choice n. 选项；选择

orchestrate=stage-manage v. 精心安排

orientation=perspective n. 观点

orientation=introduction n. 介绍

originally=at the first adv. 起初

ornament=decorate v. 装饰

ornamental=decorative adj. 装饰的

ornamentation=decoration n. 装饰

outbreak=sudden increase v. 爆发；突然发生

outcome=result n. 结果

outermost=farthermost away adj. 最远的

overview=summary n. 概要

overwhelming=powerful adj. 压倒性的

P

pacify=assuage v. 使平静

paradox=contrary n. 相反；矛盾

paradoxically=seemingly contradictory adv. 似是而非地

parcel out=distribute phr. 把……分成几份；分配

pare away=remove v. 修掉；削减

patch=spot n. 斑点

patch=area n. 小块土地

partly=in some degree adv. 部分地

peak=highest point n. 高峰（期）

peak=maximum n. 高峰（期）

peak time=of the greatest period n. 高峰（期）

peculiar=strange adj. 奇怪的；独特的

penetrate=enter v. 穿入；穿透

perceptible=appreciable adj. 可感知的

perceptible=noticeable adj. 可感知的

peril=danger n. 危险

perilous=dangerous adj. 危险的

perilous=risky adj. 危险的

perilous=hazardous adj. 危险的

perilous=toxic adj. 危险的

periodically from=time to time adv. 周期性地

periodically=regularly adv. 周期性地

perishable=easy to spoil adj. 易腐坏的

permanent=lasting adj. 永恒的

permeate=penetrate v. 渗透；弥漫

permit=allow v. 允许

perpetual=constant adj. 永久的；连续的

persist=continue v. 坚持；持续

persist=last v. 坚持；持续

persistent=long lasting adj. 耐久的

personality=character n. 个性；性格

pertinent=relevant adj. 相关的

pervasive=widespread adj. 普遍的

phenomenal=extraordinary adj. 异常的

phenomena [pl. ] =events n. 现象

phenomenon=observable fact n. 现象

phenomenon=occurrence n. 现象

piecing=joining n. 接合

pigment=color n. 色素

pigmentation=coloring n.（生物的）天然颜色

pigmentation=dye n. 染色

pinnacle=high point n. 顶点；顶峰

pinpoint=describe precisely v. 准确地解释或说明

pinpoint=clearly identify v. 准确地解释或说明

pinpoint=precise adj. 精确的

plausible=paradoxical adj. 似是而非的

plausible=believable adj. 貌似有理的

pledge=promise n. 保证；誓言

plumage=feather n. 羽毛

within the ordinary citizen's pocketbook=affordable phr. 负担得起的

popular=widespread adj. 流行的；广泛的

popular=broad appeal adj. 流行的；广泛的

pore=hole n. 毛孔；细孔

pore=space (空间) n. 毛孔；细孔

portion=part n. 一部分

portion=constituent n. 一部分

pose=place v. 摆姿势；展现

pose=present v. 摆姿势；展现

posit=propose v. 断定；假定

posit=suggest v. 断定；假定

posit=assume v. 断定；假定

postulate=presume v. 假定

postulate=hypotheses v. 假定

potent=powerful adj. 有力的

potential=possible adj. 潜在的；可能的

practically=nearly adv. 几乎；差不多

precarious=insecure adj. 不稳定的；危险的

precede=be beyond v. 高于；超出

precede=come before v. 在……之前

precious=valuable adj. 宝贵的

precipitate=bring about v. 使……突然发生

precision=accuracy n. 精确；正确

preclude=rule out v. 排除；阻止

predicament=difficult situation n. 尴尬的处境；困境

predicament=serious situation n. 尴尬的处境；困境

prediction=prophecy n. 预言

predominant=most aggressive adj. 占优势的

predominant=very noticeable adj. 占优势的

predominant=principal adj. 占优势的

predominantly=primitively adv. 占优势地

predominately=mainly adv. 主要地

preeminent=foremost adj. 卓越的；显著的

premise=assumption n. 假定；前提

premise=assume v. 假定；前提

preoccupation with=concentration on phr. 专注于

preordain=appoint v. 预定；注定

preordain=foreordain v. 预定；注定

preordain=ordain v. 预定；注定

prerequisite=requirement n. 必要条件

prerequisite=something needed to happen n. 必要条件prerequisite=something required n. 必要条件

preserve=protect v. 保存；保护

preserve=retain v. 保存；保护

preserve=save v. 保存；保护

presumable=probably adj. 可推测的；可能有的

prevailing=dominant adj. 占优势的

prevailing=popular adj. 流行的

prevalent=common adj. 普遍的；流行的

prevalent=prevailing adj. 普遍的；流行的

previous=past adj. 先前的；以往的

previously=before adv. 以前；早先

primarily=mainly adv. 主要地

primary=dominant adj. 主要的

primitive=early adj. 原始的

principal=essential adj. 主要的

principal=major adj. 主要的

principle=rule n. 原则

principle=standard n. 原则

prior=previous adj. 在先的；在前的

priority=ranking preference n. 优先

pristine=pure adj. 清新的；纯朴的

prized=valued adj. 有价值的

probe=explore v. 探查；探测

process=purify（提纯；精炼）v. 加工

procure=obtain v. 获得；取得

procure=acquire v. 获得；取得

profound=far-reaching adj. 深远的

programmed=determined adj. 计划……的

prohibitive=unaffordable adj. 抑制的

projection=estimate n. 推测；估计

proliferation=increase n. 增产；增加

prolifically=abundantly adv. 多产地

prolong=extend v. 延长

prominent=eminent adj. 显著的

prominent=outstanding adj. 卓越的；重要的

prominent=principal adj. 卓越的；重要的

promote=encourage v. 促进；增长

pronounced=clear adj. 明显的；显著的

pronounced=definite adj. 明显的；显著的

pronounced=notable adj. 明显的；显著的

propagate=multiply v. 繁殖

propagate=reproduce v. 繁殖

propel=push v. 推进；激励

property=characteristic n. 特性；属性

property=quality n. 特性；属性

proponent=supporter n. 拥护者

prosper=succeed v. 成功；兴旺

prosperous=wealthy adj. 富有的；繁盛的

prototype=model n. 原型

protrude=project v. 伸出；凸出

protrude=extend v. 伸出；凸出

protrude=stick out v. 伸出；凸出

provoke=elicit v. 激起；导致

prowess=ambition n. 雄心；英勇

prowess=expertise n. 非凡的技能

proximity=closeness n. 接近

proximity=nearness n. 接近

proximity to=close to n. 邻近；靠近

pursue=chase v. 追求；追赶

Q

quarters=residences n. 住处

R

radical=fundamental adj. 根本的

radical=drastic adj. 彻底的；极端的

radical=extreme adj. 彻底的；极端的

radically=completely adv. 根本地

raise to=cause to come about v. 引起；使出现

ramification=branch n. 分枝；分派

ramification=consequence n. 结果；衍生物

at random=without a definite pattern phr. 随便地；任意地

range=vary v. 变化；变动

rare=scarce adj. 稀有的；罕见的

rate=classify v. 评价；分等

rather than=instead of phr. 而不是

readily=easily adv. 容易地

ready=receptive（能接纳的）adj. 甘心的；情愿的

realm=area n. 领域

rebellion=revolt n. 反抗；叛乱

rebound=recovery n. 重新振作

receptacle=receiver n. 容器

receptivity to=openness to phr. 接受

recharge=refill v. 再充填

recur=repeat v. 反复出现

refine=improve v. 精炼

refined=decent adj. 精致的

refined=with high quality adj. 精致的

refreshing=unusual adj. 别具一格的

refuse=garbage n. 垃圾

regardless=without considering adv. 无论如何

regulate=adjust v. 调整；调节

regulate=control v. 管理；控制

reinforce=strengthen v. 加强

relative=comparative adj. 比较的

relatively=comparatively adv. 相对地；对比地

relatively=correspondingly adv. 相对地；对比地

relatively=oppositely adv. 相对地；对比地

relevant=applicable adj. 有关的；恰当的

relic=remain n. 遗物；遗迹

relic=remnant n. 遗物；遗迹

reluctant=disinclined adj. 不情愿的

remarkable=notable adj. 非凡的；卓越的

remarkable=incredible adj. 非凡的；卓越的

remedy=cure v. 治疗

remnant=remains n. 残余

remnant=remaining adj. 残留的

remote=distant adj. 遥远的

remote=isolated adj. 孤立的；遥远的

render=make v. 使得

rendering=presentation n. 演奏；表演

renowned=famous adj. 有名的

repercussion=effect n. 回响；影响

replicas=copies n. 复制品

repudiate=reject v. 否定；驳斥

reputation=fame n. 名声

be closer resemblance to=be more like phr. 非常相似

reserve=save v. 保存；保留

resident=inhabitant n. 居民

residual=remaining adj. 残留的

resilient=easy to recover adj. 迅速恢复的

resilient=quick to recover adj. 迅速恢复的

in respect to=in term of phr. 就……而言

restricted=limited adj. 受限制的

retain=keep v. 保持；保留

retreat=recede v. 撤退

retrieve=bring back v. 找回

reveal=manifest v. 展现；揭露

reveal=show v. 展现；揭露

reveal=make known v. 展现；揭露

revenue=income n. 税收

revival=restoration n. 恢复；再生

revival=resuscitation n. 恢复；再生

revolution=dramatic change n. 彻底改革

revolutionize=change dramatically v. 彻底改革

rigidly=strictly adv. 严厉地

rigorous=demanding adj. 严厉的

rigorous=harsh adj. 严厉的

rise=emerge v. 出现

give rise to=produce phr. 引起

risk=danger n. 危险

ritual=ceremonial n. 仪式

rival=compete v. 竞争；对抗

roam=wander v. 漫游

robust=healthy adj. 强壮的；结实的

role=function n. 作用

rotate=turn v. 转动

roughly=approximately adv. 大约地

roundabout=circuitous adj. 迂回的

route=path n. 路径；途径

routinely=commonly adv. 常规地

rudiment=basic n. 基础

rudimentary=basic adj. 根本的

rudimentary=primitive adj. 根本的

rupture=burst v. 破裂

S

sacred=holy adj. 神圣的

sample=example n. 样本；例子

satisfied=fulfilled adj. 令人满意的

save for=except for prep. 除……之外

scale=magnitude n. 大小；等级

scant=minimal adj. 少量的

scatter=distribute v. 使分散

scatter=disperse v. 使分散

scented=fragrant adj. 有气味的

scope=horizon n. 范围；程度

scope=extent n. 范围；程度

scorching=exceedingly hot adj. 酷热的

score=a large number of n. 大量；许多

scorn=despise v. 轻蔑；嘲笑

scrap=fragment n. 碎片

screen=filter v. 过滤

scrutinize=examine v. 详细审查

scrutiny=examination n. 详细审查

sculpt=shape v. 雕刻；造型

secrete=produce v. 分泌

sedentary=settled adj. 久坐的；固定的

seething=excited adj. 激昂的

seething=active adj. 激昂的

segment=portion n. 部分；片断

seize=take v. 抓住

seldom=rare adj. 很少的

separate=different adj. 分别的；不同的

serene=calm adj. 平静的

serene=silent adj. 平静的

set off=begin phr. 出发；动身；引起

settle=inhabit v. 定居；安顿

severe=harsh adj. 严厉的；严酷的

shallow=not deep adj. 浅的

shatter=destroy v. 打碎

sheer=absolute adj. 完全的

shield=protect v. 保护

shift=change v. 转换；转移

shift=move v. 转换；转移

shiver=tremor v. 发抖；打战

showcase=display v. 陈列

shrink=contract v. 缩水；收缩

shy away from=avoid phr. 回避；躲避

significant=considerable adj. 重大的

significant=important adj. 重大的

significant=meaningful adj. 重大的

simulated=artificial adj. 假装的；仿造的

simultaneously=at the same time adv. 同时地

singularly=particularly adv. 非常；特别

sink=descend v. 下沉；下陷

sink=drop to the bottom v. 下沉；下陷

sink=pass out of sight v. 下沉；下陷

site=locate v. 选址；设置

size up=reckon up to v. 估计

skeptical=doubting adj. 怀疑的；多疑的

skeptical=suspected adj. 怀疑的；多疑的

slight=small adj. 轻微的；少量的

slightly=somewhat adv. 稍微地

slope=incline v. 倾斜

snap=break v. 断裂

so far up to=now phr. 目前为止

so far up to=present phr. 目前为止

so far until=present phr. 目前为止

soak=absorb v. 吸收

sole=only adj. 单独的；唯一的

sole=unique adj. 单独的；唯一的

solicit=request v. 恳求；请求

a solicitation of=an invitation of n. 恳求；恳请

solitary=alone adj. 单独的；独自的

sophisticated=complex adj. 精致的；复杂的

sophisticated=elaborated adj. 精致的；复杂的

sophisticated=refined adj. 精致的；复杂的

sophistication=technology n. 工艺

sort=kind n. 品种；种类

sort=type n. 品种；种类

sought-after=desired adj. 广受欢迎的

source=origin n. 来源

span=period n. 一段时间

spark=set off v. 出发

sparse=not rich adj. 稀少的；零星的

spawn=create v. 产卵；产生

spawn=produce v. 产卵；产生

speak of=indicate phr. 提及

speciation=evolution n. 演化；物种形成

specific=particular adj. 特殊的；特定的

specify=state v. 详细说明

spectacular=impressive adj. 引人入胜的

spectator=beholder n. 目击者

spectator=human viewer n. 目击者

spectator=viewer n. 目击者

spectrum=range n. 范围；系列

a matter of speculation=supposition n. 推断

speed=increase the rate of v. 加速

spell=period of time n. 一段时间

sphere=area n. 范围；领域

splendor=magnificence n. 光彩；壮丽

split=divided adj. 裂开的；分离的

spontaneous=impulsive adj. 自发的；非计划安排的

spontaneous=instinctive adj. 自发的；非计划安排的

spontaneous=unplanned adj. 自发的；非计划安排的

sporadic=irregular adj. 偶尔发生的

sporadic=intermittent adj. 偶尔发生的

sporadically=occasionally adv. 偶尔

spot=catch v. 看见；发现

spot=see v. 看见；发现

spot=identify v. 看见；发现

spottily=occasionally adv. 缺乏连续性

spread=distribute v. 散布

spur=stimulate v. 刺激

stabilize=hold in place v. 使稳定

staggering=overwhelming adj. 巨大的

staple=important adj. 主要的

staunch=loyal adj. 坚定的；可靠的

staunch=strong adj. 坚定的；可靠的

steadfast=firm adj. 坚定的；固定的

stealthily=silently adv. 悄悄地

stem=arise v. 起源于

stimulate=cause v. 刺激；促使

stimulate=prompt v. 刺激；促使

stockpile=store up v. 储备；贮存

strictly=only adv. 仅仅

stride=step n. 大步；阔步

strike=come into contract with v. 撞击；冲击

striking=dramatic adj. 惊人的

string=series n. 一系列

stringent=strict adj. 严厉的

strip=remove v. 剥去

sturdy=strong adj. 结实的；强壮的

stylus=pen n. 钢笔

subject to=vulnerable to adj. 易受……影响的

subjected to=dominated by v. 控制

subsequent=ensuing adj. 后来的；随后的

subsequent=later adj. 后来的；随后的

subsidiary=less important adj. 次要的

substantial=sturdy adj. 坚固的

substantial=significant adj. 重大的；真实的

substantial=actual adj. 重大的；真实的

substantial=essential adj. 重大的；真实的

substantially=importantly adv. 重大地

substantiate=confirm v. 证明；证实

substitute=replace v. 代替

substitute=replacement n. 代替物

succession=series n. 一系列

suitable=appropriate adj. 合适的

suited=appropriate adj. 合适的

sumptuous=luxurious adj. 奢侈的；豪华的

sunk=down to the bottom adj. 下陷的

supplant=substitute v. 代替；取代

supplant=replace v. 代替

suppress=stop by force v. 制止；镇压

surmise=assumption v. 推测；猜测

surmise=guess v. 推测；猜测

surmise=infer v. 推测；猜测

surplus=excess adj. 过剩的

surplus=extra adj. 过剩的

surveillance=careful observation n. 监视；检查

susceptible to=prone to adj. 易受……影响的

suspect=believe v. 猜想；疑有

suspect=doubt v. 猜想；疑有

suspend=hang v. 悬挂

sustain=persist v. 支持

sustain=support v. 支撑；支持

sustenance=food n. 生计；食物

sustenance=life n. 生计；食物

sustenance=living n. 生计；食物

swell=expand v. 增大；肿胀

swell=enlargement n. 增大；肿胀

swiftly=quickly adv. 迅速地

symmetric=balance adj. 对称的；均衡的

synthesis=combination n. 合成

T

tactual=textural adj. 触觉的

tailspin=total confusion n. 混乱；失控

take=require v. 需要

take place=occur phr. 发生

tame=domesticate v. 驯服；驯化

tangible=material adj. 有形的；实际的

tangible=physical adj. 有形的；实际的

tantalizing=anxious adj. 非常着急的

taper=diminish v. 逐渐变小

task=work n. 任务

technique=method n. 手段；方法

teem with=be full of phr. 充满；遍布

tempting=appealing adj. 吸引人的；诱人的

tend=care for v. 趋于；照料

tendency=inclination n. 倾向

tenet=belief n. 原则；信条

tenet=principle n. 原则；信条

tension=pressure n. 紧张

terminal=final adj. 末端的；终点的

terrain=tract n. 大片土地；地形；地势

testify=give evidence v. 作证

therefore=consequently adv. 因此

therefore=in that purpose adv. 因此

thoroughly=completely adv. 完全地；彻底

threaten=endanger v. 危及

threshold=limit n. 界限；起始点

through=by prep. 通过

thus=consequently adv. 因此

tie=connection n. 连接；关系

tie=relation n. 连接；关系

timid=fearful adj. 胆怯的

toil=work v. 辛勤劳动

tolerate=endure v. 忍受

toxic=poisonous adj. 有毒的

track=follow v. 跟踪；追踪

track=observe（观察；观测）v. 跟踪；追踪

tracts (of land)=area n. 大片土地

transfer=move v. 转移；转变

transform=deform v. 转变

transformation=conversion n. 转化；转换

transformation=change n. 转化；转换

transformation=rotation n. 转化；转换

transformation=shuffle n. 转化；转换

transforming=changing n. 转化；转换

transitory=ephemeral adj. 短暂的

transitory=short-lived adj. 短暂的

transitory=temporary adj. 短暂的

transitory=transient adj. 短暂的

trappings=decorations n. 装饰

trauma=damage n. 损伤；精神创伤

traverse=cross v. 横过；穿过

trend=movement n. 趋势；走向

trend=tendency n. 趋势；走向

tricky=difficult adj. 狡猾的；棘手的

trigger=start v. 触发；引发

trigger=initiate v. 触发；引发

truism=it was evidence that n. 不言而喻的道理

turbulent=agitated adj. 激动的

turn=change to v. 使变成

typical=ordinary adj. 平常的

U

ubiquitous=common adj. 到处存在的

ultimately=eventually adv. 最终

ultimately=finally adv. 最终

unadorned=not decorative adj. 未装饰的

unanimity=total agreement n. 一致同意

undergo=experience v. 经历；经受

underlying=inner adj. 潜在的；隐含的

underpinning=foundation n. 基础；支柱；支撑

underpinning=support n. 基础；支柱；支撑

underrate=underestimate v. 低估；看轻

underrate=undervalue v. 低估；看轻

underscore=stress v. 强调

undertake=attempt v. 努力；尝试；承担；担任

undertaking=enterprise n. 事业；企业

uneasy=unstable adj. 不稳定的

uniform=without variation adj. 统一的；一致的

uniformly=evenly adv. 一致地

uniformly=consistently adv. 一致地

unintendedly=occasionally adv. 偶然地；非计划中unique=distinct adj. 特有的

unique=sole adj. 唯一的；特有的

unique=to only found in adj. 特有的

universally=without exception adv. 在各种情况下

unleash=release v. 释放

unprecedented=initial adj. 空前的

unprecedented=new adj. 空前的

unprecedented=novel adj. 空前的

unprecedented=unique adj. 空前的

unqualified=complete adj. 不合格的；无条件的

unreceptive=unresponsive adj. 接受能力差的

unresolved=undecided adj. 未解决的

unrestricted=unlimited adj. 没有限制的

unsophisticated=simple adj. 简单的

unsuitable=inappropriate adj. 不适合的

unsurpassed=superior adj. 非常卓越的

unwieldy=cumbersome adj. 笨重的

urbane=cultivated adj. 文雅的

utilitarian=practical adj. 实用的

utilitarian=functional adj. 实用的

utterly=completely adv. 完全地

V

vagary=uncertainty n. 难以预测的变化

vaguely=slightly adj. 模糊的

vanish=disappear v. 消失

variability=tendency to change n. 可变性；反复不定

variation=difference n. 变更；变化

varied=different adj. 不相同的

vast=extended adj. 辽阔的

vast=extensive adj. 辽阔的

vast=large number adj. 大量的

vast=immense adj. 巨大的

vastly=greatly adv. 巨大地

vehicle=way n. 手段；工具

vehicle=means n. 手段；工具

vehicle=method n. 手段；工具

versatile=adaptable adj. 多才多艺的

via=by the way of prep. 经过；凭借

via=by means of prep. 经过；凭借

vial=bottle n. 小瓶

vibrant=vivid adj. 生气勃勃的

vigor=energy adj. 生气勃勃的

vigorous=strong adj. 精力旺盛的

vigorous=energetic adj. 精力旺盛的

virtually=actually adv. 事实上地

virtually=in fact adv. 事实上地

virtually=nearly adv. 差不多

virtually=almost adv. 差不多

vital=essential adj. 极重要的

vivid=bright adj. 鲜明的

volume=quantity n. 数额

vulnerable=open to break adj. 易受伤害的

vulnerable=open to attack adj. 易受伤害的

vulnerable=susceptible adj. 易受伤害的

vulnerable=weak adj. 易受伤害的

W

wanting=inadequate adj. 不够好的

warrant=authorize v. 授权

warrant=justify v. 使正当

wary=cautious adj. 小心的；谨慎的

way station=stop n.（长途旅行的）小站

whatever=in any case adv. 不管怎样

whereas=however conj. 然而

whereby=through a process in which conj. 凭借；如何

while=although conj. 虽然

on the whole=in general phr. 大体上

wholly=completely adv. 完全地；全部

wield=exert v. 行使

with respect of=in terms of（就……而言）phr. 关于

within=inside prep. 在里面

withstand=resist v. 承受；经受住

withstand=tolerate v. 承受；经受住

witness=observe v. 目击

Y

yearly=annual adj. 一年的

yearning=longing adj. 思念的；渴望的

yet=however conj. 然而

yield=produce v. 产生；提供

yield=provide v. 产生；提供

Z

zenith=peak n. 顶点

后　记

7天能搞定托福单词吗？这几乎是一个无解的问题，至少无老师在这里要跟大家分享的一个思路就是，背单词就要“大量！多次！”当我们把这本书仅分为7个部分的时候，就已经强制性地要求每一位考友在背单词时，不能紧盯着今天背了3页或者是4页。我们一背就要背22页，然后在接下来的一个时间段内就背这22页，当然如果有毅力的话，也可以背44页，那就更好了。也许你看到这里的时候觉得不可能，那是因为你背单词的时候背错了，你是否是一手拿着书，手边放着一打纸，然后把单词疯狂地写在这打纸上？如果是这样的话，请你看《托福、SAT错误学习方法大盘点——听力篇无老师原创》与《无老师背单词法：无老师系列》你就会找到一个正确的背单词的方法。

本书虽然已经经过十几次的全盘反复修改，工作耗时可以用月而不是小时来计算，但是不免存在着疏漏和错误。在使用过程中如有任何问题，请不要犹豫，立即登录www.ibtsat.com以及给noteacherwxl@gmail.com发邮件反映问题，无老师在这里向您致谢了！

Table of Contents

目录

扉页

版权页

编写说明

List 1　第一天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 2　第二天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 3　第三天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 4　第四天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 5　第五天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 6　第六天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

List 7　第七天

本天前测

答案与精进

本天乱序

答案与精进

附录　新托福历年词汇题（单词题）全集

后记