金榜图书·2014肖克考研英语系列:考研英语长难句突破与速成
Author: 肖克
Date: 2013-03-01 00:00:00+08:00

目录
前言
Unit 1　英语基本的句型
Unit 2　英语的五种基本成分
Unit 3　复杂的定语从句的拆分和理解
Unit 4　复杂的主语从句的拆分和理解

Unit 5　复杂的宾语从句以及表语从句的拆分和理解

Unit 6　复杂的同位语从句的拆分和理解
Unit 7　复杂的状语从句的拆分和理解
Unit 8　复杂的倒装句的拆分和理解
Unit 9　复杂的比较级的拆分和理解
Unit 10　复杂的否定句的拆分和理解
Unit 11　复杂的形式主语和形式宾语的拆分和理解
Unit 12　复杂的分割结构（插入语）的理解
Unit 13　复杂的并列句的拆分和理解
Unit 14　复杂的非谓语动词的理解
Unit 15　复杂的强调句的理解

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图书在版编目（CIP）数据

考研英语长难句突破与速成／肖克主编．—北京：北京理工大学出版社，2013.3

ISBN 978-7-5640-7501-9

Ⅰ．①考…　Ⅱ．①肖…　Ⅲ．①英语—句型—研究生—入学考试—自学参考资料　Ⅳ．①H314.3

中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2013）第045424号

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前言

众所周知，考研英语阅读是考研成功的拦路虎，考研之难莫过于阅读，阅读之难莫过于长难句。其实，洞穿了长难句的主干和语法成分，阅读就如纸老虎，不堪一击。还有一句话，得阅读者得天下，得难句者得阅读。本书从浅入深剖析20多种句型结构，由15个单元构成，精确剖析318个真题以及外刊杂志上最经典的难句，力求最真实、最细腻、最精确、最有效地讲解超级难句的语法规则和拆分原理，本书的特色如下：

1．难句的选材精中选精。挑选的难句有200个来自于近20年真题阅读中考过的超过15个单词的最难理解、最闪光的句型，有118个来自于与考研阅读同源的西方主流报刊和杂志，比如《时代周刊》《纽约时报》等。

2．难句的注释和分析极其透彻。难句的考点分析很精确是本书主要特色，比一般难句书分析更加细腻，从主干的精确剖析到很小的介词短语，无不细腻化地进行分析，榨干每个难句的精华。

3．难句的亮点回放很有特点。从宏观到微观，精确剖析完每个难句的每个成分之后，再重新回放每个难句的类型和特色，做到举一反三。

4．难句的核心词汇注释很精准。我们历来主张不要枯燥地背单词，应该增加单词的语境意识和真实感，通过分析300多个难句，再经过背诵和模仿，轻松突破2000多个高频的必考词汇是很轻松的。

5．难句的类型划分很精准。宏观上把英语句型划分为15种，每种句型从微观上又进行仔细划分，比如，仅比较级就划分了十种情况，可以说涵盖了英语所有的句型和语法。

6．难句的拆分角度很独特。每个难句从大结构到小结构、从宏观到微观、从主干到从句、从短语到单词，层层剖析，建立强大的西方语法思维模式，系统地训练英译汉的转化思维，增加翻译句子的灵活性和准确性。

本书的编写得到很多学者和语言应用学家的支持，并经历了多年的教学实践检验，但难免有不足之处，望广大读者批评和指正。

肖克

2013年3月于北京

Unit 1　英语基本的句型

导读学习

（1）主—谓结构（S-V）

①All the folks in the theatre were deeply moved. 剧院中的所有人都被感动了。

②The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented. 在就业中存在的种族和性别的歧视被很好地记录下来。

（2）主—谓—宾（S-V-O）

①All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline. 所有的父母不得不解决自由和纪律的问题。

②Early upbringing in the home is affected both by the educational pattern of the country and by the parents' capabilities. 家庭中的早教既受到国家的教育模式影响，又受到父母能力的影响。

（3）主—系—表（S-V-C）

①She is feeling depressed and frustrated today. 她今天感觉很压抑和沮丧。

②In that way, competition can become a sensible and positive way. 以这样的方式，竞争正变为一种理智和积极的方式。

（4）主—谓—间接宾语—直接宾语（S-V-Oi-Od）

①He offered me a great hand. 他帮了我一个大忙。

②The modern white furniture and the special painting give the store an expensive look. 白色的现代家具和特殊的喷绘让人觉得这个商店雍容华贵。

（5）主—谓—宾语—宾语补语（S-V-O-C）

①We painted the roof red. 我们把屋顶粉刷成了红色。

②His disorderly behaviors have let his girlfriend down. 他的邋遢的行为让他的女朋友颜面尽失。

（6）主—谓—形式宾语it—名词短语或形容词—真正宾语

①Some students hold it a sensible choice to reform the economic system. 很多学生认为改革经济体系是个理智的选择。

②We hold it highly necessary to take a rational attitude towards internet. 我们认为，对于网络采取理智的态度是很必要的。

Unit 2　英语的五种基本成分

导读学习

Part 1　主语

（1）名词做主语

Pessimists say that the human is facing extinction. 悲观主义者认为人类正在濒临灭绝。

（2）动名词做主语

Now, keeping pets is more and more prevalent in many developed countries. 现在，养宠物在很多发达国家越来越流行。

（3）代词做主语

After a light passenger-plane flew off the airport 10 minutes ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed. 在一个小型载客飞机十分钟前从机场起飞之后，它坠毁于山脉中，并且其飞行员遇难。

（4）不定式做主语

To commit suicide is a cowardly behavior. 自杀是个愚蠢的行为。

（5）it形式主语做主语

It is impossible for most learners to study English abroad. 对于大多数学习者来说，到国外学习英语是不可能的。

（6）主语从句做主语

That haste makes waste is a proverb full of logic. 欲速则不达是一句充满逻辑的成语。

（7）“the”加形容词做主语

However adverse the circumstance is, the strong in life firmly believe action is more reliable than luck. 无论情况有多么地不利，那些在生命中意志力坚定的人认为，行动比运气更加可靠。

（8）数词做主语

Each year thousands of graduates flood the job market, waving their college diplomas and certificates. 每年，数以千计的毕业生涌入劳动力市场，挥舞着大学毕业证和文凭。

（9）短语做主语

A girl of great wisdom and of fascinating personality is what you are looking for. 一个具有伟大的智慧和温柔性格的女孩是你所追求的。

（10）as做主语

As is known to all, we now have a two-day weekend, which means we have one more day for a rest after a week's work and study. 大家都知道，我们有双休，这意味着我们在结束一周的工作和学习之后多休一天。

Part 2　宾语

（1）名词做宾语

Too little conflict breeds apathy and stagnation. Too much conflict leads to divisiveness and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. 过少的冲突导致冷漠和呆滞。过多的冲突导致分裂和仇恨。然而，适度的冲突能够激发创造力，而且会以一种健康的和有竞争力的方式刺激我们。

（2）代词充当宾语

The townsfolk don't see it in this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. 小镇居民并不这样看这件事，而且当地政府没有必要直接给莎士比亚皇家剧院提供财政补助。

（3）宾语从句充当宾语

Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought that schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children. Ralph Waldo Emerson以及其他的先验论者认为，学校教育和苛刻的书本学习对孩子产生僵硬的束缚。

Part 3　表语

（1）名词做表语

Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. 同样地，在诗歌界，高度个性化和表现力很强的艺术风格是唯一的富有活力的艺术形式。

（2）形容词做表语

Many things make people think artists are weird. 很多事情让人觉得艺术家是奇怪的。

（3）表语从句充当表语

But the weirdest may be that artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. 艺术家最奇怪的事情是，艺术家的唯一工作就是去探索情感，而且他们总是探索消极的情感。

Part 4　定语

（1）不定式充当定语

The ability to solve any problems or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. 解决问题和确认问题存在的能力取决于记忆力。

（2）分词充当定语

Great job pressure may result from growing numbers of graduates increasing quickly. 巨大的就业压力来自于越来越多的本科生，他们增长速度很快。

（3）介词短语充当定语

The musician with great talents and with tremendous popularity is dead. 这个才华横溢而且深受欢迎的音乐家去世了。

（4）形容词短语充当定语

The song popular with teenagers and old men is boring. 年轻人和老人都喜欢的流行歌曲是枯燥的。

（5）定语从句充当定语

Snakes that eat birds that eat insects are so evil. 鸟吃虫子，蛇吃鸟，蛇是很邪恶的。

（6）比较级充当定语

The question more complicated than everyone has ever imagined is still under discussion. 这个正在讨论中的问题，其复杂程度远超过每个人的想象。

Part 5　状语

（1）副词充当状语

He sleeps soundly but noisily. 他睡得很香但是噪音很大。

（2）介词短语充当状语

The behaviors of the parents can produce far-reaching influences for the future of his children. 父母的行为会对孩子的未来产生深远的影响。

（3）不定式充当状语

To accelerate the modernization of our country and to improve the international status of our nation, we decide to further reforms. 为了加快我国的现代化和改善我国的国际地位，我们决定深化改革。

（4）分词做状语

Influenced by the TV series advocating that we should spare no efforts to enjoy our youth time and by some websites showing that playing electronic games are so stimulating, some children began to drop out of the school. 由于受到电视剧鼓吹我们应该尽可能享受青春，以及有些网站暗示玩网络游戏是很刺激的影响，很多孩子开始辍学。

（5）状语从句充当状语

When he realized that he failed in the exams, he decided to commit suicide. 当他发现考试已经失败了，他决定自杀。

（6）独立主格充当状语

The weather permitting us to go out, we will travel in the mountains and rivers. 只要天气允许我们出去玩，我们就准备去有丛山和小溪的地方旅游。

Unit 3　复杂的定语从句的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）who, that, which等关系代词引导的定语从句

The economic crisis that has caused high employment and social disturbance is solved by our government. 导致高失业率和社会动荡的经济危机正在被我们政府所解决。

（2）which引导的非限定性定语从句

Everybody is created equal and has great possibility to succeed if he works hard, which is a philosophy respected by every American. 每个人生来都是平等的，而且只要努力就有成功的可能性，这个理论每个美国人都承认。

（3）when, where, why, how等关系副词引导的定语从句

It is possible to create a country where everyone can live in great harmony and happiness. 创造这样一个每个人都生活得和谐和快乐的国家是有可能的。

（4）连环定语从句

Creating new sources of energy that replace the old energy that seemed to play an important role in the past is essential to the economy. 旧能源在过去起很大的作用，创造一种代替旧能源的新能源对于经济发展必不可少。

（5）并列定语从句

Doing risky sports that can stimulate the nerves and that can help us relax ourselves is somewhat meaningful. 从事冒险运动可以刺激神经，也可以帮助我们放松自己，这种冒险运动某种程度上说是有意义的。

（6）定语从句和分词连接使用

Jacky that loves horror films making him so stimulated is a bad boy. 杰克喜欢很刺激的恐怖片，他是个坏男孩。

实战练习

例1　And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的连环定语从句，句子的主干是there are the townsfolk，后面是个定语从句who largely live off the tourists，后面又是个定语从句who come...，该定语从句里面有not...but...这种固定搭配，也就是not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于连环定语从句的精确使用，who再套上who很经典，第二个who里面有not...but...这种固定搭配，很经典。

【核心词汇】
the townsfolk　一些市镇居民
live off the tourists　依靠游客生活
look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights　游览安娜·海瑟威的小屋，莎士比亚诞生地以及其他景点

【参考译文】也有一些市镇居民很大程度上依靠游客生活，这些游客不是来看戏剧的，而是游览安娜·海瑟威的小屋，莎士比亚诞生地以及其他景点的。

例2　Gilbert's own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into "a markedly different, more vibrant organization."

【结构分析】冒号前面的句子主干是Gilbert's own interest in new music has been widely noted，冒号后面的主语是Alex Ross，后面是插入语a classical-music critic，动词是has described，直接宾语是him, as后面是间接宾语a man，后面是定语从句who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into "a markedly different, more vibrant organization"。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于冒号后面是个定语从句，该定语从句的形容词是两个超级褒义词，different和vibrant。

【核心词汇】
widely noted　广泛的关注
a classical-music critic　一名古典音乐的批评家
capable of　能够

Philharmonic　爱乐乐团
markedly different　完全不同的
more vibrant　更加有活力的

【参考译文】Gilbert对新音乐兴趣已经被广泛的关注了：Alex Ross，一名古典音乐的批评家，就这样描述道：他能够把爱乐乐团变成一个完全不同，更加有活力的组织。

例3　Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.

【结构分析】句子的主语是Devoted concertgoers，后面是个定语从句who reply...，定语从句中有宾语从句that recordings are no substitute for live performance，句子的动词是are missing，宾语是the point。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是个经典的定语从句，定语从句套上宾语从句，两种从句层层相套是很好的语法。

【核心词汇】
devoted concertgoers　那些忠实的音乐会观众
recordings are no substitute for live performance　唱片并不能代替现场的演出
missing the point　忽略了一些事情

【参考译文】那些忠实的音乐会观众会讲唱片并不能代替现场的演出，但是他们忽略了一些事情。

例4　Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.

【结构分析】句子的主干是Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates，后面是定语从句，定语从句的主语是whose arguments，定语从句是个并列句，第一个动词are confusing，第一个宾语是the public，第二个动词是threatening，宾语是advances，后面是介词短语in health knowledge and care做定语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于很长、很复杂的定语从句，该定语从句是个很长的并列句，而且动词用得很经典，两个消极动词，层层递进，把他们观点的危害说得很清晰。

【核心词汇】
respond forcefully to　做出有力的回答
animal rights advocates　动物权利倡导者
confusing the public　混淆视听
threatening advances in health knowledge and care　威胁到保健知识和医疗的向前发展

【参考译文】科学家需要对动物权利倡导者做出有力的回答，因为他们的观点正在混淆视听从而威胁到保健知识和医疗的向前发展。

例5　To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.

【结构分析】开头是个介词短语to those，后面是定语从句，定语从句的主语是who，动词是are unaware，后面是宾语从句that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines，句子真正的主干是animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于对于那些不了解动物实验的人进行解释，这个句型是To those who are unaware that..., sth seems...比如To those who are unaware that English learning is so important, teachers seem to play a crucial role in explaining it。

【核心词汇】
unaware　不知道
animal research　动物研究
produce these treatments　进行这些治疗
vaccines　疫苗
wasteful at best and cruel at worst　说得最好听是浪费，说得最难听是残忍

【参考译文】对于那些不知道做这些医疗、研究新的治疗方法和疫苗就需要进行动物研究的人来说，动物研究说的最好听是浪费，说得最难听是残忍。

例6　Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

【结构分析】这句话开头是两个介词短语做状语，第一个介词短语是in our industrial life，第二个介词短语是apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift，句子的主干的主语是the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association，后面是个定语从句under which the world's work is carried on修饰前面的主语，动词是receives，宾语是little attention，后面是分词状语as compared with physical output，修饰整个句子。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个超级介词短语做状语，后面的定语从句也很经典，该定语从句前面有个介词under，用得很准确。

【核心词汇】
in our industrial life　在工业化生活中
certain values of industriousness and thrift　某些勤俭的价值观
the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association　各种人们交往的知识和情感反应
receive little attention　几乎没有受到关注
as compared with physical output　与其他的物质产出相比

【参考译文】即使今日，在工业化生活中，与其他的物质产出相比，某些勤俭的价值观以及各种人们交往的知识和情感反应几乎没有受到关注，而在这些交往之中世人的活动才得以延续。

例7　Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.

【结构分析】该句话是由一个主句加一个非限定性定语从句组成，immigrants做主语，fit做谓语，culture做宾语，which引导非限定性定语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在非限定性定语从句使用，表示评价移民融入到美国社会的意义。

【核心词汇】
immigrants　移民
quickly fitting into　很快适应
this common culture　这个主流文化
not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous　总共也不能为这个文化增色多少，但也不会有害于它的

【参考译文】移民们很快适应了这个主流文化，他们也许总共也不能为这个文化增色多少，但也不会有害于它的。

例8　Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.

【结构分析】主干是Other models exist，定语从句是that are hybrids of these three，修饰主语，倒装到了句子后面，后面是介词短语举例子，也就是such as delayed open-access，后面是定语从句where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months，后面是分词状语before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it，修饰前面的定语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分割结构的使用，动词exist的插入导致主语和定语从句分割开来，而且定语从句套上分词状语，很经典。

【核心词汇】
other models　其他模式
hybrids of these three　由这三种模式结合
delayed open-access　延迟开放获取模式
subscribers　订阅者
freely available　免费使用

【参考译文】此外，存在由这三种模式结合的其他模式，例如延迟开放获取模式，即期刊仅允许订阅者阅读，期限六个月，然后就公之于众，所有人都可以免费使用。

例9　In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.

【结构分析】这是个典型的定语从句，句子的主干是there is a conventional story line，后面是介词短语in the newsroom culture做定语，修饰前面的名词，后面是定语从句that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new，修饰前面的名词story line。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句的精确使用，这个定语从句还有otherwise这个让步状语，翻译成“要不然”，表示意外情况。

【核心词汇】
conventional story line　约定俗成的写作模式
newsroom culture　新闻采编室文化
backbone　主干框架
ready-made narrative structure　可直接套用的叙述结构

【参考译文】换句话说，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，为新闻报道提供了主干框架以及可直接套用的叙述结构。若没有这些，新闻内容就会一团混乱，让人摸不着头脑。

例10　If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

【结构分析】这句话开始是个条件句，也就是If it did，主干是个并列句，第一句话的主语是it，动词是would open up，宾语是its diversity program，后面是个插入语，也是个分词短语now focused narrowly on race and gender，修饰前面的diversity program，并列句后半句的动词是look for，宾语是reporters，后面加上定语从句who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class，修饰前面的reporters。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列句里面有分词定语和定语从句，该句最后的定语从句很长，很有特色。

【核心词汇】
open up　开放
diversity program　多样化项目
race and gender　种族和性别
differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class　世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭

【参考译文】如果新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目，这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工，而进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的各种记者。

例11　The report identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures" that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

【结构分析】句子的主干是The report identifies...and...as the twin，其中identifies后面有两个并列的宾语，其中第一个宾语是the under treatment of pain，第二个宾语是the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures"，其中第二个宾语后面有定语从句that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end-of-life care。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列宾语都很难，其中第二个宾语还有定语从句，导致很多人看不出是一个identity...as...结构。

【核心词汇】
under treatment　治疗不足
aggressive　有干劲的，大胆的
dishonor　使丢脸，使受耻辱
medical procedures　医疗手段

【参考译文】报告把对疼痛处理不够和大胆使用可能延长死亡期甚至让病人死得不体面的无效的和强制的医疗手段确定为临终关怀的两个问题。

例12　In modern fast-consuming-product companies, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in markets resulting from the mass allocations of advertisements which constitute such a large part of their production costs before selling that they regard production costs as production plus advertising costs.

【结构分析】介词短语In modern fast-consuming-product companies做状语，主干是tremendous use is made of statistics，后面加上不定式to measure the dynamic difference in markets作目的状语，修饰前面的句子，后面加上分词定语resulting from the mass allocations of advertisements，后面加上定语从句which constitute such a large part of their production costs that they regard production costs as production plus advertising costs，该定语从句有固定搭配such...that...。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于不定式后面套上分词定语，后面套上定语从句，而且定语从句里面套上such...that...，句子多达48个单词，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
fast-consuming-product companies　快速消费品公司
tremendous use　大量使用
statistics　数据
dynamic difference　动态变化
mass allocations of advertisements　大量投放广告
constitute　构成
a large part of their production costs　一大部分生产成本
regard...as...　当做

【参考译文】在很多快速消费品公司里面，工作人员大量使用数据来测量由于大量投放广告所产生的动态变化，这种广告的大量投放占据如此大的生产成本以至于我们在计算成本的时候，要把生产成本计算为产品的成本加上广告成本。

例13　Experts suggest that speech stages are reached at a constant age and promoted gradually according to the talents of humans, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ and has great talents in solving mathematical and physical problems.

【结构分析】转折前半句的主干是Experts suggest...，后面加上宾语从句that...，这个宾语从句的主语是speech stages，动词有两个分别是are reached和promoted, promoted后面加上介词短语according to the talents of humans做状语，转折后半句的主干是there are cases，后面是个定语从句where speech has started late in a child，后面再加上定语从句who eventually turns out to be of high IQ and has great talents in solving mathematical and physical problems，其中最后这个定语从句中in solving mathematical and physical problems这个介词短语修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于but后面是连环定语从句，非常复杂，有who引导，有where引导，很有气势，连环定语从句也可以用于作文。

【核心词汇】
speech stages　语言阶段
at a constant age　按照年龄循序渐进
promoted gradually according to　成正比
turn out to be of high IQ　表现很高的智商
solve mathematical and physical problems　解决数学和物理问题

【参考译文】专家说语言阶段按照年龄的增加循序渐进的提高，而且语言能力与人类的语言天分成正比，但是有些个别情况是语言发育晚的孩子反而有很高的智商，而且有很高的智商解决数学和物理问题。

例14　Small cards which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional card and can be processed more speedily and efficiently than those old-fashioned cards are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out these new services.

【结构分析】主干是Small cards are already widely used in European countries，中间加上两个超级并列定语从句，分别是第一个定语从句which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional card，第二个定语从句是can be processed more speedily and efficiently than those old-fashioned cards，这两个定语从句都修饰前面的主语Small cards，句子最后是一个定语从句where centralized banks can roll out these new services，修饰整个句子的宾语European countries。

【结构分析】此句话的亮点在于有三个定语从句，前两个定语从句并列之后，修饰主语，是典型的并列定语从句，最后的定语从句修饰最后一个宾语从句，三个定语从句安排很科学，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
small cards　小型的磁卡
conventional card　传统意义上的磁卡
process　处理
efficiently　有效地
old-fashioned cards　过时的磁卡
centralized banks　中央银行
roll out these new services　开展新的服务

【参考译文】更加小型的磁卡的信息承载量是传统磁卡的八十倍以上，而且处理信息的速度比老的磁卡更加有效率，这些小型磁卡已经运用于欧洲中央银行，这些银行已经开始推广这种新的服务。

例15　Speech has to be triggered and this depends on the interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's crying, smiling, and responds to them.

【结构分析】句子的主干是两个并列句子，第一个并列句子是Speech has to be triggered，第二个并列句子是this depends on the interaction，后面是介词短语between the mother and the child，修饰前面的名词，后面加上定语从句where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's crying, smiling, and responds to them，修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是介词短语套上定语从句，定语从句很长，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
trigger　激发
interaction　互动
recognize the signals　确认信号
respond to　回应

【参考译文】语言是可以被刺激的，而且这种刺激取决于母亲和孩子之间的互相交流，通过这种交流，母亲确认孩子的哭声和笑声，然后对这些声音产生回应。

例16　As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workplace if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.

【结构分析】主干是they have lost the parachute，后面是个定语从句they once had in times of financial setback，这个定语从句省略了that，后面破折号是个名词短语a back-up earner，后面是个定语从句who could go into the workplace，后面是个状语从句if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.

【亮点回放】此句话破折号前面有定语从句，后面有定语从句，定语从句中有状语从句，两个定语从句前后搭配，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
the parachute　安全保障
in times of financial setback　在经济危机时候
a back-up earner　一个备用的赚钱者
go into the workplace　上班
got laid off　下岗

【参考译文】所以说，他们失去了经济危机时他们曾经拥有的安全保障——一个后备的赚钱者，他可以在家里主要收入者下岗或病了之后继续上班赚钱。

例17　When the work is well done, a rule of emergency operation is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.

【结构分析】When the work is well done是个时间状语从句，主干的主语是a rule of emergency operation，动词是个被动语态is established，后面加上定语从句where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum，修饰前面的主语a rule of emergency operation，动词把主语和定语从句分隔开来。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分隔结构的超级使用，主语和定语从句被动词分隔开来，动词的插入导致名词和定语从句或同位语从句的分隔。

【核心词汇】
well done　完成
a rule of emergency operation　紧急救援制度
established　建立
time lost　时间消耗
due to injuries　由于受伤
kept at a minimum　控制到最低限度

【参考译文】当工作很好完成之后，一种紧急救援制度要建立起来，在这种制度下，由于受伤所导致的时间消耗被控制到最少。

例18　They have taken note of the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of abundance and prosperity.

【结构分析】主干是They have taken note of the preceding hundred years, from 1650 to 1750是介词短语，修饰前面名词，when England was still a completely agricultural country是个定语从句修饰前面的名词，后面是同位语a period of abundance and prosperity。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是when引导的时间定语从句，修饰前面的时间，很容易误解为状语从句。

【核心词汇】
take note of　观察
preceding hundred years　先前的一百年
agricultural country　农业国家
abundance and prosperity　繁荣富强

【参考译文】他们已经观察了1650到1750先前的这一百年，那个时候英格兰仍然是农业国家，那个时候英格兰很繁荣富强。

例19　Pierce has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

【结构分析】主干是Pierce has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers，后面是介词短语around the world，修饰前面的名词，不定式to produce a unique millennium technology calendar做目的状语，定语从句that gives the latest dates修饰前面的名词，后面加上定语从句when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place，修饰前面的latest dates。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是连环定语从句，that后面套上when，很经典，连环定语从句是个很好的定语从句，是个很好的句型。

【核心词汇】
pieced together　整合
the work of hundreds of researchers　数以百计研究者的研究成果
a unique millennium technology calendar　独特的千年技术挂历
latest dates　最近的日期
key breakthroughs and discoveries　关键的技术突破和发明

【参考译文】Pierce整合了数以百计研究者的研究成果，来制作一个独特的千年技术挂历，记录了数以百计关键的技术突破和发明将要发生的最新日期。

例20　Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives which can extend 500 meters below the ocean's surface and last for over 70 minutes.

【结构分析】主干是Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms，后面是个连环定语从句，定语从句that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation，修饰前面的physiological mechanisms，后面加上定语从句that occurs during its longest dives，修饰前面的名词，定语从句which can extend 500 meters below the ocean's surface and last for over 70 minutes修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是三个连环定语从句，气势磅礴，层层修饰前面，是定语从句中少有的高级句型，作文也可以使用，很经典。

【核心词汇】

Weddell seal　威德尔海豹
physiological mechanisms　生理机能
oxygen deprivation　缺氧
longest dives　最长时间的潜游
extend　延展

【参考译文】在实验室中研究威德尔海豹的实验描述它们的生理特征，这些特征允许海豹应对极度的缺氧，这种缺氧出现在最长时间的潜游中，这种潜游可以持续到海平面500米以下而且维持超过七十分钟。

例21　Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.

【结构分析】主干是Creating a "European identity" is no easy task and demands a strategic choice，中间是连环定语从句，定语从句that respects the different cultures and traditions修饰前面的名词a "European identity"，后面还是个定语从句which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent修饰前面的名词cultures and traditions。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是连环定语从句，主语后面是连环的定语从句，导致主语很长，很有气势。

【核心词汇】

European identity　欧洲品牌
different cultures and traditions　不同的文化和传统
make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent　连接欧洲旧大陆
strategic choice　战略选择

【参考译文】不同的文化和传统把欧洲旧大陆连接在一起，创造这样一个尊重这些文化和传统的欧洲品牌任务并不轻松，需要战略性选择。

例22　In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.

【结构分析】主干是multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups，定语从句which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses，修饰前面的名词，定语从句that work in relation to one another，修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于连环定语从句的使用，其中第一个定语从句有很多排比的名词，很有气势，后面的定语从句短小精悍，很可爱。

【核心词汇】
multi-media groups　传媒集团
increasingly successful　越发成功
bring together　整合一起
publishing houses　出版社
work in relation to one another　相互联系一起

【参考译文】和别的地方一样，在欧洲传媒集团把相互之间联系紧密的电视，广播，报纸和出版社整合在一起。

例23　Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenona.

【结构分析】这句话是复杂的连环定语从句，主干是Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry，后面加上定语从句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic manner，后面再加上定语从句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenona。

【亮点回放】这句话是很棒的连环的定语从句，最后的定语从句是the same后面加上that的定语从句，不能加which，是个固定搭配，还表示一种比较关系，很经典。

【核心词汇】
intellectual enquiry　知识学科
endeavors　行为
reasoned, orderly, systematic manner　有逻辑，有秩序，系统化的方式
study of natural phenomenona　研究自然现象

【参考译文】社会学是一种知识分支，跟自然学家研究自然现象一样，用同样的有逻辑的，有秩序的，系统化的方式研究人类和人类的行为习惯。

例24　Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.

【结构分析】此句的主语是Many consumers，动词是seem to have been influenced by，宾语是stock-market swings，后面是非限定性定语从句which investors now view as necessary ingredient to a sustained boom，这是经典的view...as...结构。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于非限定性定语从句的使用，which指的是前面整个句子，翻译成“这种情况”。非限定性定语从句表示一种评价，对前面的句子进行有效说明补充。

【核心词汇】
many consumers　很多消费者
influenced by　被影响
stock-market swings　股票市场的震荡
investors　投资者
view...as...　当做
necessary ingredient　必不可少的调剂
sustained boom　长期繁荣

【参考译文】很多消费者受到股票市场震荡的影响，消费者认为这种局面对于股票市场长期繁荣是种必不可少的调剂。

例25　And the cost of the internet companies continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up companies in silicon.

【结构分析】这句话的主语是the cost of the internet companies，动词是continues to free fall，后面是非限定性定语从句which is a good sign for any enterprise，里面有分词定语setting up companies in silicon，修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于非限定性定语从句的超级使用，which指的是前面整个句子，翻译成“这种情况”。非限定性定语从句表示一种评价和说明，有利于读者更好地进行理解，可以增加句子的延展性，对前面的句子进行有效说明补充。

【核心词汇】
cost of the internet companies　网络公司成本
free fall　直线下滑
a good sign　好的迹象
setting up companies in silicon　在硅谷开公司

【参考译文】网络公司的成本急速下滑，这种局面对于那些想在硅谷开公司的企业是个好的迹象。

例26　We may define chemistry as the subject in which we can observe the chemical change in substance as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.

【结构分析】这句话是连环定语从句，主干是We may define chemistry as the subject，后面是介词加上定语从句in which we can observe the chemical change in substance，后面再套上介词加上定语从句as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于连环定语从句的超级使用，而且每个定语从句前面都有介词，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
define...as　定义为
chemical change　化学变化
substance　物质
form a new substance　形成一种新的物质

【参考译文】我们把化学定义为这样一种学科，也就是我们可以观察一种化学变化，通过这种化学变化可以生成一种新的物质。

例27　There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

【结构分析】此句子主干是There are already robot systems，后面加上定语从句that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery，后面加上介词短语with submillimeter accuracy，后面加上形容词短语far greater precision做定语，修饰前面的accuracy。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句套上介词短语，套上形容词短语，这种连环的超级的定语，很经典，通过定语的连环修饰，增加了句子的观赏性。

【核心词汇】
robot systems　机器人系统
perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery　进行脑部和骨骼手术
submillimeter accuracy　精确到毫米以下
far greater precision　非常精确
highly skilled physicians　技术高超的医生

【参考译文】现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术这要比技术高超的医生单单用手精确得多。

例28　Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private internet.

【结构分析】主语中心语是Some companies，谓语动词是limit，宾语中心语是the risk, by conducting online transactions做状语修饰主干，with established business partners修饰online transactions, who引导的定语从句，修饰established business partners。

【亮点回放】这句话难在介词短语修饰谁，以及主干的确认，这句话的亮点在于很多介词短语连环使用，层层相套，后面还有一个简约而不简单的定语从句，很押韵。

【核心词汇】
limiting the risk　降低风险
conducting online transactions　开展网络交易
established business partners　老顾客
given access to　准许进入

【参考译文】很多公司通过只与那些被允许进入到公司私人网站的老顾客开展网络上的交易来降低风险。

例29　I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangement.

【结构分析】主语中心语是I，谓语动词是suggest transforming，宾语中心语是our social system，后面加上from...into...这个介词短语做状语，修饰整个句子，in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves是定语从句修饰前面的"a bureaucratically managed industrialism", in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangement是个定语从句修饰前面的"a humanist industrialism"，“—those of love and of reason—”是插入语，修饰his potentialities。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于from A into B这个句型的使用，A和B每个名词后面又有定语从句，使得整个句子延展性得到增加。

【核心词汇】
transform　改变
bureaucratically managed　官僚统治的
industrialism　工业化体制
maximal　最大化的
humanist　人性化
potentialities　潜力

【参考译文】我建议把我们的社会体系从一种官僚式的工业化体系变成一种人性化的工业化体系，前者强调大规模生产和消费，后者认为人以及人的潜能发展——包括爱的潜能和分析问题的潜能——是社会发展的终极目标。

例30　But this breakthrough, he says, is only the start of man-machine integration: it will be the beginning of the long process of the integration that ultimately leads to a fully electronic human before the end of the century.

【结构分析】主语中心语是this breakthrough，谓语动词是is，宾语中心语是the start of man-machine integration，冒号后面表示补充说明，that引导的定语从句修饰前面的integration, before the end of the century是个介词短语修饰前面的定语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于the beginning of the long process of the integration这种连环的“of”结构，也就是A of B of C这种结构要翻译成C的B的A，注意这种用法在考研英语中很流行。

【核心词汇】
breakthrough　技术突破
man-machine integration　人机一体化
ultimately　最大程度上
electronic human　电子机器人

【参考译文】他认为这次技术的突破只是人机一体化的开始：这次突破是漫长的人机一体化的过程的开端，这种一体化意味着在本世纪结束之前，最终会诞生一种完全自主的电子机器人。

例31　Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed in June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts the American companies on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

【结构分析】主语中心语是the theft of information，谓语动词是overshadowed，宾语中心语是a hugely important decision, about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America这个介词短语修饰前面的主语中心语，disclosed in June 17是个插入语，也修饰前面的主语中心语，by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 是个定语修饰前面的decision，后面that引导的定语从句也修饰decision, put...on notice是个动词短语，翻译成“让某人意识到”，后面的that是个宾语从句，if引导的状语从句修饰前面的宾语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句里面套入宾语从句，而宾语从句里面又套入状语从句，这种从句层层相套的连环从句是英语一种很常见的现象。

【核心词汇】
meanwhile　同时
theft　泄漏
disclose　揭露
put...on notice　让某人认识到
regulator　立法者
adequate　足够的
data security　信息安全

【参考译文】同时，六月十七号公布美国四千万张信用卡密码的泄漏使得美国贸易促进委员会一天之前的决定黯然失色，该决定提醒美国公司注意，如果某个公司再不能提供足够的信息安全保护，那么立法者将会采取行动惩罚该公司。

例32　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

【结构分析】主语中心语是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语动词是have limited，宾语中心语是the opportunities of teenagers, who引导的定语从句，修饰前面的teenagers, involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder是个分词短语修饰前面的sacrifices, to good schools and jobs是个介词短语修饰前面的名词短语social ladder。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于The coming of age of the postwar baby boom这种连环“of”结构做第一个主语，后面who引导的定语从句中的宾语又套了过去分词短语involved in。

【核心词汇】
postwar baby boom　战后婴儿潮
male-dominated　男人为主导的
question　质疑
personal sacrifices　个人牺牲
rigid　严格的
social ladder　社会阶梯

【参考译文】战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。

例33　A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

【结构分析】主语中心语是A survey of news stories，谓语动词是reveals, that引导宾语从句the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well，后面from authorities...to Republicans...是个介词短语修饰前面的groups, who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus这个定语从句修饰前面的authorities, who advocated decreased funding for basic research这个定语从句修饰前面的Republicans。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于from A to B这种介词短语，其中A和B后面各加了个定语从句。

【核心词汇】
reveal　表明
attached to　贴上
authorities　权威机构
elimination　消除
remaining stocks　残留的量
smallpox virus　天花病毒
decreased funding　削减研究经费

【参考译文】一项关于1996年新闻报道的调查显示，反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其他团体身上，从提倡消灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构，到鼓吹削减基础研究经费的共和党人（都被贴上了反科学的标签）。

例34　The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left, all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

【结构分析】主语中心语是The Aswan Dam，第一个谓语动词是stopped，第一个宾语中心语是the Nile flooding, but后面第二个谓语动词是deprived，第二个宾语是the fertile silt, that floods left是个定语从句修饰前面的fertile silt, all in return for是个介词短语，做状语修饰这个句子，which is now so full of silt是个定语从句修饰前面a giant reservoir of disease, that it barely generates electricity这个定语从句修饰前面的silt。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于all in return for是个介词短语做状语，是个固定搭配，翻译成“只会换来”，后面有连环定语从句，which里面套上that这种经典结构是考研英语常考的。

【核心词汇】

Aswan Dam　阿斯旺大坝
deprived...of...　剥夺
fertile silt　肥沃土壤
all in return for　换回来的却是
a giant reservoir of disease　一个病态的大水库
full of silt　积满泥沙
generate electricity　发电

【参考译文】以阿斯旺大坝为例，它挡住了尼罗河的洪水，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤，换回来的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙，几乎不能用于发电了。

例35　We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

【结构分析】主语中心语是We，谓语动词是live，介词短语in a society是个状语，in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive是个定语从句，修饰前面的society，冒号后面的四个名词短语是补充说明前面的信息，其中an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning都是不定式to do这种结构修饰前面的名词短语，最后是个名词加上介词短语的形式，也就是a cigarette for the nerves。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于三个不定式很经典，修饰前面的名词短语，冒号用得很恰当，表示从观点到细节的过程。

【核心词汇】
substances　药品
pervasive　广泛
aspirin　阿司匹林
quiet a headache　缓解头疼
sociable　应酬
get going　提神
nerve　情绪

【参考译文】在我们生活的社会里，物质（药品）被广泛地运用于社交和医疗：服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼，喝酒来应酬，早晨喝咖啡来提神，吸烟镇定情绪等。

例36　New ways of organizing the workplace—all that reengineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.

【结构分析】主语中心语是New ways of organizing the workplace，谓语动词是are，宾语中心语是one contribution, to the overall productivity of an economy是个介词短语，修饰前面的宾语，which is driven by many other factors是个非限定性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，such as...是个介词短语修饰前面的many other factors, in equipment and machinery, new technology修饰前面的joint investment, in education and training修饰前面的investment。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于非限定性定语从句中套上了such as，而such as后面又两个investment，后面又各加了两个in引导的介词短语来修饰各自的investment。

【核心词汇】
contribution　促进
reengineering　重组
downsizing　缩小规模
all that　这一切包括
overall productivity　综合生产力水平
joint investment　联合投资
drive　驱动
equipment and machinery　机械设备

【参考译文】组织工作场所的新方法——包括机构重组和缩小规模——只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施，还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高，比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对教育培训投资等。

例37　Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class which is an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

【结构分析】主语中心语是Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry，谓语动词是increased，宾语中心语是the numbers and importance of shareholders, which is an element这个定语从句，修饰前面的shareholders as a class，后面representing irresponsible wealth是个分词定语，修饰前面的an element，两个detached from分词定语并列之后修饰前面wealth。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于主语是个比较长的of结构，难度较大，后面有定语从句which is an element，而后面有分词representing，两个分词detached from，层层修饰前面，是经典分词连环修饰的结构。

【核心词汇】
manipulation　操纵
shareholder　股东
element　元素
represent　代表
irresponsible wealth　不承担责任的财富
detached from　分离

【参考译文】对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性，这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，意味着这种不承担责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也意味着这种财富几乎与负责任的管理相分离。

例38　Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

【结构分析】主语中心语是Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune，谓语动词是sprang up to house，宾语中心语是large "comfortable" classes, who had retired on their incomes和who had no relation to the rest of the community...两个并列的定语从句修饰前面的"comfortable" classes, except that...是个介词短语修饰前面的定语从句，that指代的是前面的relation, drawing dividends和attending a shareholders' meeting...是两个分词短语修饰前面的that。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列的定语从句who修饰前面的“comfortable classes”，后面套上介词短语except that...，后面又通过of套上两个分词定语drawing和attending，这是典型的多个定语连环修饰结构，定语从句套介词短语，介词短语套分词短语，难度很大。

【核心词汇】
sprang up　拔地而起
house为……　提供住房
large "comfortable" classes　大批隐退的享乐阶层人士
retire on their incomes　靠自己的收入
draw dividends　分取红利
dictate their orders　发号施令

【参考译文】像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入，在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系，只是分取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，对管理人员发号施令。

例39　The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

【结构分析】主语中心语是The paid manager acting for the company，谓语动词是was in more direct relation with，宾语是the men and their demands, but后面的主语是he，动词是had，宾语是that familiar personal knowledge, that familiar personal knowledge翻译成私人的了解，of the workmen是定语修饰前面的knowledge, which the employer had often had...是个定语从句修饰workmen, under the more patriarchal system of the old family business是个介词短语做状语修饰前面的定语从句，now passing away是个分词短语，修饰前面的old family business。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于采用了定语从句which，里面又套了介词短语under，又套了分词定语passing away，是个典型定语从句里面套介词短语的结构，在考研中是很重要的结构。

【核心词汇】
the paid manager　花钱雇来的经理
in more direct relation with　与某某有更加直接关系
had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of　很少能够有私人之间了解
more patriarchal system of the old family business　更加家长式的制度下
pass away　消失

【参考译文】代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解，而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人之间的了解。

例40　This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

【结构分析】主语中心语是This preference for exogamy，谓语动词是may have derived from，宾语是West African rules, governing marriage这个分词做定语，修饰前面的West African rules, which引导了定语从句，修饰前面的West African rules，定语从句中有插入语though they differed from one tribal group to another，定语从句的动词是involved，宾语是some kind of prohibition。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于采用了分词定语里面套上定语从句，而其中的插入语也是考研英语经典结构，表示补充说明，定语从句的against这个介词短语用得很生动。

【核心词汇】
preference　偏爱
exogamy　外部通婚
derive from　缘起于

West African rule governing marriage　西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定
tribal group　部落群体
prohibition　禁止
unions with close kin　近亲联姻

【参考译文】古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。

例41　Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.

【结构分析】Unlike most of the world's volcanoes是个介词短语做状语，主谓宾是they are not always found，介词短语at the boundaries of the great drifting plates做状语修饰前面句子，定语从句that make up the earth's surface修饰前面的名词，on the contrary表示转折句，后面是简单句many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个介词短语很好的使用，unlike一个介词短语在前面，一个at介词短语在后面，at这个介词短语加上定语从句非常奇妙，后面转折词汇用的不是but，而是很闪光的高分作文转折词汇on the contrary。

【核心词汇】
volcanoes　多数火山
at the boundaries of　边界上出现
the great drifting plates　巨大漂流板块
make up the earth's surface　构成地球表面
on the contrary　相反
deep in the interior of a plate　一个板块较纵深的内部

【参考译文】跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是，它们（热点）并不总是在由构成地球表面巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现；相反，它们中有许多位于一个板块较纵深的内部。

Unit 4　复杂的主语从句的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）That引导的主语从句

That Chinese economy will surpass the American economy in 20 years is known to everybody. 每个人都知道，中国经济二十年后会超过美国经济。

（2）What, How, Why, When, Where引导的主语从句

When and where we meet each other are secrets. 我们见面的时间和地点保密。

（3）Whatever, Whoever, Whenever, Wherever引导的主语从句

Whoever spits in public will be punished here. 无论谁在公共场合吐痰都要被惩罚。

（4）Whether引导的主语从句

Whether cloning people will be successful or whether it will destroy our moral bottoms is uncertain. 是否克隆人类会成功，是否克隆人类会触犯我们的道德底线说不清。

实战练习

例42　No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require "general intelligence".

【结构分析】这句话是个有分号的并列句，其中后半句很复杂，分号前面句子的主语是No one，动词是is interested in，中间有个插入语表示否定，是in the least，宾语是the marks，后面是省略that的定语从句，也就是a little child gets on his test，分号后面的句子的主语是个主语从句，也就是what we are interested in，系动词是is，表语是个表语从句，是whether...，表语从句里面有宾语从句，也就是we can conclude that...，宾语从句中间有个插入语，也就是from his mark on the test，宾语从句的主干是the child will do better or worse than other children of his age，后面是介词短语at tasks做状语，后面是定语从句which we think require "general intelligence"，修饰前面的tasks。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于表语从句套上宾语从句，宾语从句又套上定语从句，三大从句层层相套，很经典。

【核心词汇】
in the least interested in　一点不感兴趣
the marks a little child gets on his test　一个小孩在测验中取得的分数
what we are interested in　我们所关心的是
conclude from　得出结论
general intelligence　一般智力

【参考译文】没有人会对一个小孩在测验中取得的分数发生任何兴趣。我们所关心的是我们能否从他的测验分数中得出结论：他在我们认为需要一般智力的各项所干的事情中比他同龄的孩子干得好还是差。

例43　That inflation strikes the economic system and causes severe economic crisis is well-known.

【结构分析】这句话开头是主语从句That inflation strikes the economic system and causes severe economic crisis，系动词是is，表语是well-known。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列的主语从句，主干是后面的句子，并列的主语从句很经典。

【核心词汇】
inflation　通货膨胀
strikes　冲击
economic system　经济体系
severe economic crisis　严重的经济危机
well-known　著名的

【参考译文】大家都知道通货膨胀严重冲击经济体系，而且导致严重的经济危机。

例44　That our environment has little to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.

【结构分析】这个句子开头是主语从句That our environment has little to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior，动词和表语是is central to this theory。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于主语从句很长，很有气势，而且里面运用了很好的短语have to do with。

【核心词汇】
our environment　我们的环境
has little to do with　与……无关
characteristics　性格
central　关键的

【参考译文】我们的环境与我们的能力，性格和行为没有任何关系，是这个理论的核心所在。

例45　However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

【结构分析】这句话两个主语从句并列，分别是第一个主语从句whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans，第二个主语从句whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago，其中第二个主语从句其中有定语从句that the species had 35 million years ago，后面是主干is an unanswered question。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个超级主语从句whether的并列，第二个whether主语从句还有定语从句，主语从句套上定语从句很棒。

【核心词汇】
a sense of fairness　公平意识
evolved in　起源于
independently　各自地
stems from　起源于
common ancestor　共同祖先
species　物种
unanswered question　悬而未决的问题

【参考译文】然而，这种公平意识是否由猴子和人的祖先各自演化而来，或者这种意识是否由这些物种在三千五百万年前共同拥有的祖先遗传而来，是个悬而未决的问题。

例46　How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

【结构分析】How well the predictions will be validated by later performance是个主语从句，动词是depends upon，第一组宾语是并列的名词，也就是the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information，后面加上分词定语used, and后面是第二个宾语the skill and wisdom，后面是定语从句with which it is interpreted，修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是经典的主语从句由how well来引导，后面的宾语特别复杂，第一个宾语是三个名词并列，后面第二个宾语是个名词，后面还套上定语从句。

【核心词汇】
predictions　预测
validate　证实
reliability　可靠性
appropriateness　合理性
interpreted　智慧

【参考译文】是否这些预测能被后面的情况所证明取决于信息获取的数量、可靠性、合理性，以及取决于信息被处理的技巧和智慧。

Unit 5　复杂的宾语从句以及表语从句的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）That引导的宾语从句

Recent court decisions have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. 最近的法律决议命令说，公立学校应该采取必要的措施提供那种教育。

（2）What, How, Why, When, Where引导的宾语从句

I don't believe what you say about the plan and how you carry out the plan. 我不相信你关于这个计划的想法以及你开展这个计划的方式。

（3）Whatever, Whoever, Whenever, Wherever引导的宾语从句

I love whoever agrees with this matter. 任何同意这件事的人我都喜欢。

（4）Whether引导的宾语从句

I don't know whether you will join our team or whether you will lead our team to success. 我不知道你是否加入我的团队，也不知道你是否会带领我们的团队走向成功。

（5）That引导的表语从句

What I am concerned about is that our company is going to be bankrupt. 我所担心的是我们公司即将破产。

实战练习

例47　The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.

【结构分析】主干部分是The latest was a panel，表语panel后面接有两个定语成分：from的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词，即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”，其中第二个定语成分中又包含一个不定式结构，表目的，即“为了告诉我们……而召集的（专家团）”。不定式里面有两个宾语从句，分别是that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming和that the problem is largely man-made。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是定语极其复杂，连环的定语修饰，里面有介词短语，过去分词定语，不定式，而且不定式非常长，里面还有两个宾语从句。

【核心词汇】
the latest　最近的行动
a panel from the National Academy of Sciences　一批来自国家科学院的专家团
enlisted by the White House　白宫召集
definitely warming　毫无疑问正在变暖
largely man-made　主要是人为造成的

【参考译文】最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。

例48　Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.

【结构分析】这句话中Claire C. Gordon是主语，senior anthropologist at the Army Research Centainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slaver in Natick, Mass是对主语的补充，是个插入语，ensures是谓语，that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration是that引导的宾语从句，90 percent of the uniforms and workstations是宾语从句中的主语，fit是宾语从句中的谓语，recruits是宾语从句中的宾语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语的很好的使用，介绍Claire C. Gordon的身份，其中宾语从句很复杂，难度很大。

【核心词汇】
senior anthropologist　高级人类学家
the uniforms and workstations　制服和工作站
fit recruits　满足新兵
without alteration　不做修改

【参考译文】Mass州的Natick的军队研究中心的高级人类学家Claire C. Gordon确信百分之九十的入伍新兵不需要更换新的制服和工作站。

例49　They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certe Sally Hemings.

【结构分析】该句的主干是They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence，过去分词短语made available in 1998和Which引导的非限定性从句都做后置定语，共同修饰名词evidence。定语从句的主谓结构是which proved，宾语是省略了连词的宾语从句(that) Tommas Jefferson had fathered...Hemings，其中father做动词，意为“［作为父亲］生［孩子］，成为……的父亲”。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于被动语态套上定语从句，该定语从句很长，而定语从句后面套上很复杂的宾语从句。

【核心词汇】
spurred by　受影响

DNA evidence　DNA事件
fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings　托马斯·杰弗逊至少和他的奴隶萨利·赫明思生过一个孩子。

【参考译文】他们多半是受了1998年DNA事件的影响。那个事件证明托马斯·杰弗逊至少和他的奴隶萨利·赫明思生过一个孩子。

例50　More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的宾语从句，句子的开头是个分词状语while examing housing construction，句子的主干是the researchers discovered that...，宾语从句的主语是illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers，后面是介词短语in Houston, Texas做定语，宾语从句的动词是met，宾语是best-practice labor productivity standards，后面是个介词短语表示让步状语，也就是despite the complexity of the building industry's work。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超级宾语从句的使用，里面有很长的名词短语做主语，很长的名词短语做宾语，而且里面还有表示让步关系的介词短语despite。

【核心词汇】
examing housing construction　进行住户建设检查
illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers　未受过教育的、英语不是母语的墨西哥工人
consistently met　总是能够达到
best-practice labor productivity standards　最佳的劳动生产率标准
the complexity of the building industry's work　房地产行业的工作非常复杂

【参考译文】最近，在进行住户建设检查时，研究人员发现在德克萨斯州的休斯顿，尽管房地产行业的工作非常复杂，但是未受过教育的、英语不是母语的墨西哥工人总是能够达到最佳的劳动生产率标准。

例51　Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts as a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的宾语从句，是the research revealed that...，宾语从句的主语是the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota，宾语从句的动词是achieved，宾语从句的宾语是about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts，此宾语是连环of结构，后面是表示原因的介词短语as a result of the training，后面是个定语从句that U.S. workers received on the job。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句里面套上很难的原因状语，原因状语里面套上定语从句。

【核心词汇】
the research revealed that　研究表明
the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota　丰田、尼桑和本田位于美国工厂
the productivity　生产力
their Japanese counterparts　日本同行

【参考译文】然而，研究表明丰田、尼桑和本田位于美国工厂的生产率大约是日本同行的95％，这是美国工人接受在职培训的结果。

例52　But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的宾语从句，也就是brain researchers have discovered that...，宾语从句开头是个时间状语从句when we consciously develop new habits，宾语从句的主语是we，动词是create，宾语是连个并列的名词短语，第一个短语是parallel synaptic paths，第二个短语是entirely new brain cells，后面是定语从句that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks，修饰前面的名词短语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于多种从句的层层相套，宾语从句里面套上状语从句，里面再套上定语从句，很有特色。

【核心词汇】
brain researchers　大脑研究人员
consciously develop new habits　有意识地培养新的习惯
create parallel synaptic paths　创建了平行路径
entirely new brain cells　全新的脑细胞
jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks　让我们思绪的列车跳转到新的创新轨道上来

【参考译文】但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯，就创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们思绪的列车跳转到新的创新轨道上来。

例53　The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的宾语从句The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that...，宾语从句的主语是workers，后面是介词短语in all countries做定语，后面是谓语动词can be trained，后面是介词短语on the job做状语，后面是不定式短语to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living做目的状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句很复杂，里面有被动语态，还有介词短语，还有不定式短语，难度很大。

【核心词汇】
the findings of a research institution　一家研究机构的研究成果
have consistently shown　一再表明
can be trained　可以培训
achieve radical higher productivity　大幅度提高生产率
radically higher standards of living　提高生活水平

【参考译文】一家研究机构的研究成果一再表明：所有国家的工人都可以进行在职培训以大幅度提高生产率，从而提高生活水平。

例54　Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.

【结构分析】这句话开头是个介词短语Rather than concluding...，后面是宾语从句that children make parents either happy or miserable，后面是句子的主干，又是个是个宾语从句Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness。冒号后面表示补充说明，先是个介词短语instead of thinking of it as something...，后面是定语从句that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy，再后面是冒号后面的句子的主干we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于冒号前后都有很长的介词短语，前面的介词短语里面有宾语从句，后面的介词短语里面有很长的定语从句，两个介词短语都不简单。

【核心词汇】
either happy or miserable　快乐呢还是痛苦呢
redefine happiness　重新定义幸福
measured by moment-to-moment joy　个个瞬间的快乐组合的可以被衡量的东西
a past-tense condition　一种过去式的状态

【参考译文】Jennifer Senior没有指出养孩子到底是使得父母快乐呢还是痛苦呢，她倒是认为，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该是一个个瞬间的快乐组合的可以被衡量的东西；我们应该把幸福视为一种过去式的状态。

例55　Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that "the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight."

【结构分析】这句话开头是Even though引导的让步状语从句，该状语从句的主语是the day-to-day experience of raising kids，系动词是can be，表语是soul-crushingly hard，句子的主干是个宾语从句，也就是Senior writes that...，宾语从句的主语是the very things，后面是定语从句that in the moment dampen our moods，后面是系动词can be，再后面是表语sources of intense gratification and delight。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句里面套有定语从句，句型结构很复杂，而且the very things表示强调，翻译成“正是那些事情”。

【核心词汇】
the day-to-day experience of raising kids　抚养孩子的日子
soul-crushingly hard　令人筋疲力尽
in the moment　在那个时刻
dampen our moods　心绪沉重
sources of intense gratification and delight　我们欢乐的源泉

【参考译文】尽管抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是Jennifer Senior认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却成为我们欢乐的源泉。

例56　And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的宾语从句，也就是one leading authority says that...，宾语从句的主语是these intensely powerful mental events，动词是并列的两个被动语态的动词，第一个动词harnessed，第二个动词是brought，后面是介词短语under conscious control做状语，后面是不定式短语to help us sleep and feel better，做整个宾语从句的状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句的动词是并列的两个被动语态的动词，not only...but also...这种结构用于动词并列很经典，表示递进，比如I am not only addicted but crazy about internet games。

【核心词汇】
one leading authority　一名顶级权威
these intensely powerful mental events　这些极其强烈的大脑活动
harnessed　抑制
brought under conscious control　受到有意识的控制
to help us sleep and feel better　帮助我们睡眠，使我们感觉好一些

【参考译文】而一名顶级权威认为，这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以抑制，实际上还可以受到有意识的控制，帮助我们睡眠，使我们感觉好一些。

例57　The 1990 Census revealed that a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English "well" or "very well" after ten years of residence.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的宾语从句，也就是The 1990 Census revealed that...，宾语从句的主语是a majority of immigrants，后面是介词短语做定语，也就是from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin，宾语从句的动词是spoke，宾语是English，后面是程度性副词，也就是"well" or "very well"，后面是时间状语，也就是after ten years of residence。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句难度很大，里面有很长的介词短语，有时间状语。

【核心词汇】
reveal　揭露
a majority of immigrants　大多数移民
origin　原始
ten years of residence　十年定居

【参考译文】1990年的人口调查显示，“大多数来自15个移民大国的移民居住10年之后英语达到了好或者很好的水平。”

例58　The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的表语从句，句子的主干是The notion is that...，后面表语从句，表语从句的主语是people，动词是have failed to detect，宾语是the massive changes，后面是定语从句which have happened in the ocean，后面是状语从句because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于各种从句的连环相套，表语从句套定语从句，定语从句后面又套上状语从句。

【核心词汇】
the notion　意思就是说
massive changes　巨大变化
looking back　往回看
only a relatively short time　过去一小段时间

【参考译文】意思就是说人们没有发现海里发生的巨大变化，因为他们相对来说只看了过去一小段时间。

例59　Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的宾语从句，也就是Sternberg notes that...，宾语从句的主语是traditional tests，动词是assess，宾语是analytical and verbal skills，转折词but后面的动词是fail to measure，宾语是creativity and practical knowledge，后面是这个宾语的同位语，也就是components also critical to problem solving and life success。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于同位语的正确使用，components also critical to problem solving and life success用来解释什么叫做实践知识。

【核心词汇】
traditional tests　传统的测试
best assess　最好的评估出
analytical and verbal skills　分析能力和语言能力
creativity and practical knowledge　创造性和实际才能
critical　极其重要
problem solving and life success　解决问题和成功人生

【参考译文】斯顿伯格指出传统的测试能最好地评估出分析能力和语言能力而不能衡量一个人的创造性和实际才能以及那些对于解决问题和成功人生也极其重要的因素。

例60　I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

【结构分析】该句是个典型的宾语从句，主干是I have discovered that...，其中有插入语，也就是as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress，后面是宾语从句，宾语从句的主语是两个动名词短语并列构成，第一个动名词短语是abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life"，第二个动名词短语making the alternative move into "downshifting"，宾语从句的谓语动词是brings，后面是介词短语with it做状语，后面是宾语从句的宾语far greater rewards，后面是个比较级than financial success and social status。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于一个超长插入语的使用，使得discover和that产生巨大的脱节，导致判断宾语从句很难，而且宾语从句里面充满了大量的动名词，对宾语从句的动词的判断产生困难。

【核心词汇】
much-publicized resignation　在媒体的关注之中辞去
the editorship　杂志的主编
after a build-up of stress　在压力变得沉重之后
abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life"　放弃“兼职”的理念
making the alternative move into "downshifting"　下一个举动是“辞职”

far greater rewards　更大的回报
financial success and social status　经济收入和社会地位

【参考译文】我已经发现了放弃“兼职”的理念，下一个举动是“辞职”。这样做所带来的回报远远不止是经济收入和社会地位。也许，Kelsey在压力变得沉重之后，在媒体的关注之中辞去了该杂志的主编职务后也会有同感。

例61　Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power."

【结构分析】这句话是个转折句，前半句是个宾语从句，也就是Rodriguez notes that...，宾语从句的主语是children，后面是两个介词短语做定语，修饰前面的名词，也就是in remote villages around the world，宾语从句的系动词是are，宾语从句的表语是fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks，转折连词yet后面又是一个宾语从句，也就是some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于转折句前后都有宾语从句，两个宾语从句的使用很经典。

【核心词汇】
in remote villages around the world　住在世界偏远村落的
fans of superstars　超级巨星的追星族
immigrants living within the United States　住在美国的许多移民
remain somehow immune to　保持某种拒绝
the nation's assimilative power　美国的同化作用

【参考译文】Rodriguez指出，住在世界偏远村落的孩子们都是阿诺德·史瓦辛格和加思·布鲁克斯之类超级巨星的追星族，但是“有些美国人担心，美国的同化作用对住在美国的许多移民不知怎的一直都不起作用。”

例62　Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?

【结构分析】此句是两种宾语从句构成，代表着scientists和doubters两种人的态度，句子的主干是Do you remember all those years，后面是定语从句when scientists argued...，后面是宾语从句that smoking would kill us，转折连词but后面是怀疑者的观点，也就是the doubters insisted that...，第一个观点是we didn't know for sure? 第二个观点是That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? 第三个观点是That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于怀疑者的观点很复杂，总共三个宾语从句，有排比得气势如虹的效果。

【核心词汇】
the doubters　怀疑者
we didn't know for sure　我们不确定
the evidence was inconclusive　证据不确定
the science uncertain　科学不确定
the antismoking lobby　反对抽烟的游说者
stay out of the way　不应介入

【参考译文】你可否记得那些年月？当时科学家们提出吸烟会让我们丧命，可持怀疑态度者却坚持认为我们尚无定论。他们坚持认为证据不确定，科学就不确定。他们坚持认为对反对吸烟的劝导一心想毁掉我们自己的生活方式，且政府不应介入此事。

例63　Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.

【结构分析】这句话是个宾语从句，Nancy Dubler contends that...，宾语从句的主语是the principle，动词是will shield，宾语是doctors，后面是定语从句who until now have very, very strongly insisted that...，后面又是个宾语从句，也就是they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain，宾语从句里面套上条件状语从句，也就是if that might hasten death。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句里面套上定语从句，定语从句里面又套上宾语从句，宾语从句里又套上状语从句。各种从句互相嵌套，关键是抓住每个从句的主谓宾。

【核心词汇】
contend　认为
the principle　这一原则
shield　保护
insist　坚持
sufficient mediation　足量的镇痛剂
hasten death　加速死亡

【参考译文】Nancy Dubler, Montehore医疗中心的主任，认为这一原则将会保护这样一些医生，他们到目前为止还强烈坚持他们不能够给病人足量的镇痛剂来控制他们的疼痛，如果这么做会加速他们的死亡的话。

例64　The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的宾语从句，也就是The grand mediocrity of today means that...，句子的主语和动词之间加入插入语，也就是everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring，宾语从句的主语是natural selection，动词是has lost，宾语是80％ of its power，后面是介词短语in upper-middle-class India做状语，后面是分词短语compared to the tribe做状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句难度较大，该宾语从句里面有介词短语，还有分词短语，很经典。

【核心词汇】
the grand mediocrity of today　当今人与人之间的这种普遍现象
number of off-spring　子嗣的数目
natural selection　自然淘汰法则
upper-middle-class India　印度中上层阶级
compared to the tribe　和在印度土著部落中的情况相比

【参考译文】当今人与人之间的这种普遍现象——即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等，并且连子嗣的数目都一样——意味着和在印度土著部落中的情况相比，印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80％的自然选择中的优势。

例65　Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".

【结构分析】句子的主干是Mitsuo Setoyama raised eyebrows，主干中间加入插入语，也就是who was then education minister，句子的后面是状语从句when...，状语从句中有宾语从句，也就是he argued that...，宾语从句的主语是liberal reforms，后面是分词短语做定语，也就是introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ，宾语从句的动词是had weakened，宾语从句的宾语是the Japanese morality of respect for parents。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于状语从句when里面套有宾语从句，宾语从句里卖弄套有分词定语。

【核心词汇】
raised eyebrows　感觉不可思议
liberal reforms　自由主义革新

American occupation authorities　美国占领当局
weaken　削弱

Japanese morality of respect for parents　日本民族尊敬父母的道德品质

【参考译文】去年，当担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫谈到二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由主义革新削弱了日本民族“尊敬父母的道德品质”的时候，他感觉不可思议。

例66　During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.

【结构分析】句子开头是个介词短语做状语，也就是During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting，主句是个宾语从句，也就是Levin asserted that...，宾语从句是个并列句，第一个并列句是“music is not the cause of society's ills”，第二个并列句是even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York，这个并列句里面套有定语从句，也就是who uses rap to communicate with students。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于多个从句的紧密相套，里面有宾语从句，有并列句，有定语从句，很经典。

【核心词汇】
rock singing verses　摇滚歌词
stockholders' meeting　股东大会
the cause of society's ills　社会问题的原因
rap　说唱音乐
communicate with students　与学生们进行沟通

【参考译文】在上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说：“音乐不是社会问题的原因”，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，并用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。

例67　Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.

【结构分析】句子的主干是个被动语态，主语是Economists，动词是have been surprised by，宾语是favorable inflation figures，后面是介词短语是in Britain and the United States，后面是个原因状语从句，也就是since conventional measures suggest...，状语从句里面套上宾语从句，也就是that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于状语从句套上宾语从句，从句套从句很经典。

【核心词汇】
economists　经济学家们
favorable inflation figures　有利的通货膨胀数据
conventional measures　传统的计量方法
productive slack　生产萧条

【参考译文】经济学家们对英国和美国的有利的通货膨胀数据尤其感到惊讶，因为传统的计量方法显示两国的经济，特别是美国的经济，几乎没有生产萧条的时候。

例68　Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的宾语从句，也就是Some economists argue that...，宾语从句的主语是powerful structural changes，动词是have upended，宾语是the old economic models，宾语后面是定语从句that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句里面套上定语从句，两个超级从句的相套是本句的特色，后面的定语从句很有特色。

【核心词汇】
some economists　一些经济学家
powerful structural changes　经济结构的强有力的变化
upend　结束
old economic models　旧的经济模式
the historical link between growth and inflation　经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联

【参考译文】一些经济学家认为世界经济结构的强有力的变化已经结束了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联为基础的旧的经济模式。

例69　His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.

【结构分析】这句话是个宾语从句，也就是His colleague, Michael Beer, says that...，宾语从句的主语是far too many companies，动词是have applied，宾语是re-engineering，后面是介词短语in a mechanistic fashion做状语，后面是加上伴随分词状语，也就是chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句里面套上伴随分词状语，分词状语让句子很灵活，比如I am carrying out my super plans, using my great wisdom and confidence。

【核心词汇】
his colleague　他的同事
far too many companies　太多的公司
re-engineering　重新改造
in a mechanistic fashion　一种机械的方式
chopping out costs　削减了成本
give sufficient thought to　充分考虑
long-term profitability　长期赢利的能力

【参考译文】他的同事迈克尔·比尔说，有太多的公司已经用一种机械的方式实行公司内部的重新改造，在没有充分考虑长期赢利的能力下削减了成本。

例70　The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

【结构分析】句子的主干是个被动语态，也就是The debate was launched by the Government，后面加上定语从句which invited anyone...，后面加上介词短语with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewer做定语修饰前面的anyone，后面是个不定式做invite的宾补，也就是to say...，里面有两个并列的宾语从句，第一个宾语从句是what was good or bad about the Corporation，第二个宾语从句是whether they thought it was worth keeping。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句里面套上两个并列的宾语从句，两个宾语从句很有特色，定语从句套宾语从句的结构值得学习。

【核心词汇】
launched by　被发起
ordinary listeners and viewer　普通的听众和观众
worth keeping　值得被保留下来

【参考译文】这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人——包括普通的听众和观众——来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。

例71　On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

【结构分析】这句话开头是个宾语从句many in the medical community acknowledge that...，宾语从句的主语是the assisted-suicide debate，动词是has been fueled in part by，动词是个被动语态，宾语是the despair of patients，后面加上定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying，其中whom指的是patients。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句套上定语从句，这个定语从句很难理解，而且关系代词里面有个介词for，这个for应该在定语从句的结尾，被放到了前面，表示目的。

【核心词汇】
acknowledge　承认
assisted-suicide debate　关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论
fueled by　被加剧
despair　绝望
the physical agony of dying　死亡的生理的痛

【参考译文】在另一个层面上，很多医疗界的人士承认，关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论，部分是因为病人的绝望情绪，对病人来说，现代医学已经延长了死亡的生理的痛苦。

例72　Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

【结构分析】anyone为句子的主语，加上定语从句who has toiled through SAT，动词是will testify，后面是第一个宾语从句that test-taking skill also matters，再后面是第二个宾语从句，也就是whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个漂亮的宾语从句的使用，一个是that引导的，一个是whether引导的，很精彩。

【核心词汇】
toil through　辛苦的经历

SAT　美国高考（全称为scholastic assessment test学术性评估测试）
testify　证实
matter　这里是动词，重要

【参考译文】任何一个曾经辛苦的经历过SAT考试的人都会证实考试的技巧也很重要，无论这种技巧是知道什么时候去猜还是知道什么问题应该跳过。

例73　He says our doctors must make it clear that painful deaths without proper use of medicine are absolutely the ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.

【结构分析】这句话前半句是连环的宾语从句，也就是He says our doctors must make it clear，后面的宾语从句的主语是painful deaths without proper use of medicine，动词是are，宾语the ones，后面是定语从句that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension，定语从句中有两个动词并列。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于形式宾语it的正确使用，后面跟上真正的宾语从句，比如I make it realized that I feel so hungry。

【核心词汇】
make it clear　弄清楚
painful deaths　痛苦的死亡
without proper use of medicine　不合理使用医药
incompetently managed　失职行为
license suspension　吊销执照

【参考译文】他认为我们的一生必须弄清楚，由于没有合理使用医药所导致的痛苦的死亡是由于医生失职导致的，应该导致吊销执照。

例74　The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是The Greeks assumed...，后面是宾语从句that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought，后面是非限定性定语从句which took root in Europe，后面是时间状语从句long before people realized how diverse languages could be。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句，后面套上了非限定性定语从句，后面又套上状语从句，是三大超级句型的层层相套，很经典。

【核心词汇】
the Greeks　希腊人
structure of language　语言的结构
had some connection with　与……有某种联系
the process of thought　思维的过程
took root in　根源在于
how diverse languages could be　语言的多样性

【参考译文】希腊人认为，语言的结构和思维的过程有某种联系，这种理论在人们认识到语言多样性很久以前，已经在欧洲根深蒂固。

例75　One difficulty is that all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是One difficulty is...，后面是表语从句that all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to...，该表语从句的主语和宾语都很复杂，主语是all of结构，里面有很长的what引导的宾语从句，动词是固定搭配trace...to...，翻译成根据……研究……，其中句子的直接宾语是behavior，间接宾语是states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于很长、很精彩的表语从句，该表语从句的主语和宾语很复杂，主语里面有what，宾语里面有直接，间接宾语，而且间接宾语是一组名词构成，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
what is called　所谓的
behavioral science　行为学
trace...to...　根据……研究……

states of mind　思维的模式
traits of character　性格特征
human nature　人性

【参考译文】困难之一是所谓的行为学的所有的理论都一直根据人类的思维状态、情感和性格特点还有人性，来研究人类的行为。

例76　All we can hope today is that unbelievably dangerous powers of atomic weapons, which have been put into the hands of human beings by the development of modern science, will remain under control by responsible men and countries, and that evil terrorists will not release upon mankind the weapons that could extinguish not only mankind, but all life on earth.

【结构分析】这句话主干是All we can hope today is...，后面是两个并列的表语从句，第一个表语从句是that unbelievably dangerous powers of atomic weapons will remain under control by responsible men and countries，其中有插入语which have been put into the hands of human beings by the development of modern science，第二个表语从句是that evil terrorists will not release upon mankind the weapons...，其中有定语从句that could extinguish not only mankind, but all life on earth。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个超级的并列的表语从句，其中第一个表语从句有插入结构，第二个表语从句里面套上定语从句，两个表语从句都很有特色。

【核心词汇】
unbelievably dangerous powers　不可思议的破坏性力量
atomic weapons　核武器
put into the hands of human beings　被人类掌握
the development of modern science　现代科技的发展
remain under control　被控制
evil terrorists　邪恶的恐怖主义分子
release upon　投放
extinguish　摧毁

【参考译文】今天我们所希望的是我们通过现代技术已经掌握很好的核武器将会被负责任的人和国家所掌握，而且我们还希望邪恶的恐怖主义分子不会向人类使用这种能摧毁人类和地球所有生命的武器。

例77　Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

【结构分析】这句话主干是Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism，后面加上定语从句which, in its strongest form, states...，后面是两个并列的宾语从句，第一个是that language imprisons the mind，第二个是that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于主干的宾语部分有个超长的定语从句，很有气势，该定语从句后面是个很有难度的并列宾语从句，定语从句套宾语从句的写法很流行，让句子变得很长，特别是并列宾语从句的使用很神奇。

【核心词汇】
a sort of　某种
linguistic determinism　语言决定论
in its strongest form　以最强的形式
imprison the mind　禁锢人的思想
grammatical patterns　语法形式
far-reaching consequences　深远影响
the culture of a society　一个社会的文化

【参考译文】Whorf开始相信某种语言决定论，这种决定论强烈认为，语言禁锢了人的思维，而且还认为，一种语言的语法模式对一个国家的文化产生深远的影响。

例78　The universe works in a way so remote from what common sense would allow that words of any kinds are inadequate to explain it.

【结构分析】句子主干是The universe works，后面是介词短语in a way，后面加上形容词短语so remote from...，后面是宾语从句what common sense would allow，后面是so引导的so...that...的搭配，也就是that words of any kinds are inadequate to explain it。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是一个超级形容词短语so...that...，修饰前面的名词，里面套上宾语从句，很经典。

【核心词汇】
universe　宇宙
remote from　与……有很大的区别
common sense would allow　常识所能解释
inadequate　不够

【参考译文】宇宙工作的方式与常识所能解释的有如此大的天壤区别，以至于任何形式的语言都没法描述它。

例79　In the west, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms.

【结构分析】这句话的介词短语before mass communication and literacy做状语，主干是the most powerful mass medium was the church，后面加上定语从句which reminded worshippers...，后面再加上宾语从句两个，分别是that their souls were in peril和that they would someday be meat for worms。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句里面套上两个宾语从句，这种并列的宾语从句很经典，是很好的用法。

【核心词汇】
mass communication　大众传媒
literacy　文学
mass medium　大众媒体
remind　提醒
worshipper　信徒
in peril　折磨
meat for worms　被虫子吃掉

【参考译文】在西方世界，在大众传媒和文学出现之前，最强大的大众媒体是教堂，教堂提醒信徒，他们的灵魂处于长期的折磨，而且提醒他们他们某一天被虫子吃掉。

例80　One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.

【结构分析】One more reason是主语中心语，不定式not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices是个定语，修饰前面的名词，系动词是is，后面是表语从句that it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand，中间有插入语unlike the rises in the 1970s。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于不定式的超级使用，修饰前面的名词，后面的表语从句很有气势，表语从句还有插入语。

【核心词汇】
not to lose sleep over　不应因……而失眠
not occurred against the background of　在……背景之下
general commodity-price inflation　普遍的商品价格暴涨
global excess demand　全球需求过旺

【参考译文】另外一个不应因油价上涨而失眠的原因是，这次不像70年代的那些次上涨，它并不是在普遍的商品价格暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的。

例81　The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.

【结构分析】主语是The OECD，动词是estimates，介词短语in its latest Economic Outlook做状语，that引导很长的宾语从句，其中if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year是宾语从句中的条件状语从句，compared with $13 in 1998是个分词状语，修饰这个状语从句，this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies是状语从句的主干，介词短语by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP修饰前面的句子。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句里面套有状语从句，状语从句套上分词状语，宾语从句套状语从句很有特色。

【核心词汇】
in its latest Economic Outlook　在其最近的《经济瞭望》中
estimate　估计
compared with　比较
oil import bill　石油进口账单
rich economies　富裕的经济体

【参考译文】OECD在其最近的《经济瞭望》中估计，如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每22美元，这也只会给富裕的经济体的石油进口账单上增加GDP的0.25％到0.5％。

例82　At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

【结构分析】主语中心语是the American Law Institute，谓语动词是issued，宾语是the men and their demands, for tort law是个介词短语，修饰前面的guidelines, stating that...是个分词定语，修饰前面的名词，that是个宾语从句，宾语从句的主语是companies，后面有两个动词，分别是need not warn和bombard。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于采用了分词定语里面套上宾语从句，而其中的插入语也是考研英语经典结构，表示补充说明，后面宾语从句两个动词的并列很有特色。

【核心词汇】
the American Law Institute　美国法律研究所
academics　理论专家
recommendation　建议
substantial weight　分量极重
issue　发布
guidelines　指导方针
tort law　民事伤害法令
bombard　一再提请
a lengthy list of　连篇累牍地

【参考译文】与此同时，美国法律研究所——由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成，他们的建议分量极重——发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针，宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。

例83　At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient and which employees are the most hard-working, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly and the distribution of goods to be arranged effectively.

【结构分析】此句话有两个并列句，主语是these computers，动词是record，宾语是并列的宾语从句，两个which都是并列宾语从句，allowing...是分词状语，做结果状语，后面两个不定式to是allow这个词的固定搭配，做宾语补足语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于有两个个超级并列的which，做宾语从句，而且分词状语特别长，后面两个to do用得很巧妙，两个个宾语从句配上分词短语，一气呵成，很和谐。

【核心词汇】
at the same time　同时
the most efficient　最有效率
the most hard-working　最努力
personnel and staffing assignments　人事安排
distribution of goods　物流

【参考译文】同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些经理工作效率最高，哪些员工最努力，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排，而且让物流变得更加有效果。

例84　The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

【结构分析】句子的主语是The American economic system，动词是is organized around，宾语是a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy，后面是定语从句in which consumers largely determine...，定语从句里面是宾语从句what shall be produced，后面是个介词短语by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most做状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句里面套上很长的宾语从句，宾语从句的后面还有很长的介词短语by，该介词短语里面有定语从句that。

【核心词汇】
at the same time　同时
the most efficient　最有效率
the most hard-working　最努力
personnel and staffing assignments　人事安排
distribution of goods　物流

【参考译文】美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

例85　But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Wal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

【结构分析】这句话的主语是a study，后面是介词短语by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Wal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia做定语，后面是个插入语，也是个定语从句which has just been published in Nature，后面是动词suggests，后面是宾语从句that it is all too monkey, as well。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句加上宾语从句，这个定语从句还是个插入语，解释这个研究发表的地方。

【核心词汇】
a study　一项研究

Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia　佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学
published in Nature　登载在自然杂志
it is all too monkey　“猴之常情”

【参考译文】但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal进行的一项登载在自然杂志的研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。

例86　One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early.

【结构分析】本句的主干是主语＋系动词＋表语结构: One theory, ...is that the rot sets in early，其中两个逗号之间的部分是过去分词结构dreamt up...，作前面theory的定语，其中过去分词结构enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged作前面time的定语。the alphabetically disadvantaged（在字母表上排为不利的人）的作用相当于名词，指一类人。（the＋形容词＝名词，指一类人）。rot此处的意思是“一连串的不利”，指因为姓氏的首字母在字母表中的位置考后所遭受的歧视。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超长的插入语的使用，导致了主语和动词的严重脱离，导致动词很难找到，后面还是个经典的表语从句。

【核心词汇】
one theory　一种理论
dreamt up　凭空想出
in all the spare time　在闲暇时光时
the alphabetically disadvantaged　按字母表顺序排名靠后的人
the rot sets in early　这种倒霉事老早就开始了

【参考译文】按字母表顺序排名靠后的人在享受闲暇时光时凭空想出一种理论，认为这种倒霉事老早就开始了。

例87　One of the difficulties in exploring the universe is that the universe is so large and unimaginable that we can not reach the end of it.

【结构分析】本句的主语是One of the difficulties，后面是介词短语in exploring the universe做定语，系动词是is，后面是表语从句that the universe is so large and unimaginable that we can not reach the end of it。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超长表语从句的使用，此表语从句里面是用了so...that...这种固定搭配。

【核心词汇】
one of the difficulties　困难之一
exploring the universe　探索宇宙
unimaginable　无法想象

【参考译文】我们探索宇宙遇到的困难之一是宇宙如此地巨大和不可思议以至于我们无法触摸到它的尽头。

例88　"The test of any democratic society", he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be."

【结构分析】主语是the test of any democratic society，动词是lies in，后面是固定搭配，not...but..., not后面是第一个宾语从句how well it can control expression, but in后面是第二个宾语从句whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude，其中freedom of thought and expression是直接宾语，the widest possible latitude是间接宾语，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be是让步状语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于not...but...，“不是……而是……”，否定前面，肯定后面，是很大气的转折，起承转合让句子更加美妙，后面两个宾语从句，很美妙，how well是很高级的宾语从句，whether是很长的宾语从句，这两个宾语从句组合很好。

【核心词汇】
democratic society　民主社会
lies in　取决于
freedom of thought and expression　思考和表达的自由
the widest possible latitude　尽可能广泛的范围
disputable　富有争议
irritating　令人不快

【参考译文】“对任何一个民主社会的考验，”他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中写到，“不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由，不管有时候这种结果是多么的富有争议或令人不快……”

Unit 6　复杂的同位语从句的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）That引导的同位语从句

①In talking to some young scientists, you might gather the impression that they find the scientific method substitute for imaginative thought. 在跟很多年轻的科学家聊天的时候，你会形成这样一种印象，也就是他们用科学方法代替凭空的想象。

②Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. 网络文化高度评价了这样一种观念，也就是在屏幕上滚动的信息是应特殊需要而产生。

（2）Whether引导的同位语从句

①The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been decided. 我们是否有时间做这个工作这个问题没有得到解决。

②The issue whether the man is trustworthy is investigated. 这个男人是否可靠这个问题正在被调查。

（3）同位语从句与被修饰的名词分开，中间插入别的成分

①Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. 关于证人有可能被鼓励夸大他们的故事为了确保有罪的判罚的这种忧虑正在增加。

②Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for rebelling the country. 忐忑不安的几个月过去了，然后悲剧性的消息传来了：他的挚爱的哥哥由于叛国罪被处死。

③Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. 有证据不断表明，特殊的语音可以被六个月大的小孩确认。

实战练习

例89　Such behavior is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

【结构分析】前一分句是句子的主句Such behavior is regarded as "all too human"，其中使用了短语regard as...的被动形式；with加名词作状语，即“带有潜在的假定”，其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance，解释说明假定的内容。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于同位语从句的精确使用，该同位语从句提出一种假设，说明动物没有这种气愤意识。

【核心词汇】
regarded as　被看作是
all too human　人之常情
the underlying assumption　潜在的假定
be capable of　能够
this finely developed sense of grievance　这种高度发达的不公平意识

【参考译文】这种行为被看作是“人之常情”，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。

例90　Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.

【结构分析】句子的主干结构是Steelworkers...are joining millions of families, families后面跟一个定语从句。而在定语从句中，主语是who，谓语是worry about，宾语是interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the hash reality，后面that they may outlive their retirement money是一个同位语从句，修饰the harsh reality。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句很长，而且定语从句后面还加上了很长的同位语从句，这两个that很难区分到底是同位语从句，还是定语从句。

【核心词汇】
worry about　操心，担心
interest rates　利率
stock market　股票市场
fluctuation　股票市场的波动
retirement money　退休金
outlive　比……长命，比……耐久，经受住

【参考译文】钢铁工人、航空公司的雇员，以及在汽车工业中就业的人，他们现在和数百万的家庭一样，必须操心利率和股票市场的升降，担心他们的退休金不够用的严峻现实。

例91　Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn't have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of no children accompanying them.

【结构分析】该句比较复杂，是个转折句，转折前半句是个宾语从句，也就是Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if...，宾语从句的主语是they，宾语从句的谓语是shouldn't have had，宾语从句的宾语是kids，转折句后半句的主语是unhappy childless folks，动词是are bothered with，宾语是the message，后面是同位语从句that children are the single most important thing in the world，冒号后面解释说明这个同位语从句，也就是obviously their misery must be a direct result of no children accompanying them。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于转折句里面套上同位语从句，而且同位语从句后面又冒号这种补充说明成分，让句子的意念传递更加准确，把没有孩子父母的心态写到了极致。

【核心词汇】
provoked to　被引发
wonder if they shouldn't have had kids　反思自己是否不该养孩子
unhappy childless folks　不幸福的没有孩子的人
bothered with　所困扰
misery　不幸
a direct result of　直接原因是

【参考译文】没有人会去让不情愿养孩子的父母去反思自己是否不该养孩子，但是那不幸福的没有孩子的人却为类似这样的信息所困扰：“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”，显然，他们的不幸直接原因是没有孩子陪伴他们。

例92　For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached and who must have great job experiences such as making strategic plans and improving the efficiency of management.

【结构分析】这句话开头是介词短语For years，句子的主语是executives and headhunters，动词是have adhered to，宾语是the rule，后面是同位语从句that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones...，后面是并列的定语从句，第一个定语从句是who must be poached，第二个定语从句是who must have great job experiences，后面举例子such as making strategic plans and improving the efficiency of management。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于同位语从句套上并列定语从句，同位语从句套定语从句是个结构，比如I don't know the fact that those who love telling lies are my best friends。

【核心词汇】
executives and headhunters　经理们和猎头们
adhered to the rule　都认同这样一个原则
the most attractive CEO candidates　最有吸引力的CEO的竞争者
must be poached　需要去挖来
great job experiences　有宝贵的工作经验
making strategic plans　制定战略性计划

【参考译文】多年以来，经理们和猎头们都认同这样一个原则：最有吸引力的CEO的竞争者是那些需要去挖来的人，而且是那些有宝贵的工作经验的人，宝贵的工作经验包括制定战略性计划和提高管理效率。

例93　The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的转折句加上同位语从句，转折的前半句是个被动语态，主语是The oiling，动词是is done，后面是个介词短语做状语，修饰动词，也就是with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music，句子的宾语是psychologists and "human-relations" experts，转折后半句的主语是all this oiling，动词是does not alter，宾语是the fact，宾语后面是三个并列的同位语从句，第一个同位语从句是that man has become powerless，第二个同位语从句是that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work，第三个同位语从句是that he is bored with it。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超长的转折句套上同位语从句，三个同位语从句并列很有气势，把人类对工作的厌恶写得惟妙惟肖。

【核心词汇】
the oiling　润滑手段
higher wages　高工资
well-ventilated factories　通风条件好的工厂
piped music　工作背景音乐

"human-relations" experts　“人类关系”专家

Powerless　无能
wholeheartedly participate in his work　全身心投入工作

【参考译文】润滑手段有心理学家和“人类关系”专家使用的高工资、通风条件好的工厂和工作背景音乐。然而，所有的这些润滑都没有改变这样的事实：人类变得无能，不能全身心投入工作，而且对工作感到厌烦。

例94　A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears；by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" —the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.

【结构分析】分号前后有两个并列句，表示并列。第一个并列句的主干是Freud formulated his revolutionary theory，后面是同位语从句that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears，第二个并列句的主语是neurologists，动词是had switched to thinking of，直接宾语是them，介词as后面是间接宾语“mental noise”，破折号后面是补充说明成分，也就是the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是分号前后是两种观点的并列句，第一个并列句中有同位语从句，第二个并列句是很复杂的，有直接和间接宾语。

【核心词汇】
formulated his revolutionary theory　阐述了他那突破性的理论
disguised shadows　掩盖的阴影
our unconscious desires and fears　潜意识中的渴望和恐惧
neurologists　神经病学家
switched to thinking of　却转而认为
mental noise　精神噪音

【参考译文】在一百年以前，弗洛伊德系统地阐述了他那突破性的理论，认为梦是掩盖的阴影，反映了潜意识中的渴望和恐惧。到二十世纪七十年代末，神经病学家却转而认为梦仅仅是“精神噪音”——在睡眠期间神经进行的修复工作的随意附带产物。

例95　Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.

【结构分析】这句话是个转折句，转折句的前半句的主语是Progress，后面是介词短语in both areas，系动词是is，表语是necessary，后面是个介词短语修饰整个句子，也就是for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies，分号后面是转折句的后半句，主干是the conventional view is wrong，其中主语后面是个同位语从句，也就是that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于该转折句的前半句里面有很长的介词短语，转折句的后半句里面有很长的同位语从句，该同位语从句是conventional view这种传统的观点的具体解释。

【核心词汇】
progress in both areas　这两个领域的进步，指的是上文的正规教育和经济发展的进步
undoubtedly necessary　都非常必要
the conventional view　传统的观点
the very highest priorities　最优先考虑的
promote rapid economic development　促进经济迅猛发展

【参考译文】毫无疑问，对于这些国家和其他社会的社会、政治以及知识的发展，正规教育和经济发展的进步都非常必要。然而，传统的观点认为，为了促进贫困国家的经济迅猛发展，最优先考虑的应该是教育，这种观点是错误的。

例96　Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man rise from the lowest to the highest position.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim，后面加上定语从句that Americans often made，再加上同位语从句that in their country a man rise from the lowest to the highest position，此同位语从句是做claim的同位语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句套上同位语从句，很容易搞混哪个才是定语从句，哪个才是同位语从句。

【核心词汇】
the most famous instance　最著名的例子
claim　主张
rise from the lowest to the highest position　从最低层爬到最高层

【参考译文】阿巴拉姆林肯是美国人喜欢举的最著名的例子来证明一个人可以从社会的最底层爬到社会的最高层。

例97　The assertion that it was difficult for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was scarcely contested.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是The assertion was scarcely contested，中间加上同位语从句that it was difficult for a people to enjoy its basic rights...，同位语从句里面套有状语从句unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于很长的同位语从句的很好的使用，而且同位语从句里面还套有很棒的条件状语从句unless，后面还用了两个to do并列，句子的延展性得到增加，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
assertion　观点
a people　一个民族
basic rights　基本权利
determine freely　自由决定
political status　政治地位
ensure freely　自由确保
scarcely contested　毋庸置疑

【参考译文】有这样一种观点说，只有一个民族自由地决定它的政治地位而且确保它的经济，社会和文化发展的自由，它才能享受最基本的权利，这个观点是毋庸置疑的。

例98　Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.

【结构分析】这句话主干是Behaviorists say...，后面加上宾语从句that differences in scores are due to the fact...，宾语从句里面套上同位语从句that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages...，同位语从句后面套上定语从句that whites enjoy。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句套上同位语从句，再套上定语从句，注意后面两个that很难区分到底是定语从句还是同位语从句，这个区分需要长时间练习，due to the fact这种结构的成功使用是这句话的亮点，比一般的because引导的状语从句强。

【核心词汇】
behaviorists　行为学家
in contrast　相反地
differences in scores　分数上的差异
due to　由于
deprived of　剥夺
educational and other environmental advantages　教育和其他环境上的优势

【参考译文】相反的是，行为学家认为，白人和黑人在考试分数上差异是由于这样一个事实，也就是说黑人被剥夺了白人所享受的教育和环境上的优势。

例99　Over and over again, the Revolutionary generation, both liberal and conservative in outlook, asserted its conviction that the public interest of the Republic rested upon an educated citizenry who can tell the truth from the wrong and that schools, especially free public schools, would be the best means of educating the citizenry in correct values and the obligations required of everyone in a democratic republican society.

【结构分析】主干是the Revolutionary generation asserted its conviction...，后面是两个并列的同位语从句，第一个同位语从句是that the public interest of the Republic rested upon an educated citizenry...，后面是定语从句who can tell the truth from the wrong，第二个同位语从句that schools, especially free public schools, would be the best means of educating the citizenry...，其中有介词短语做状语in correct values and the obligations...，后面加上分词定语required of everyone in a democratic republican society。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列的同位语从句超级使用，其中第一个同位语从句里面套上定语从句，第二个同位语从句里面套有介词短语加上分词定语。

【核心词汇】
revolutionary generation　革命性的一代
liberal　自由
conservative　保守
outlook　价值观
asserted its conviction　声称自己的主张
rest upon　取决于
an educated citizenry　一个受教育的公民
tell the truth from the wrong　明辨是非
correct values and the obligations　正确的价值观和责任心
democratic republican society　民主的共和国

【参考译文】一直以来，革命性的一代，无论他们的价值观是保守还是开放，都主张，一个国家的公共利益的实现取决于它的国民是否能够明辨是非，还主张我们的学校，特别是免费的公立学校是最有效的一种方式来教会我们国民每个民主共和国的国民所必须具备的正确的价值观和责任心。

例100　"Your abilities and wisdom count", Explained psychologist Michael Scheler of Carnege-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will succeed and whether you can make a triumph persistently after achieving your goals.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的转折句，转折句子前面的主干是“Your abilities and wisdom count”，转折后面的主语是the belief，后面加上同位语从句that you can succeed，动词是affects，后面加上两个并列的宾语从句，第一个宾语从句是whether or not you will succeed，第二个宾语从句是whether you can make a triumph persistently after achieving your goals.

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于转折句的合理使用，先说成功和能力相关，在通过否定上文，让自己的观点更加具有说服力，说成功与自信相关，很霸气的转折句子，后面又套上了两个神奇的宾语从句whether，让句子的延展性得到增加。

【核心词汇】
abilities and wisdom　能力和智慧
count　起作用
the belief that you can succeed　你成功的信念
make a triumph　大获全胜
persistently　持续不断

【参考译文】卡耐基梅隆大学的心理学家Michael Scheler认为能力和智慧对成功起一定作用，但是他更认为，你成功的信念将决定你是否能成功，而且决定了你是否在完成你的目标之后，能持续不断地成功。

例101　Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that a person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.

【结构分析】主干是the word "amateur" does carry a connotation，后面是同位语从句that a person concerned...，后面的动词并列，分别是is not fully integrated into和may not。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于connotation后面加了超长的同位语从句，同位语从句是两个并列句子，同位语从句套上并列句，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
nevertheless　然而
amateur　业余
carry a connotation　意味着
integrated into　融入
scientific community　科学界
share its values　分享科学圈子的价值

【参考译文】然而，“业余”一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界，尤其未能分享科学圈子的价值。

例102　This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

【结构分析】主语中心语是This trend，谓语动词是began, when引导的定语从句修饰前面的Second World War，在这个定语从句中的主语是several governments，动词是came to，宾语conclusion，后面又加上同位语从句that，而同位语从句的主语是the specific demands，后面加上that引导的定语从句，也就是that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment，动词是被动语态cannot generally be foreseen。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于多重从句的层层相连环，when引导的定语从句里面套上that引导的同位语从句，这个同位语从句里面还有宾语从句，这种从句层层嵌套式是个考研难度大、效果好的经典结构。

【核心词汇】
the Second World War　第二次世界大战
came to the conclusion　下了结论
specific demands　具体要求
make of　提出
scientific establishment　科研机构
foresee　预见

【参考译文】这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府下了结论，认为：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

例103　In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.

【结构分析】In a draft preface to the recommendations是个介词短语状语，discussed at the 17 May meeting是个分词定语，修饰前面的recommendations，主句的主语是Shapiro，动词是suggested，宾语从句是that the panel had found a broad consensus，后面that引导了同位语从句it would be morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning，其中attempt to是固定搭配。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句套上同位语从句，很经典，这两个功能确实不一样，后面的同位语从句很容易理解成定语从句，consensus这种表示观点的词汇，一般是加同位语从句的，翻译成那就是，定语从句套同位语从句是很经典的，很有魅力的。

【核心词汇】
draft　草案
preface to　序言
recommendations　建议书
panel　专家组
broad consensus　广泛共识
morally unacceptable　道德上不可接受的
attempt to　试图
adult nuclear cloning　通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类

【参考译文】在5月17日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中，夏皮罗提出，专家组已经达成广泛共识，那就是“试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的”。

例104　The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

【结构分析】The great interest是主语中心语，介词短语in exceptional children修饰前面的名词，分词定语shown in public education，修饰前面的名词，介词短语over the past three decades修饰前面的名词，动词是indicates，宾语是the strong feeling，后面加上同位语从句that all citizens deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities，同位语从句里面有插入语whatever their special conditions。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于主语的定语特别复杂，充分体现英语的定语的复杂性，层层修饰前面名词，里面有介词短语，分词短语，宾语居然后面加上同位语从句，同位语从句让句子思路更加细腻。

【核心词汇】
great interest　巨大关注
exceptional children　残疾儿童
strong feeling　强烈的情绪
special conditions　特殊情况
fully develop their capabilities　充分发展其能力

【参考译文】在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。

例105　Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.

【结构分析】句子开始用了一个介词短语Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising，做状语，修饰整个句子，其中the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising是个同位语从句，主句运用了双重否定句，主语是no regular advertiser，动词是dare promote，宾语是a product，后面加上定语从句是that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于运用了双重否定，很多肯定句子用双重否定，更加有亲和力，作文可以用双重否定，中国人喜欢肯定句，美国人喜欢用双否定句，来代替肯定句，双重否定句可以翻译成肯定句，更好理解。

【核心词汇】
apart from　除去
parliament　议会
govern　规范
terms of advertising　广告的条件
regular advertiser　正式的广告商
dare promote　敢于推销
live up to　兑现

【参考译文】除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种不能兑现其在广告中的承诺的商品。

Unit 7　复杂的状语从句的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）时间状语从句

Ⅰ．when, as, since, before, after

Ⅱ．not...until, hardly/scarcely/rarely...when, no sooner...than, as soon as

Ⅲ．很多表示时间的名词词组和副词也可以引导时间状语从句: instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the moment

①We can not do anything about it until we know the truth. 直到我们知道真相我们才采取行动。

②He had hardly finished his speech when the audience started cheering. 他一做完演讲，观众就抱以雷鸣般的掌声。

③Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。

④There has been little change in the patient's condition since he was taken to the emergency room. 自从送进了医院，这个病人的状态没有什么变化。

⑤Once one understands the causes, the cures will rapidly follow. 一旦了解病的根源，治疗措施马上就紧跟着采取。

⑥Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened. 他一回家，就开始描述发生的事情。

⑦The day he returned home, his grandpa was already dead. 那天他一回家，他祖父就已经去世了。

（2）条件状语从句

Ⅰ．if, only if, if only, unless

Ⅱ．很多词组也可以引导条件状语从句，as long as Provided that, Given that, Supposing that, On condition that, In case that

①If only I had worked harder, I would finish the job. 如果我努力多一些，我本应该完成工作。

②As long as you keep on trying, you will certainly succeed. 只要你一直努力，你一定会成功。

③Provided that he changes his mind, you should make precautions. 只要他改变了主意，你就应该采取预防措施。

④In case that there are heavy showers, you should take an umbrella. 万一天下大雨，你应该带把伞。

（3）原因状语从句

Ⅰ．because, since, as

Ⅱ．很多词组也可以引导原因状语从句：now that, in that, considering that, on account of, as a result of, by virtue of, owing to, due to, thanks to

①Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice. 理论是宝贵的，因为它对实践指导了方向。

②Now that the weather has improved, let's go out for a picnic. 因为天气好转了，我们要出去野炊一下。

③Considering that he is seriously ill and likely to die after a few months, the doctors determine not to tell him the truth. 因为他严重生病而且有可能几个月以后会去世，医生打算不告诉他真相。

④By virtue of his calmness and optimism, he finally defeats the rivals and wins the victory easily. 由于他的冷静和乐观，他最后打败了他的竞争对手而且轻易赢得了胜利。

（4）让步状语从句

Ⅰ．although, though, despite, yet, but, in spite of, while

Ⅱ．whatever, whenever, whoever, however.

Ⅲ．很多词组也可以引导让步状语从句，even if, even though, whether or not, no matter what, no matter how

①Don't feel discouraged even if you can't persuade him. 即使你不能说服他也不要灰心丧气。

②Despite the existence of national differences, certain situations have a universal appeal. 即使两国存在差别，但是有些情况下我们有共同的国际诉求。

③Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room. 即使孩子假装睡觉，但是护士进到了房间还是没有被欺骗。

④These credit cards make it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. 无论当地银行是否开门，这些信用卡使得在不同的地点存取钱变得有可能实现。

（5）目的，结果状语从句
so that, in order that, lest, for fear that

①They climbed to the top of the mountain in order that they could get a bird's-eye view of the city. 他们爬上了山顶以便能够鸟瞰整个城市。

②Home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage. 家用电器如此的智能化以至于控制和操作它们导致一种新的心理疾病的发生，也就是厨房怒吼症。

③However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and complex problems. 然而，世界构造得如此复杂以至于任何精密的系统本质上无法应对世界上的奇妙而且复杂的问题。

（6）方式状语从句

Ⅰ．as, as...so.

Ⅱ．as if, as though, the way, the means

①Always do to the others as you would be done by. 以其人之道还治其人之身。

②As water is to fish, so air is to man. 水对鱼的重要性正如空气对于人类的重要性。

③Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如我们要清扫房间，我们也要把落后的思想扫除到脑后。

④The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 海浪敲击海岸好像生气一样。

实战练习

例106　When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either.

【结构分析】第一个句子是一个主从复合句，开始是when引导的一个从句，后面是主句。第二个句子和第一个句子以but分开，表明二者之间是转折关系。△注意句中的用词：When it comes to...，表示这是故事的开始；第一句的词组bite one's nails（束手无策）和第二句的nails（指甲）相呼应，是一种文字游戏。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于转折前有美国成语bite one's nails（束手无策），转折后面的动词是排比，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
when it comes to　当谈到
the slowing economy　经济放缓
biting her nails　束手无策
manicurist　美甲师
polishing　打磨

【参考译文】经济发展速度开始减慢时，艾琳·斯派罗还不至于咬手指。但是，这位四十七岁的指甲修饰师修剪、锉磨、上油的指甲数量却难遂其愿了。

例107　I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.

【结构分析】本句的主干是I provide a service...，其中service后面的that引导的一个定语从句，而定语从句中又包含when引导的一个时间状语从句。△注意do without的意思是“免除，不用”； concerned about的意思是“关心，关注”。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句里面套上状语从句，很经典，两种复杂句子的相套，很复杂。

【核心词汇】
provide a service　提供服务
do without　免除
concerned about saving some dollars　担心攒钱

【参考译文】我提供的服务在当人们想攒钱时就变成可有可无。

例108　When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches.

【结构分析】for example点明了这个句子和前一句之间的关系；举例说明前面一句话。该句子的主干是：it includes only three potential jobs。when引导时间状语从句when CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service，里面有定语从句。破折号后是potential jobs的同位语，中心词是those，后面接定语从句，句子中的it回指CareerSite's agent。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超级时间状语从句的使用，该时间状语套有定语从句，很经典。

【核心词汇】

CareerSite's agent　求职网代理
send out messages to　发送信息
signed up for its service　注册服务
three potential jobs　三个岗位
the best matches　最可能匹配

【参考译文】比如，当求职网代理向注册服务的用户发送信息时，它只提供三个它认为最可能匹配的岗位。

例109　While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.

【结构分析】句首的连词while表示“虽然”，是个让步状语从句while even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s，两个even都表示让步，同时加强了前后两部分的对比；since then意思是“从那以后”，then指的是the 1960s。句子的主干是even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于让步状语从句的成功使用，while表示“虽然”，有很强的比较效果。

【核心词汇】
the modestly educated　受过一般教育的人
sought an elevated tone　寻求一种更高雅的语气
the most well regarded writing　最受关注的文章
sought to capture spoken English　寻求使用口语

【参考译文】在20世纪60年代以前，仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都会寻求一种更高雅的语气；而那之后，即使是最受关注的文章也开始寻求使用口语写在纸面上。

例110　And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable.

【结构分析】这句话开头是原因状语从句since these messages have an agenda，后面是插入语to lure us to open our wallets，后面是句子的主干they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语的成功使用，插入语解释上文，让句子的意思更加清晰。

【核心词汇】
have an agenda　中心目的
lure　引诱
unreliable　不可靠

【参考译文】因此这些信息都有一个中心目的：引诱我们掏钱，这使得那些幸福的观点看起来不可靠了。

例111　Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

【结构分析】这句话的主干的主语是demographics，动词是are working against，宾语是the middle class family，后面是原因状语从句，也就是as...，原因状语从句的主语是the odds of having a weak elderly parent，后面是插入语and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance，后面是动词have jumped，后面是宾语eightfold，后面是介词短语in just one generation做状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超长的原因状语从句的使用，用的是as，表示常识性原因，比because效果好，这个原因分析得很细，仔细说明了为什么中产阶级倒霉。

【核心词汇】
demographics　人口统计状况，人口分布数据
work against　与……作对
odds　成败的几率或可能，几率，差别

【参考译文】甚至人口分布的数据也与中产阶级家庭作对，因为家中有一位体弱高龄的父亲或母亲的可能性在仅仅一代人的时间里增加了8倍，照顾家中的老人就需要体力和财力的付出。

例112　At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or we wake up in a panic, Cartwright says.

【结构分析】句首的At the end of the day是时间状语，接着是主句there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all，后面的unless引导条件状语从句，其中包含两个以or连接的并列分句。△在英语中，如果要表示一句话或一个观点是某个人说的，这个说话的人通常出现在句子中间或者句子的末尾。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于双重否定的使用，也就是not (little)...less...的使用，要翻译成肯定句，比如I will not go to the party unless invited，翻译成“你请我去晚会，我就去”。

【核心词汇】
at the end of the day　一天结束的时候
little reason　没有理由
pay attention to our dreams　在意所做的梦
keep us from sleeping　使我们无法睡眠
we wake up in a panic　从梦中惊醒

【参考译文】Cartwright说，一天结束的时候，只要梦使我们无法睡眠或“从梦中惊醒”，我们就有理由在意所做的梦。

例113　If you then examine the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

【结构分析】句子开头是个条件句If you then examine the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，主干的主语是you，动词是would find，宾语是this strange phenomenon, to be even more pronounced是宾语补足语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是个超长的条件状语从句，该条件状语从句里面套上定语从句，状语从句套上定语从句是这句话的特色。

【核心词汇】

European national youth teams　欧洲各国的国家青年队
feed the World Cup and professional ranks　为世界杯和职业联赛输送人才
this strange phenomenon　这种奇怪的现象
more pronounced　更加明显

【参考译文】如果你再查看一下为世界杯和职业联赛输送人才的欧洲各国的国家青年队，你会发现这种奇怪的现象更加明显。

例114　Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

【结构分析】这句话中Alvarez's experience是主语，demonstrates是谓语，the importance是宾语，后面是个介词短语of finding ways to diffuse stress做定语，后面是个状语从句before it threatens your health and your ability to function。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是个典型的时间状语从句，这个时间状语从句很长，很复杂。

【核心词汇】

Alvarez's experience　Alvarez的经历
demonstrate　证明
finding ways to diffuse stress　寻找解压的方式
threaten your health and your ability to function　威胁你的健康和正常生理功能

【参考译文】Alvarez的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。

例115　Superhigh scores like vos Savant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.

【结构分析】句子的主干是Superhigh scores like vos Savant's are no longer possible，后面是原因状语从句because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，后面是个介词短语做状语，也就是rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于原因状语从句很复杂，里面有很多学术用语，而且里面还有介词短语做状语。

【核心词汇】
scoring　得分，即智力测验的得分
statistical population distribution　人口分布统计
age peers　同龄人
mental age　智力年龄
chronological age　时间年龄或日历年龄

【参考译文】再也不可能出现vos Savant测得的智力高分了，因为评分标准是根据同年龄中人口分布统计数据而制定，而不是简单根据时间年龄除以智力年龄，再乘以100。

例116　Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的转折句，转折句前半句的主语是Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes，动词是have debated，宾语是the social implications of these changes，转折句的后半句的的主语是few，动词是have looked at，宾语是the side effect，冒号后面解释前面的名词，也就是family risk has risen as well。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于转折前半句的主语很难，是个排比的短语，转折的后半句的冒号用得很到位，详细阐明了女人就业的副作用。

【核心词汇】
stripe　斑纹，条纹
all stripes　各行各业
implication　牵连，涉及；含意；暗示
side effect　次要的影响

【参考译文】学者、政策制定者和各行各业的批评者对这些变化（女人就业）的社会意义进行了辩论，但是几乎没有人关注其次要的影响：家庭风险也增加了。

例117　In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

【结构分析】这句话中In several of the studies和when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed都是状语，their chemical responses是主语，became是谓语，在when的状语从句中，stressed-out female rats是从句中的主语，had something removed是谓语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于时间状语从句的使用，很有特色。

【核心词汇】
in several of the studies　在几项研究中
stressed-out female rats　受到压力的雌鼠
ovaries　卵巢
the female reproductive organs　雌性的生殖器官
chemical responses　化学反应

【参考译文】在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。

例118　As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on and find a better job opportunity that helps them earn a high salary.

【结构分析】这句话的开头是时间状语从句As boards scrutinize succession plans...，后面是介词短语in response to shareholder pressure做状语，主干的主语是executives，后面是定语从句who don't get the nod，第一个动词是may wish to move on，第二个动词是find，后面是宾语a better job opportunity，后面是定语从句that helps them earn a high salary。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是很长的时间状语从句as，主句还有两个定语从句，而且主干还是并列句，很经典。

【核心词汇】
boards　董事会
scrutinize succession plans　对一系列的计划进行审查
in response to shareholder pressure　迫于股东的压力
don't get the nod　计划被否定掉
wish to move on　也会想离开
a better job opportunity　更好的工作机会

【参考译文】当董事会迫于股东的压力对一系列的计划进行审查的时候，那些计划被否定掉的经理们也会想离开，而且寻找能带来丰厚的收入的更好的工作机会。

例119　If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America's oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的条件状语从句，开头是个条件句If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，句子的主语是they，动词是must first change，宾语是the relationship，后面是介词短语between America's oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract修饰前面的名词，其中有个省略that定语从句it hopes to attract。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是介词短语between...and...里面套上定语从句，各种各样的定语是这句话的特色。

【核心词汇】
change the relationship　改变关系

America's oldest orchestra　美国最古老的乐团
the new audience　新的听众

【参考译文】如果Gilbert和他的乐团要进步的话，他们就必须首先改变美国最古老的乐团（就是纽约爱乐乐团）同他们想吸引的新观众间的关系。

例120　But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

【结构分析】句子开头是介词短语做状语，也就是for a small group of students，主语是professional training，系动词是might be，表语是the way to go，后面是原因状语从句since，该状语从句的主语是well-developed skills，后面是插入语all other factors being equal，动词是can be，表语是the difference，后面是介词短语between having a job and not做定语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于使用很长的原因状语从句，since引导的原因状语从句表示常识性的原因，比如China is getting strong since the reform is successful，这种since表示原因，比because更加生动。

【核心词汇】
for a small group of students　对一个小部分学生来说
professional training　职业教育
well-developed skills　技能的娴熟
all other factors being equal　在其他因素相同的情况下
the difference between having a job and not　得到工作与否的关键

【参考译文】但是，对一个小部分学生来说，职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。

例121　They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.

【结构分析】句子的主干是They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor，后面是条件句lest，翻译成以免，条件句的主语是animal rights misinformation，第一个动词是go，第一个表语是unchallenged，第二个动词是acquire，第二个宾语是a deceptive appearance of truth。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于后面的条件句，而且还是个并列句，lest句型是个很重要的句型，比如I take an umbrella lest it will rain。

【核心词汇】
quick to respond to　迅速回复
letters to the editor　回复读者来信
lest　以免
animal rights misinformation　动物权利的错误信息
go unchallenged　不受质疑
acquire a deceptive appearance of truth　披上真理的骗人外衣

【参考译文】他们应该迅速回复读者来信，以免动物权利的错误信息不受质疑、披上真理的骗人外衣。

例122　Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events—until, it appears, we begin to dream.

【结构分析】句子开头是个原因状语从句，也就是Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life，句子的主干是we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events，后面是时间状语从句until, it appears, we begin to dream。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于主干前面是原因状语从句，主干后面是时间状语从句，前后夹击状语从句很经典。

【核心词汇】
our conscious mind　有意识的大脑
is occupied with　里面全是
the emotional significance of the day's events　白天发生的事情的情感意义
we begin to dream　我们开始做梦

【参考译文】由于我们有意识的大脑里面全是日常生活，我们一般不去思考白天发生的事情的情感意义——似乎直到我们开始做梦。

例123　Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的转折句，转折的前半句的主语是Russians，第一个动词是短语have a deep love for，第一个宾语是their own language，第二个动词是carry，第二个宾语是large chunks of memorized poetry, while后面是转折的后半句，主语是Italian politicians，动词是tend to elaborate，宾语是speech，后面是定语从句that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于转折句很复杂，前半句是个并列句，后半句里面有定语从句，很经典。

【核心词汇】
have a deep love for　深爱着
carry large chunks of memorized poetry　大段大段的诗背下来
elaborate speech　精心准备他们的演讲
old-fashioned　有些老土

【参考译文】俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言，他们会把大段大段的诗背下来；意大利的政治家们总是会精心准备他们的演讲，这在大多数英语演讲者的眼里似乎有些老土。

例124　It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的强调句，句子的主语是It，动词是is，被强调的成分是个名词短语，也就是an interactive feature，后面是真正的强调句，也就是that lets visitors key in job criteria，后面是介词短语做定语，也就是such as location, title, and salary，后面是动词短语then E-mails them，该成分也属于强调句，后面是时间状语从句when a matching position is posted in the database。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于强调句里面套上时间状语从句，此强调句难度很大，里面有两个动词，很经典。

【核心词汇】
interactive feature　互动性质
key in　键入
job criteria　求职要求
a matching position　相应的职位
posted　张贴出
in the database　数据库里

【参考译文】这是一种互动性质的搜索器，访客可以键入自己的求职要求，比如地点、职务和薪水，数据库里张贴出相应的职位时就可以把电子邮件发出去。

例125　However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.

【结构分析】这句话刚开始用了一个表示时间状语从句when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers，该时间状语从句里面套有表示目的的状语从句，也就是so that each could observe...，该目的状语从句里面套有宾语从句，也就是what the other was getting in return for its rock，后面是这个句子主干their behavior became markedly different。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于多种句子的层层相套，时间状语从句套上目的状语从句，目的状语从句套上宾语从句，各种从句交织在一起，很经典。

【核心词汇】
placed in separate but adjoining chambers　被关在分开但相邻的两间屋子
what the other was getting in return for its rock　对方用石块交换到什么物品时
markedly different　明显不一样

【参考译文】然而当两只猴子被关在分开但相邻的两间屋子、让它们能互相看到对方用石块交换到什么物品时，他们的行为就明显不一样了。

例126　On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的转折句，but前面是个被动语态，也就是such a conclusion can be drawn，后面是个介词短语做状语修饰整个句子，也就是with a certain degree of confidence, but后面谈的是这个结论的两个必要条件，是两个并列的条件状语从句，第一个条件句是only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others，后面是定语从句with whom he is being compared，第二个条件句是only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information，后面是个定语从句which they possessed。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是两个条件句的超级使用，其中每个条件句里面都有定语从句，条件句套上定语从句很经典。

【核心词汇】
a conclusion can be drawn　得出这种结论
with a certain degree of confidence　有一定程度把握的
the others with whom he is being compared　与他比较的另一个孩子
by lack of relevant information which they possessed　缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识

【参考译文】总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受影响。

例127　As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.

【结构分析】句子开头是个时间状语从句，也就是As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood，句子的主干在后半句，是个并列句，第一个并列句的主语是effects，后面是个分词定语修饰前面的主语，也就是once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits，第一个并列句的动词是个短语，也就是are beginning to be traced to，宾语是accessible conditions，第二个并列句的主干是a technology of behavior may therefore become available。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于动词很难识别，因为主语和动词之间有很长的分词定语，也就是once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits，所以读句子关键是区分动词和分词，分词是不能做谓语的。

【核心词汇】
interaction between organism and environment　有机体与环境之间的相互作用
assigned to　归因于
states of mind　心态
traits　个性
be traced to　可归结于
accessible conditions　可以评估的条件

【参考译文】人们曾经认为许多影响归因于心态、情感以及个性，然而随着人们逐渐了解有机体与环境之间的相互作用，开始了解到这些影响可归结于某些可以评估的条件。因此，行为技术才可能应运而生。

例128　Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on the wider geological picture.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的转折句，转折句的前半句的主语是local geological studies，动词是represented，宾语是worthwhile research，后面是个介词短语in their own right做状语，修饰整个句子，转折后面的主语是local studies，系动词是have increasingly become，表语是acceptable，后面是介词短语to professionals做状语，后面是条件状语从句修饰前面的句子，也就是only if they incorporate, and reflect on the wider geological picture。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于转折句的使用，后面的转折句里面套有条件状语从句，很经典。

【核心词汇】
local geological studies　地方性地质学的研究
worthwhile research　有价值的科研
in their own right　从自身角度说
acceptable　可以接受的
reflect on the wider geological picture　从更为广阔的视野考虑地质学问题

【参考译文】难怪在19世纪地方性地质学的研究代表了有价值的科研。但是到了20世纪，地方性的研究只有从更为广阔的视野考虑问题，考虑更多的问题，才愈来愈为专业人士所接受。

例129　If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

【结构分析】这句的条件状语从句是If railroads charged all customers the same average rate，句子的主干的主语是shippers，定语从句是who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation，修饰前面的主语，动词是would do，宾语是so，后面是分词状语leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于条件状语从句套上定语从句，这个定语从句很有想象力，把主语的特点说得很清楚，而且里面有分词状语，很经典。

【核心词汇】
charged all customers the same average rate　按同样的平均费率收取所有顾客的费用
switching to trucks or other forms of transportation　选择汽车运输或其他种类运输
shoulder the cost　承担成本
keeping up the line　保持收支平衡

【参考译文】铁路公司提出，按同样的平均费率收取所有顾客的费用，托运人肯定会选择汽车运输或其他种类运输，而不会选择铁运，那么铁运业内成本就只能由其他的铁运托运人来承担。

例130　If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.

【结构分析】这是个虚拟条件句，前半句是条件句If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament，后面是主干you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk，冒号后面表示补充说明，而且是个more than引导的比较级，也就是elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于虚拟条件句里面套上比较级，这个比较级很精彩，很值得学习。

【核心词汇】
the birth certificates　出生证明

2006's World Cup tournament　2006年世界杯联赛
a noteworthy quirk　一个值得注意的怪现象
elite soccer players　精英足球运动员

【参考译文】仔细探究2006年世界杯联赛每个足球运动员的出生证明，我们很可能会发现一个值得注意的怪现象：精英足球运动员大都出生在上半年，而不是在下半年。

例131　While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

【结构分析】这是个让步状语从句while引导的从句中的主语是the trend，第一个动词是started，介词短语是as a reaction to the economic decline做状语，后面是插入语after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s，后面是第二个动词短语is linked to，宾语是the politics of thrift，该句的主干是we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于让步状语从句的使用，其中while后面又两个动词并列，而且里面有插入语和介词短语等各种短语，很复杂。

【核心词汇】
as a reaction to the economic decline　以经济衰落的反应
mass redundancies　大量的失业
downsizing in the late 80s　80年代末期裁员
the politics of thrift　提倡节俭的政纲
the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance　我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中
simplify our lives　追求简约

【参考译文】在美国，这一返朴归隐趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的——那是在80年代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后——现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相关；而在英国，最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中，追求简约；生活的原因就多种多样了。

例132　Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

【结构分析】这句话开始是个表示原因的状语从句，也就是Because...，原因状语从句的主语是current federal law，动词是forbids，宾语是the use of federal funds，后面是两个并列的不定式做目的状语，第一个不定式是to create embryos for research，第二个不定式是to knowingly endanger an embryo's life，句子的主干在最后，也就是NBAC will remain silent on embryo research。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于原因状语从句里面套上了两个很复杂的不定式短语，不定式表示目的状语，两个放在一起，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
current federal law　现今的联邦法律
forbid　禁止
the use of federal funds　使用联邦基金
create embryos　克隆胚胎
knowingly endanger an embryo's life　有意地威胁胚胎的生命

【参考译文】因为现今的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆胚胎（人类后裔在出生前的最早阶段）用于研究或者有意地威胁胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研究上将保持沉默。

例133　However, the typical teenagers' lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, for example, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.

【结构分析】这句话是典型so...that...的结果状语从句，主干是the typical teenagers' lifestyle is already filled with so much competition，后面是结果状语从句that it would be wise to plan activities，后面套上定语从句in which there are more winners than losers，后面举了三个例子证明前面的activities。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于结果状语从句套上定语从句，后面三个例子举得很生动。

【核心词汇】
typical teenagers' lifestyle　常见的青少年的生活方式
filled with　充满
publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews　贴出很多充满学生读后感的板报
displaying student artwork　展出学生的艺术作品
sponsoring book discussion clubs　支持书评俱乐部

【参考译文】然而，这种常见的年轻人的生活方式充满了如此多的竞争，以至于我们应该理智地计划一些活动，在这些活动中成功者多于失败者，比如贴出很多充满学生读后感的板报，展出学生的艺术作品，支持书评俱乐部。

例134　Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.

【结构分析】这句话前半句是时间状语从句Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance，后面是主干a new problem threatens to earn them，后面是这句话的同位语the sort of nasty headlines...，后面是定语从句that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite，冒号后面是补充说明成分data insecurity。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超长的时间状语从句的使用，主干里面套有同位语和定语从句，是精品的句子，just as这个句子重点信息在主干上，就是欲扬先抑的感觉，所以这种句子以后主要读后半句。

【核心词汇】
bosses and boards　老板们和董事会
sort out　解决
worst accounting and compliance troubles　严重的会计问题以及相伴随着的问题
feeble corporation governance　脆弱的公司管理
nasty headlines　可怕的报纸标题
executive suite　老板办公室
data insecurity　信息不安全

【参考译文】正当老板们和董事会最终解决他们最严重的财会问题以及相伴随着的问题，正当他们改善他们脆弱的公司的管理的时候，一个全新的问题正在引起他们的注意力—特别是在美国—这个严重的问题也登上各大报纸，而且让办公室的老板坐立不安，那就是信息不安全。

例135　Indeed, only if we take note of what enabled man to survive against every conceivable hardship and danger, and what allowed him to adjust to the most drastic changes in his environment which finished many species less adaptable than himself, we will see that it was his instinct for cooperation.

【结构分析】这句话条件句是only if we take note of...，里面套上两个并列宾语从句，第一个宾语从句是what enabled man to survive against every conceivable hardship and danger，第二个宾语从句是what allowed him to adjust to the most drastic changes in his environment...，后面套上定语从句which finished many species...，后面套上比较级短语less adaptable than himself做定语，主干是we will see that it was his instinct for cooperation。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于条件句的成功使用，其中套有两个超级的并列宾语从句，其中第二个宾语从句套有定语从句和比较级短语，很经典，两个宾语从句层层递进，确实很有气势。

【核心词汇】
take note of　观察
survive against　应对
every conceivable hardship and danger　每次可以想象到的困难和风险
adjust to　适应
the most drastic changes　最艰险的变化
finished many species　灭亡很多物种
adaptable　有适应能力的
instinct for cooperation　合作的本性

【参考译文】确实如此，如果我们思考一下什么使得人类能够应对每一次可想象到的困难和危险，如果我们思考一下什么使得人类能够适应那些已经把很多难以适应的物种灭绝的艰巨的变化，我们发现那就是人合作的本能。

例136　As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation, we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by ways of appropriate observations and experiments, she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that boost our social development.

【结构分析】这句话开头用了一个介词短语As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation，后面加上主干we have come to believe...，后面再加上宾语从句that nature is understandable in the sense...，后面再加上个同位语从句that...，同位语从句里面套有时间状语从句when we ask her questions by ways of appropriate observations and experiments，后面是同位语从句的主干she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries...，后面套上定语从句that boost our social development。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句套上同位语从句，再套上状语从句，再套上定语从句，四种超级从句层层相套很壮观，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
as a result of　由于
scientific investigation　科学调查
understandable　可以理解的
in the sense　在这样一种意义上
by ways of　通过
appropriate observations and experiments　合理的观察和实验
discoveries　发明
boost our social development　促进我们社会发展

【参考译文】由于两到三个世纪科学调查，我们逐步相信，大自然是可以理解的在这样一个意义上，也就是说当我们通过合理的观察和实验问大自然问题的时候，她会真诚回答我们而且会奖励我们一些能够促进我们社会发展的发现。

例137　We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是we are obliged to them，后面加上原因状语从句because some of these languages have since vanished...，后面套上原因状语从句as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点连环状语从句的使用，because里面套有as，两个超级原因状语从句套在一起，很有气势，层层分析原因，让读者更加信服。

【核心词汇】
obliged to　感激
vanish　消失
died out　灭绝
assimilated　被同化
native languages　本国语言

【参考译文】我们之所以感激他们是因为由于说这种语言的民族灭绝或者被同化了进而丧失他们自己本民族的语言，所以一部分这种语言自从那以后就消失了。

例138　In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information.

【结构分析】句子开头是是个让步状语从句whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，后面的主干是个被动语态those differences are swamped by...，后面加上宾语从句how well each person "encodes" the information。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于让步状语的成功使用，whatever这种句子可以增加句子的延展性，被动语态用得很棒，里面套上宾语从句。

【核心词汇】
inborn differences　先天差别
exhibit　表现
abilities to memorize　记忆力
swamp　消除
encode the information　处理信息

【参考译文】换而言之，无论两个人在记忆力方面表现出的差距有多么的大，这些差别都可以通过每个人处理信息的好坏所消除。

例139　The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well-studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas of fabricating their data.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型so...that...，主干是The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well-studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia，后面是结果状语从句that some scholars even accused Boas of fabricating their data。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于so...that...的成功使用，很有穿透力的句子，而且整个句子相对简洁，但是不缺乏活力。

【核心词汇】
newly described languages　新近描述的语言
strikingly different　巨大区别
well-studied　仔细研究的
accuse...of...　指责
fabricate　编造

【参考译文】这些最近被大家所描述的语言经常与那些被我们仔细研究的欧洲和东南亚国家的语言有如此大的不同，以至于有些学者甚至谴责Boas伪造他们相关的数据。

例140　If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.

【结构分析】If you are part of the group...是个典型的条件状语从句，里面套上定语从句which you are addressing，主干有两个并列句，一个是you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems...，后面加上定语从句which are common to all of you, and后面是另外一个并列句，it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about...，后面是两个并列的名词短语，也就是the inedible canteen food和the chairman' s notorious bad taste in ties，做about的宾语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于刚开始时状语从句套用定语从句，后面是两个并列句，第一个并列句又套用定语从句，第二个并列句是it无主句子。

【核心词汇】
address　演讲
in a position　身处一种（有利）位置
experiences and problems　经历和问题
appropriate　合适的
make a passing remark　进行随意评判
inedible canteen food　难以下咽的食物
notorious bad taste in ties　臭名昭彰的领带品位

【参考译文】如果你是你讲话对象中的一员，那么你就身处一种（有利）位置了解对你们来说都很普遍的经历和问题，而且你对餐厅中难以下咽的食物或老总臭名昭彰的领带品位进行随意评判也是合适的。

例141　A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."

【结构分析】主语中心语是A lateral move，谓语动词是promoted，宾语是me to abandon my relatively high profile career，其中that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress是个并列的定语从句，修饰A lateral move, although引导的让步状语，其中in the manner of a disgraced government minister是个插入语，后面紧跟I covered my exit这个主谓宾，by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family"是个介词短语，做这个主谓宾的状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于采用了that引导的定语从句，而其中有两个动词hurt和blocked，做并列动词，所以定语从句到哪里结束挺难判断，而后面although引导的状语从句很难，因为其中有插入语，所以定语从句和状语从句同时存在是这个句子特色。

【核心词汇】
a lateral move　一次侧面的不光明磊落的攻击
block　阻碍
high profile career　引人注目的工作
in the manner of　表面上
disgraced government minister　蒙受屈辱的政府部长
covered my exit　掩盖我的退出

【参考译文】一次侧面的不光明磊落的攻击伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我事业的发展，使我不得不抛弃了那份引人注目的工作，尽管我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态，通过声称“我只不过是想多和家人呆在一起”来掩盖我的退出。

例142　While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

【结构分析】这句话由两个并列句子构成，第一个并列句有状语从句while引导，主干的的主语是your could-be employer，动词deciding，后面加上宾语从句whether...，这个宾语从句的主语是your education, your experience, and other qualifications，动词是will pay，宾语是you，宾语补足语是to employ you, and后面是第二个并列句子your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner，其中in an orderly and reasonably connected manner是介词短语做状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列句子的连接，第一个句子是个特别好的whether引导宾语从句，宾语从句难度很大，第二个并列句是被动语态，介词短语做状语很经典，比较长宾语从句一般都是通过whether来引导，很时尚。

【核心词汇】
could-be employer　未来有可能的老板
qualification　素质
pay sb to do sth　值得某人做某事
wares　基本条件
display　表现
in an orderly and reasonably connected manner　以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式

【参考译文】在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的基本条件和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。

例143　But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.

【结构分析】if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility是个很长的状语从句，句子主干的主语是they，后面是动词will have to operate，介词短语with less human supervision做状语，修饰动词，and后面是并列动词be able to make，宾语是a few decisions，后面有that pose a real challenge，修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于比较长的条件句if，后面是两个特别重要的动词并列，都很有气势，其中第二个并列句里面套有定语从句。

【核心词汇】
next stage　下个阶段
laborsaving utility　节省劳动力使用
less human supervision　很少的人类监督
a few decisions　一些决定
pose a real challenge　设置真正的挑战

【参考译文】但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己做出至少几个决定——这些目标才会引发真正的挑战。

例144　Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

【结构分析】Although引导的状语从句，里面有宾语从句that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide，主句是the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect"，后面是同位语，解释前面的“double effect”，也就是a centuries-old moral principle，后面加上分词定语，也就是holding，后面加上宾语从句，也就是that an action having two effects is permissible，后面加上个插入语，里面加上壮语从句，也就是if the actor intends only the good effect.

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于主句很复杂，里面有同位语，套上分词短语，又套上宾语从句，宾语从句里面还有插入语，还有状语从句，最大特点是句型结构相当复杂，囊括了所有类型从句，可以说是百科全书式的好句子。

【核心词汇】
rule　裁决
constitutional right　宪法权利
physician-assisted suicide　持医生帮助下的自杀行为
in effect　实际上
medical principle　医疗原则
double effect　双重效果
moral principle　道德原则
two effects　两个效果
foreseen　已经预见到的
permissible　被允许的
good effect　好的效果

【参考译文】尽管它裁决并没有宪法权利来支持医生帮助下的自杀行为，最高法院实际上支持了被称为“双重效果”的医疗原则；这个已有几个世纪历史的道德原则认为一个可能有两个效果的行为——一个想要达到的好的效果和一个已经预见到的有害的效果是被允许的，如果行为的实施者想要的只是好的效果的话。

例145　As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

【结构分析】时间状语从句As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships作为状语，修饰整个句子，主干的主语the informal flow of information，动词是is cut off, and后面的句子的主语是the confidence，后面加上同位语从句that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable，后面其实是省略了动词is cut off，因为并列句前后动词一致，第二个动词省略。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于状语从句as特别长，有气势，后面主干是用了两个并列句，并列句前后一样的动词在后半句可以省略，所以后面的动词以为没有了，以为是个病句，其实是个最经典的省略句，而且里面居然有个超级同位语从句that，做the confidence的同位语从句，省略句的简洁和同位语从句的大气相得益彰。

【核心词汇】
move away from　离开
stable community　稳定的社区
extended family relationships　扩展的家庭关系
informal flow of information　非正式的信息流动
cut off　切断
available　需要
trustworthy and reliable　可靠和值得信赖的

【参考译文】随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。

例146　With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.

【结构分析】With regard to Futurist poetry是个介词短语，修饰整个句子，主干是the case is rather difficult，后面是表示原因的状语从句for...，这个状语从句里面套上让步状语从句whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting...，后面套上宾语从句that the theory on which it is based may be right，后面状语从句的主句it can hardly be classed as Literature。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于状语从句的层层相套，原因状语从句套上让步状语从句，里面还套上宾语从句，很经典，学会状语从句层层相套，更加增加句子的延展性，很经典。

【核心词汇】
with regard to Futurist poetry　就未来主义诗歌来说
the case is rather difficult　情况则不这么简单了
classed as Literature　被归入文学

【参考译文】然而就未来主义诗歌来说，情况则不这么简单了，因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么——就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的——这种形式也很难被归入文学。

Unit 8　复杂的倒装句的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）否定副词放句首——never, hardly, rarely, seldom, nor, at no time, in no way, in no case, by no means, no longer, under no circumstances

①Never before in history has the issue of overpopulation been more evident than now. 人口过多的问题在历史上从来没有像现在这么明显。

②Americans no longer expect public figures to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. 美国人不再期待公共人物能够技术熟练地使用好英语。他们自己也不愿意精通英语了。

③No longer could I count on people to take precautions to deal with those serious problems. 我不在指望人们去采取预防措施解决这些问题。

（2）形容词，介词短语前置导致宾语后置

①Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible handing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it. 很多社会有很低的受教育率，使得发放艾滋病手册而且使得更多人读懂该手册变得很难。

②Widely acknowledged as a great and important play-writer, O'Neil brought to American artistic stage what was probably regarded as its first really serious drama. 公认的伟大的剧作家O'Neil把真正的第一部严肃戏剧引进到了美国的艺术舞台。

（3）介词短语放在句首要求倒装

①Implicit with Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is a learned, shared and patterned behavior. 泰勒对文化的定义暗含了这样一层意思，也就是文化是一种需要研究的，值得分享的，模式化的行为。

②Along with the reforms and the improvement of our living standards appears the increase of committing crimes. 伴随着改革开放和人们生活水平提高的是犯罪率的提高。

（4）某些固定词组要求倒装

①Not only do I love risky sports but also my brother likes it. 不仅我喜欢冒险运动，而且我哥哥也喜欢。

②So addicted to electronic games did the students become that our schools should control the time of surfing the internet for the children. 学生们如此痴迷于玩网络游戏以至于学校应该控制上网的时间。

（5）某些语法（比如虚拟和让步状语从句）要求倒装

①Were I you, I would accept his suggestion. 如果我是你，我本应该接受他的建议。

②Rich as he is in material aspects, he is losing some of the most important rules of conducting his business. 虽然他物质上富有，但是他丧失了一些做生意的最重要的准则。

③However great the difficulty may be, we will not lose heart. 无论困难有多大，我们不会丧失信心。

（6）主语太长，为了平衡句子的关系

①In this design are involved a number of problems which should be solved first. 在这个设计中涉及到一些亟待解决的问题。

②Adding to our difficulties are the old-fashioned management and low efficiency of our worker. 我们又有了新的困难，也就是我们落后的管理和低效率的员工。

（7）以only开头的句子

①Only by adopting these measures can we reduce the fake commodities. 只有采取这些措施我们才能减少假冒伪劣的产品。

②Only when you understand my words can you become mature. 只有你听懂我的话的深刻含义你才能变得成熟了。

实战练习

例147　Rarely has a technological development had an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.

【结构分析】这句话是否定副词Rarely引导的倒装句，后面加上as...as...这种固定搭配的比较级，表达最高级的概念，主语是a technological development，动词是个短语had an impact on，宾语是many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development，后面加上比较级as greatly as the growth of electronics。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于Rarely引导的倒装句，后面加上as...as...，表示后者最好，是比较级，表达最高级的句型，比如Rarely has a tool changed our life as fast as internet，翻译成“没有一种工具改变我们生活速度超过因特网”，也就是“因特网改变我们生活速度最快”。

【核心词汇】
technological development　技术发展
had an impact on　对……有冲击
many aspects　很多方面
the growth of electronics　电子技术的发展.

【参考译文】电子技术对于我们很多方面的影响，比如社会、经济以及文化发展是最大的。

例148　Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.

【结构分析】句子开头是原因状语从句because the ultimate stakeholders are patients，主干的主语是the health research community，动词是recruit A to B这个固定搭配，表示让A认识到B，倒装之后变成了recruit to B A，是个句子内部的倒装，第一个宾语是well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper，第二个宾语是all who receive medical treatment。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于recruit A to B这个固定搭配，表示让A认识到B，倒装之后变成了recruit to B A，是个句子内部的倒装，把介词短语倒装到宾语前面，把宾语放在后面，是经典的倒装的情况。

【核心词汇】
ultimate stakeholders　最大利益攸关方
health research community　医疗研究组织
recruit A to B　让A认识到B
well-known personalities　名人
courageous statements　慷慨激昂的演讲

【参考译文】最后，由于利益最大的攸关方式病人，医疗研究组织应该积极底不仅让那些名人（比如做出慷慨激昂演讲的名人Stephen Cooper）认识到它的原因，而且应该让所有接受医疗的老百姓认识大这一点。

例149　Along with them go social mobility, ambitions to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.

【结构分析】这句话是介词短语Along with them引导的倒装句，动词是go，主语倒装到了后面，有两个，一个是social mobility，另外一个是ambitions to rise in the urban world，名词短语a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe是前面的ambitions to rise in the urban world的同位语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于介词短语Along with them引导的倒装句，任何介词短语都可以放在句首引导倒装句，比如With the development of the economy appears the modernization of the city。

【核心词汇】
social mobility　社会移民
ambition　野心
a main factor　一个主要因素
bring down　降低

【参考译文】伴随着他们出现的是社会中的移民和一种在城市中生活的欲望的增加，这是一个重要因素导致了欧洲十九世纪的出生率的下降。

例150　Coupled with the centralization of economic growth is the disappearance of the extended families in favor of isolated, two-generation households.

【结构分析】这句话是分词短语Coupled with引导的倒装句，主语倒装到了后面，是the disappearance of the extended families，宾语是the centralization of economic growth，动词是is，后面是介词短语做状语，也就是in favor of isolated, two-generation households。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词短语Coupled with引导的倒装句，很精彩。

【核心词汇】
coupled with　伴随着
centralization of economic growth　经济的密集增长
extended families　大家庭
isolated　孤立的
two-generation households　小家庭

【参考译文】伴随着经济的密集增长出现的是大家庭的消失而且倾向于更加孤立的小家庭。

例151　Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast reaches a standstill.

【结构分析】这句话是分词短语Emerging from the 1980 census引导的倒装句，主语倒装到了后面，真正的主语是the picture of a nation，后面加上分词定语developing more and more regional competition，后面再加上原因状语从句as population growth in the Northeast reaches a standstill。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词短语的倒装的成功，比如Jacky is singing，倒装后是Singing is Jacky，分词倒装句子很有特色。

【核心词汇】
emerge from　由……反应出
census　人口调查
regional competition　区域竞争
reach a standstill　到了停滞不前的境地

【参考译文】从1980年中的人口调查反应出来一个国家越来越来注重发展区域竞争的状况，因为东北部的人口增长陷入到了停滞。

例152　Not only has the Government refused to consult with the people of Australia on this issue of decreasing the duty rates, they have also refused to consult with them on increasing the export and import between tow countries.

【结构分析】这句话是not only...but also引导的倒装，特点是not only后面倒装，but also后面不倒装，前半句的主语是the Government，动词是refused to consult with，宾语是the people of Australia，状语是on this issue of decreasing the duty rates，后半句主语是they，动词是have refused to consult with，宾语是them，状语是on increasing the export and import between tow countries。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于not only...but also引导的倒装，很有特色，比如说I not only love swimming but also running，倒装为Not only do I love swimming but also running。

【核心词汇】
consult with　协商
decrease the duty rates　降低关税
increase the export and import　增加进出口

【参考译文】不仅政府拒绝与澳大利亚人协商降低关税问题，他们还拒绝与他们协商增加两国之间进出口贸易的问题。

例153　Not only is it technically impossible to censor current contents of the internet, but also the internet is set to explode tremendously in the data, with there being literally millions of changes and additions to web content on a daily basis.

【结构分析】这句话是not only...but also引导的倒装，特点是not only后面倒装，but also后面不倒装，前半句是个it无主句，也就是Not only is it technically impossible to censor current contents of the internet，后半句的主语是internet，动词是is set to explode，状语是in the data，后面加上伴随性分词状语，也就是with there being literally millions of changes and additions to web content on a daily basis。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点not only...but also引导的倒装，很有特色，而后半句居然有with引导的分词短语做状语这种语法，很经典。

【核心词汇】
technically impossible　技术上不可能
censor　审查
current contents of the internet　网络现有的内容
be set to　必定
explode tremendously in the data　信息大爆炸

【参考译文】不仅技术上不可能去审查因特网的现有内容，而且网络的信息是爆炸性的增加，每天都有数以百万计的变化和网络内容的更新。

例154　Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.

【结构分析】句子前半句是个让步状语从句Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，后面是so...that...引导的倒装句，so后面倒装，that后面不倒装，so vast是个表语，被倒装到了前面，后面是系动词is，后面是真正的主语the number of planets, that后面是后半句，用的是正常语序，intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点so...that...引导的倒装句，so后面倒装，that后面不倒装，比如正常语序是she is so charming that everybody loves her.倒装为So charming is she that everybody loves her。

【核心词汇】
highly complex　高度复杂的
intelligent　智能的
vast　大量的
intelligent life　智能生命
be bound to　必然

【参考译文】虽然只有在某个地方起源的生物中只有百分之一能变成高度复杂和智能的生物，但是宇宙的行星如此众多，以致于智能生命必然是宇宙中正常的一部分。

例155　However, should policy measures be taken to boost economic growth and make the growth process more inclusive to the poor, the World Bank would reckon that 500 million people could be brought out of extreme poverty by 2008.

【结构分析】这句话是虚拟语气倒装句，比如If I should work harder, I would become more successful.倒装为Should I work harder, I would work harder。句子前半句主语是policy measures，第一个动词是be taken to boost，第一个宾语是economic growth，第二个动词是make，第二个宾语是the growth process，后面是宾补more inclusive to the poor，后半句是个宾语从句，也就是the World Bank would reckon that 500 million people could be brought out of extreme poverty by 2008。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于虚拟语气倒装句，为了增加句子灵活性和简洁性，把if省略掉了。

【核心词汇】
policy measures　政策和措施
boost economic growth　刺激经济增长
the growth process　增长过程
inclusive　有利于
be brought out of extreme poverty　脱贫

【参考译文】然而，如果我们制定政策和措施来刺激经济增长而且使得增长过程更加有利于穷人，世界银行本应该认为，在2008年之前有5亿人会脱贫。

例156　To this list may be added a few unfair requirements such as additional spiritual sacrifices and fees of wasted working hours for the defendants to compensate for the claimant.

【结构分析】这是典型的介词短语To this list引导的倒装句，动词是may be added，主语是a few unfair requirements，后面加上介词短语做定语，也就是such as additional spiritual sacrifices and fees of wasted working hours，后面加上介词短语for the defendants to compensate for the claimant，做定语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是介词短语引导的倒装句，任何介词短语都可以放在句首引导倒装句，让句子显得头轻脚重，更加符合西方人的习惯。

【核心词汇】
add　增加
a few unfair requirements　一些不公平的要求
additional spiritual sacrifices　额外的精神损失费
fees of wasted working hours　误工费
defendant　被告
compensate for　赔偿
claimant　原告

【参考译文】在这个单子上增加了很多被告补偿原告的不合理的要求，包括额外的精神损失费和误工费。

例157　Only when money is gained by means of honest labor and used for the benefit of not only oneself but also his people and country can it bring a person real happiness.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的only引导的倒装句，only放在句首，加上任何成分都可以引导倒装句，only加上时间状语从句when money is gained by means of honest labor and used for the benefit of...，后面是两个并列名词短语做the benefit of的宾语，也就是not only oneself but also his people and country，后面加上句子的主干can it bring a person real happiness。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于only引导的倒装句，表示一种强调某个成分，比如I only love to talk about the story at school，为了强调at school，可以说Only at school do I love to talk about the story。

【核心词汇】
gain　获取
by means of　通过
honest labor　诚实劳动
for the benefit of　为了……的利益
real happiness　真正的快乐

【参考译文】只有通过诚实的劳动去赚钱而且把钱不仅用于自己还用于帮助他附近的人和他的国家，一个人才能获得真正的幸福。

例158　Coupled with the growing quantity of information and demands of getting more useful information is the development of technologies which enable delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations.

【结构分析】这是典型的分词短语Coupled with引导的倒装句，句子的宾语是两个并列名词短语，第一个名词短语是the growing quantity of information，第二个名词短语是demands of getting more useful information，动词是is，句子的主语是the development of technologies，后面加上定语从句which enable delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词短语引导的倒装句，这种倒装句更有生动性和悬念性。

【核心词汇】
coupled with　伴随着
the growing quantity of information　越来越大量的信息
demands of getting more useful information　获得有效信息的需求
development of technologies　技术发展
delivery of more information　传播更多信息

【参考译文】伴随着越来越多的信息和对获取有效信息不断增加的需求出现的是技术的发展，这种技术发展使得更多的信息以更快的速度传播到更多的地点。

例159　Among the advantages that future biochips, or living computers, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, and they have more speedy processing of information, making them faster than today's semiconductor devices.

【结构分析】这是典型的介词短语引导的倒装句，其中the advantages后面是定语从句that future biochips, or living computers, would have over conventional semiconductor chips，句子的动词是are，后面是真正的主语，由两个并列主语从句充当，第一个主语从句是they are smaller，第二个主语从句是they have more speedy processing of information，后面是主语从句中的分词状语making them faster than today's semiconductor devices。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于介词短语引导的倒装句，很有特色，这种介词短语倒装句在考研阅读中很常见。

【核心词汇】
future biochips　未来的人工芯片
living computers　智能计算机
conventional semiconductor chips　传统的半导体芯片
speedy processing of information　快速处理信息
semiconductor devices　半导体设备

【参考译文】未来的智能芯片比传统的半导体芯片所具有的优势是它们体积更小，而且拥有更快的信息处理速度，超过现有的芯片。

例160　Never when topic discussions avoided the subjects which are fashionable enough to give rise to curiosity was the mind of teenagers stirred up from its foundations and the purpose of discussions fulfilled.

【结构分析】这句话是副词Never引导的倒装句，中间加上插入语，when引导的时间状语从句，也就是when topic discussions avoided the subjects...，该时间状语从句里面套有定语从句which are fashionable enough to give rise to curiosity，后面是真正的句子主干was the mind of teenagers stirred up from its foundations and the purpose of discussions fulfilled。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于否定性副词never引导的倒装句，否定副词放在句首，可以引导倒装句，比如Never will I forget about her，这种否定倒装句在考研中很常见，增加否定的意义。

【核心词汇】
topic discussions　话题讨论
fashionable　时尚的
give rise to　引起
curiosity　好奇心
stirred up　被激发
from its foundations　从根本上说

【参考译文】如果话题讨论偏离了足以引起孩子好奇心的时髦的话题，那么孩子的思维能力很难被激发，而且讨论的目的难以实现。

例161　Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."

【结构分析】这是由Nor引导的倒装句，句子的主干是Nor is management to be blamed，介词短语for discriminating against the "odd balls"修饰前面的句子，介词短语among researchers修饰前面的句子，介词短语in favor of more conventional thinkers修饰前面的句子，定语从句who "work well with the team"修饰conventional thinkers。句子if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect是个插入语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于nor这个否定副词引导的倒装句，中间有很长的插入语，这个很长的倒装句后面的状语是由很多介词短语充当，而且倒装句最后还套上很好的定语从句，句型结构很复杂。

【核心词汇】
regularity and conformity to a standard pattern　对标准式样的整齐划一的要求
desirable　合理的
the writing of his papers　论文的写作
reflect　反应
blamed for　谴责
discriminate against　歧视
odd balls　思维与众不同的人
in favor of　喜欢
conventional thinkers　传统的思考者

【参考译文】如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反映的一样，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的“思维与众不同的人”，喜欢其中较为传统的“善于团队合作”的思想者而受到指责了。

例162　Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson's Autobiography.

【结构分析】句子主干是Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，后面加上伴随分词状语bringing...，后面是倒装成分，把介词短语to our attention放在前面，把真正的宾语some fascinating and little-known works放到了后面。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于介词短语前置，引发的倒装，相当于把真正的宾语倒装了句子的后面，这种倒装更加突出介词短语的重要性。

【核心词汇】
survey　调查
a wide variety of novels　各种各样的小说
to our attention　让我们充分认识
in the　process　在研究过程中
some fascinating and little-known works　引人入胜而又鲜为人知的作品
autobiography　自传

【参考译文】Black Fiction调查了大量各种各样的小说，在研究过程中让我们充分认识到很多引人入胜而又鲜为人知的作品，比如James Weldon的自传。

例163　Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.

【结构分析】此句是个倒装句，主干是Only may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic。only加上任何成分都可以引导倒装句，难点在于only和may之间存在插入语状语从句when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle，其中that引导定语从句that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于only引导的倒装句，only这种倒装句可以用于作文的末段，起到画龙点睛之笔，其中的插入语难度好很大，导致主干很难抓住，only when是个闪光句型，可以模仿，提高写作能力。

【核心词汇】
natural or artificial boundaries　自然的或人工形成的边界
associate　联系
hydrologic cycle　水与水文循环
entire system　整个的系统
be termed　称之为
hydrogeologic　水文地质学

【参考译文】只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候，才有可能把整个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质。

例164　Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.

【结构分析】Most striking引导的倒装句子，介词短语among the many asymmetries作为状语，形容词短语evident in an adult flatfish修饰前面的asymmetries，主干是Most striking is eye placement，冒号后面是状语before maturity，主干是one eye migrates，后面加上结果状语从句so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于Most striking is...，比较级的形容词短语引导的倒装句很经典，作文可以运用得很好。

【核心词汇】
most striking　最为引人注目的
an adult flatfish　成年比目鱼
many asymmetries　诸多不对称特征
evident　显著存在的
eye placement　眼睛的摆位
maturity　成熟
migrate　移动

【参考译文】在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为引人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。

例165　Besides, it is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

【结构分析】it is unlikely to produce...是典型的it无主句，宾语是the needed number of every kind of professional，后面加上介词短语in a country，修饰前面的名词，后面加上介词短语as large as ours修饰前面的名词，定语从句where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations是很长的句子，修饰前面的county。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于it无主句加上超级定语从句where引导的句子，而定语从句里面有两个动词并列，这种复杂的定语从句很成功的运用，提高句子的难度。

【核心词汇】
the needed number　所需的数量
every kind of professional　每种专业人才
a country as large as ours　这么一个大国
spread over so many states　延展到这么多的州
so many international corporations　这么多的国际公司

【参考译文】另外，在我们这么一个大国里，经济延展到这么多的州、涉及到这么多的国际公司，因而要按照数量培养出所需的各类专业人员是不大可能的。

Unit 9　复杂的比较级的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）no/not...other than只有

He didn't know anyone at the wedding other than the bride and groom. 在婚礼上他只认识新郎和新娘。

（2）the better...the better...越来越……

The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. 他们越了解国家的运行方式，他们的报道就越准确。

（3）more...than...是……不是……

The achievement of Chinese people in the economic development is more encouraging than upsetting. 中国人在经济发展方面的成就是令人欢欣鼓舞的，而不是让人伤心的。

（4）less...than...不是……而是……

Experience shows that success is due less to ability than to zeal. 有经验表明，成功不是取决于能力而是取决于热情。

（5）no more...than.../not any more...than　和……一样都不

Jack is no more diligent than John. 杰克和琼斯一样不勤奋。

（6）S1＋not＋V1＋O1 (any) more than S2＋V2＋O2 S1没有从事V1，正如S2没有从事V2一样

A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. 没有爱的家不能称之为家就像没有灵魂的躯体不能称之为人一样。

（7）no less...than...既是……也是……

Linda is no less clever than Mary. 琳达和玛丽一样聪明。

（8）no more than仅仅，只是

He is no more than good at English. 他仅仅是英语好。

（9）no less than简直是，实在是

You are no less than a genius. 你简直是个天才。

（10）nothing else than就是

Doctor's negligence is nothing else than criminal. 医生的疏忽就是犯罪。

（11）Nothing is more adj than sth. 表示最高级

Nothing is more valuable than diamond. 钻石是最宝贵的。

（12）not so much...as...与其说……（还／倒）不如说……

The oceans do not so much divide the land as unite it. 海洋与其说是分割了陆地，不如说是连接了陆地。

实战练习

例166　Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.

【结构分析】句子开头是个介词短语Above all做状语，后面表示比较关系的插入语，也就是like their female human counterparts，句子的主语是they，动词是个短语，也就是tend to pay much closer attention to，宾语是the value of "goods and services"，后面是个比较级，也就是than males。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语用得很漂亮，而且比较级用得很精彩，而且动词是个短语tend to pay much closer attention to，导致宾语很难找到。

【核心词汇】
above all　最重要的是
like their female human counterparts　像人类中的女人一样
pay much closer attention to　更关心
the value of "goods and services"　“货物和服务”的价值

【参考译文】最重要的是，像人类中的女人一样，它们比公猴更关心“货物和服务”的价值。

例167　The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.

【结构分析】该句子是一个倒装句，句首是间接引语的宾语从句，其主谓结构后置，即says Dr, Eric. 宾语从句的主干是个比较结构The brain is as active during REM as it is when fully awake。两个破折号之间是插入语，做定语从句，修饰REM sleep，即“出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠”。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于比较结构as...as...的成功使用，表示前后一样，比如I am as clever as you are。

【核心词汇】
active　活跃
during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep　在快速动眼睡眠中
most vivid dreams occur　出现清晰梦境
when fully awake　完全清醒时

【参考译文】匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说，在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。

例168　That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.

【结构分析】so前面是个宾语从句That means...，宾语从句的主语是a higher proportion of what is in the sea，其中of后面是个what引导的从句，宾语从句的动词是is being caught, so后面是表示结果的句子，主语是the real difference，后面是介词短语between present and past，动词是个比较级短语，也就是is likely to be worse than，宾语是the one，后面是个分词定语，也就是recorded by changes in catch sizes。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于so后面的比较级很复杂，里面有介词短语，还有分词定语，多种语法。

【核心词汇】
a higher proportion of　很大比例的
what is in the sea is being caught　海洋所捕捞的生物
the real difference between present and past　过去和现在的真正差别
worse than　糟糕于
changes in catch sizes　捕捞规模的变化

【参考译文】这意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在遭到捕获，因此今昔之间的真正差别可能比通过捕获量的变化记录的差别更大。

例169　From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.

【结构分析】此句是个并列句，第一个并列句的主语是much of this，动词是looks far less like，宾语是an opportunity，后面是不定式短语做定语修饰前面的宾语，也就是to exercise more financial responsibility，第二个并列句的动词是a good deal more like，其中省略了动词looks，宾语是a frightening acceleration，后面是介词短语of修饰前面的宾语，也就是of the wholesale shift，后面又是一个of短语修饰前面的名词，也就是of financial risk，后面是介词短语onto their already overburdened shoulders，修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列句前后都有比较级，一个是less，一个是more，对比气息强烈，给人很强的视觉冲击效果，第二个并列句的介词短语很多，很发杂，层层修饰前面的名词，有of结构，有onto这种介词短语。

【核心词汇】
from the middle-class family perspective　从中产阶级家庭的角度来看
exercise more financial responsibility　行使更多经济职责
a frightening acceleration　可怕的加速
the wholesale shift of financial risk　金融风险全盘转移
their already overburdened shoulders　已经负担过重的肩膀

【参考译文】从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，其中的重要意义看起来远远不像是一个行使更多经济职责的机会，而更像是在金融风险全盘转移时，以令人担心速度给已经负担过重的肩膀上再施加压力。这种看法是可以理解的。

例170　Science depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.

【结构分析】这句话的结构是less...than...，主语是Science，动词是depends on，第一个宾语是the experiments it prepares, than后面第二个宾语是the preparedness of the minds of the men...，后面套上定语从句who watch the experiments。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于是less...than...的成功使用，表示不是……而是……, than后面使用了连环of结构，很有难度，又套用了定语从句，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
depend on　取决于
experiments　实验
preparedness of the minds　有准备的头脑
watch the experiments　观察实验

【参考译文】科学发展并不是取决于实验本身，而是取决于观察实验的那些人是否有很好的准备。

例171　But taking more than the body needs doesn't make it function better, any more than overfilling your gas tank makes your car run better.

【结构分析】no more...than.../not any more...than表示双重否定，表示和……一样都没有，any more than前半句主语是taking more than the body needs，动词是doesn't make，宾语是it，宾补是function better, any more than后面的主语是overfilling your gas tank，动词是makes，宾语是your car，宾补是run better。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于no more...than.../not any more...than的经典使用，作文如果也能够使用这个结构，肯定会妙笔生辉。

【核心词汇】
taking more than the body needs　吃得多于身体所需要的
function better　起很好的作用
overfill your gas tank　把你的油箱填得过满

【参考译文】但是，吃得如果超过身体所需要的不会让身体运行得更好，就像把你的油箱填得过满不会让你的车跑得更好一样。

例172　The greatness of a nation is no more determined by its population than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.

【结构分析】no more...than.../not any more...than表示双重否定，表示和……一样都没有，than前面的主语是The greatness of a nation，动词is determined by，宾语是its population, than后面的主语是the greatness of a man，动词is determined by，宾语是his height。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于no more...than.../not any more...than的经典使用，表示前面没有做，正如后面没有做一样，属于高级比较级。

【核心词汇】
greatness　伟大性
determined by　取决于
height　身材

【参考译文】一个国家是否伟大不是取决于它的人口，就像一个人是否伟大并不是取决于他的身材。

例173　But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

【结构分析】no more...than.../not any more...than表示双重否定，表示和……一样都没有，any more than前面的主语是his primary task，动词是is to think about，宾语是the moral code，后面是定语从句which governs his activity, any more than后面主语是a businessman，动词是个短语is expected to dedicate his energies to，宾语是an exploration of rules of conduct in business。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于no more...than.../not any more...than的经典使用，表示前面没有做，正如后面没有做一样，属于高级比较级。

【核心词汇】
primary task　主要任务
moral code　道德准则
governs his activity　支配他的行为
dedicate energies to　投入精力于
an exploration of　去探索
rules of conduct in business　商业中行为准则

【参考译文】但是，他的主要任务并不是去思考支配他行为的道德准则，正如我们不会期待一个商人去竭尽全力去探索商业运作中的行为准则一样。

例174　Science that promotes the innovation of our social productivity and service moves forward not so much through the insights of great men that play a pioneering role in our society as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

【结构分析】这句话考的是比较级not so much...as...，翻译为与其说……不如说……，主语是Science，动词是moves forward through，宾语是the insights of great men，定语从句that promotes the innovation of our social productivity and service修饰前面的主语science，定语从句that play a pioneering role in our society修饰前面的宾语the insights of great men, as后面是介词短语做状语，也就是because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于比较级not so much...as...，否定前面，强调后面，比如I am not so much rich as talented（与其说我有钱，不如说我有才）。这种句型作文可以写，很经典。

【核心词汇】
innovation　创新
social productivity　社会生产力
move forward　进步
insight　洞察力
play a pioneering role　其领导性作用
improved techniques and tools　更新的技术和工具

【参考译文】科学促进了社会生产力和服务的创新，科学进步并不是取决于在社会上起领导作用的人的洞察力，而是取决于普通的事情，比如更新的技术和工具。

例175　The increase in the number of married women employed outside the home had less to do with the mechanization and convenience of the housework and an increase in spare time for these women than with their own unavoidable economic requirements and with high marriage rates that decrease the available number of single women workers.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的less...than...，表示不是……而是……，主语是The increase，后面加上介词短语in the number of married women，修饰前面的主语，再加上分词定语employed outside the home，修饰前面的名词，动词是had to do with，其中最难的是宾语，than前面的宾语是两个，分别是the mechanization and convenience of the housework和an increase in spare time for these women, than后面的宾语也是两个，分别是their own unavoidable economic requirements和high marriage rates...，最后这个宾语后面还有定语从句that decrease the available number of single women workers。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于字数多，信息点杂，less...than...，表示不是……而是……，否定前面，强调后面，比如I am less a teacher than a scholar（我不是老师，而是学者），而且宾语很复杂，四个大宾语，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
had to do with　取决于
mechanization　自动化
spare time　休息时间
unavoidable economic requirements　不可避免的经济需求

【参考译文】结婚女性在外面工作人数的增加并不是取决于家务活的自动化和方便性和女人休息时间的增加，而是取决于他们自身不可避免的经济需求和比较高的降低单身女性数量的离婚率。

例176　Nobody with any sense expects to find the truth in advertisements about the quality of products any more than he expects a man to describe his shortcomings, which reflects the human nature of some people.

【结构分析】这句话是个no (any) more than...结构，表示前者没有，后者也一样没有，前后都否定。any more than前面的主语是Nobody，动词是expects to find，宾语是the truth，后面加介词短语in advertisements about the quality of products，做定语，修饰前面的宾语，any more than后面的主干是he expects a man to describe his shortcomings，后面是整个句子的非限性定语从句which reflects the human nature of some people。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于no (any) more than...结构，表示前者没有，后者也一样没有，前后都否定。比如I don't love singing any more than you love dancing，翻译成“我不喜欢唱歌就像你不喜欢跳舞一样”。

【核心词汇】
with any sense　从任何意义说
the quality of products　产品质量
shortcomings　缺点
human nature　人性

【参考译文】没有人从任何意义上能够发现广告宣传产品质量的真实情况，就像一个人不要期待面试者在面试中说自己缺点一样，这是人性使然。

例177　Mr.McWhorter's academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.

【结构分析】本句是一个并列句，包含两个以and连接的分句，其中第二个分句比较复杂：宾语是the gradual disappearance of "whom"，后面是插入语for example，接着是to be natural and no more regrettable，这一部分作上述宾语的补足语，最后是比较结构no more...than（像……一样不……）。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于no more...than（像……一样不……）这个超级比较级的使用，如I am no more intelligent than Jacky，翻译成“我和Jacky一样不聪明”。

【核心词汇】
academic specialty　学术专长
language history and change　语言史和语言演变
the gradual disappearance of "whom" "whom"　一词的逐渐消失
natural　自然的
regrettable　让人惋惜
the loss of the case-endings of Old English　古英语中词格尾缀的消失

【参考译文】麦荷特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言演变。举例来说，他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比古英语中词格尾缀的消失更让人惋惜。

例178　For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the' 80s, downshifting in the mid' 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.

【结构分析】介词短语For the women of my generation做状语，后面加上定语从句who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s，主干是downshifting in the mid ’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life as a personal recognition of your limitations，用的是not so much A as B，翻译成与其A，不如B，里面有插入语growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于not so much A as B，翻译成与其A，不如B，否定A，赞成B，比如I am not so much a student as a teacher（与其说我是个学生，不如说我是个老师）。

【核心词汇】
urged to　强烈要求
keep juggling　为生活奔波
downshifting　放慢生活节奏
a search for the mythical good life　寻求一种神话般的美好生活
grow your own organic vegetables　用有机肥种植蔬菜
l recognition of your limitations　认识到自身能力有限这一事实

【参考译文】对于我这一代曾在整个80年代为生活奔波的女人来说，90年代中期出现的放慢生活节奏与其说是我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活——用有机肥种植蔬菜，并且梦想自己变成其中一部分——不如说是我们清醒地认识到自身能力有限这一事实。

例179　Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly and summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.

【结构分析】这是个并列句子，第一个并列句主干是Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs，是一个很有特色的比较级，第二个并列句是主语是summer homes, European travel, BMWs，破折号后面是主语的同位语，也就是the locations, place names and name brands，动词是may change，后面是but引导的转折句but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago，该句还是个重要的比较级。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列句前后两个很经典的比较级，都是not...less than...，表示“不少于以前”，能合理的把两个比较级进行并列，很经典，而且里面的主语大量使用并列和排比这种语法，很时尚。

【核心词汇】
interested in success　对成功感兴趣
summer homes　消夏别墅

European travel　欧陆旅行
name brands　有名品牌
such items　这类事物
in demand　渴求

【参考译文】当然，人们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。消夏别墅、欧陆旅行、宝马车——地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化，但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于一二十年前。

Unit 10　复杂的否定句的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）否定转移

I don't suppose that he can win the victory easily. 我认为他不会轻松获胜。

（2）双重否定

I can not help you without your permission. 只要你允许，我肯定帮你。

（3）三重否定

He is not arguing that we can no longer think logically because we do not talk proper. 他认为我们思维的逻辑性与我们说话方式的恰当性无关。

（4）否定表示肯定

The film couldn't be more moving and striking after I repeated watching it for ten times. 在我把这部电影反复看了十次以后，我发现这部电影是最感人和有震撼力的。

（5）部分否定

Not everyone is sharing the same view with the president. 并不是每个人都与总统有相同的看法。

实战练习

例180　"I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first." says Mary.

【结构分析】这是典型的双重否定句，要还原成肯定句，句子的主语是I，动词是can't think of，宾语是a single search，后面是省略了that的定语从句I've done，后面是定语where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于双重否定句套用定语从句，很有特色，比如I can not think of anytime when I don't seek my dreams。

【核心词汇】
a single search　每一次的招聘
a board　董事会
instruct me to look at　要求我寻找
sitting CEOs　在任的CEO

【参考译文】Mary说，我所做的每一次的招聘中，董事会都要求我从那些在任的CEO中寻找人选。

例181　Certainly I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.

【结构分析】这句话含有表示否定转移的精彩用法，也就是not...because...，否定的后面是because，比如I don't marry you because you are rich，翻译成“我嫁给你不是因为你有钱”。第一句话主干是I don't teach because teaching is easy for me，第二句话也是否定转移，使用nor来引导，而且是个倒装并列句，也就是Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于否定转移和倒装结合，很经典，否定转移是个重要的语言现象。

【核心词汇】
teaching　教书
know answers　知晓答案
compelled　被迫

【参考译文】当然，我教书不是因为教书对我很简单。同样，我教书也不是因为我想知道答案或者我有知识被迫去分享。

例182　Scientific discoveries and inventions do not always influence the language in proportion to their importance.

【结构分析】这句话是个精彩的否定转移，not并不是否定动词influence，而是否定in proportion to their importance，注意有时主谓语中的谓语动词的否定，否定不是这个动词，而是后面的介词短语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于否定转移的成功使用。

【核心词汇】

Scientific discoveries and inventions　科学发明和发现
in proportion to　成比例

【参考译文】科学发明对于语言的影响与它们自身的重要性不成比例。

例183　As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.

【结构分析】破折号前面是个宾语从句，破折号后面是个双重否定句，也就是there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas，其中that引导的是定语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于双重否定的成功使用，美国人在表达肯定的时候，也喜欢使用双重否定，比如那是个好主意，在书面上往往是I don't think that isn't not a good idea，而在翻译时要还原成肯定。

【核心词汇】
linguist　语言学家
all varieties of human language　各种各样的语言
dialect　方言
convey　传递
complex ideas　复杂的思想

【参考译文】作为一个语言学家，他认为各种各样的人类语言，包括非标准语言，比如黑人英语，可以一样具有表达能力——这个世界上任何一门语言或方言都可以表达复杂的思想。

例184　But every English book I picked up had few sentences which didn't contain anywhere from one to nearly all of the words that might as well have been comprehended and translated in Chinese.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的双重否定句，但是不是两个not引导的，而是few这个词加上not，主干是every English book I picked up had few sentences，后面加上第一个定语从句which didn't contain anywhere from one to nearly all of the words，后面又加上第二个定语从句that might as well have been comprehended and translated in Chinese。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于双重否定句加上连环定语从句的结合，表达肯定意味，这两个连环定语从句很长，难度很大。

【核心词汇】
pick up　挑选
contain　包括
comprehend　理解

【参考译文】但是我挑选的每本英语书的任何一页的任何一个词汇都可以用汉语来解释和翻译。

例185　While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it can not be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的双重否定句，这句话前半句是让步状语从句While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict，后面是主干it can not be said...，后面是真正的主语从句，也就是that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable，后面加上状语从句although competition is。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于很长的让步状语从句加上超级双重否定再加上让步状语从句。

【核心词汇】
induce　导致
expand territory　扩大领地
at the expense of　牺牲……代价
war-like conflict　战争级别的冲突
inevitable　不可以避免

【参考译文】虽然毫无疑问的是这次竞争会引发很多国家极力扩大自己的地盘来牺牲别的国家的利益，甚至可能导致冲突，但是虽然有竞争，但是战争级别的冲突时可以避免。

例186　One can't be too careful in making the decision to explore the Mars as it was such a critical case and risked being failed without sufficient researches and experiments.

【结构分析】这句话是典型can not...too...，表示再怎么也不过分，是典型的否定表达肯定的用法，这句话的主干是One can't be too careful in making the decision to explore the Mars，后面是原因状语从句as it was such a critical case and risked being failed without sufficient researches and experiments，其中有两个动词并列，分别是was和risked。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于双重否定句套上表示原因的状语从句，很经典，表示原因的状语从句是用as引导，往往表达常识性的原因。

【核心词汇】
careful　仔细
explore the Mars　探测火星
a critical case　一个关键的决定
risk being failed　冒着失败的风险
sufficient researches and experiments　充分地调查和实验

【参考译文】一个人要特别小心去下探测火星的决定，因为这是个很关键的决定而且如果没有充分的调查和实验，可能冒着失败的风险。

例187　I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

【结构分析】这是典型的not...any but...结构，表示一种双重否定，表示只有，比如I don't know any person but the host.翻译成我只认识主人。主干是I have excluded him，后面加上原因状语从句because，其中while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems是个插入语，原因状语从句的主干是he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于原因状语从句套上插入语，很经典，里面还有not...any but...结构，类似结构还有noting but, nothing else than, no other than，都表示“只有”。

【核心词汇】
exclude　排除在外
accomplishments　成就
contribute to　有助于
the solution of moral problems　道德问题的解决
charged with　承担
the factual aspects of those problems　那些问题的事实性层面

【参考译文】我把他排除在外是因为——虽然他的成就有助于道德问题的解决，但是他只承担了探索那些问题事实性层面的任务。

例188　Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.

【结构分析】主干是we have a certain conception of the American citizen，同位语是a character，后面是定语从句who is incomplete，后面加上状语从句if he cannot competently access...，后面加上宾语从句how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于：第一，三种从句连环相套，既定语从句套状语从句，状语从句套上宾语从句；第二，双重否定很经典，有气势。

【核心词汇】
a certain conception of the American citizen　具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念
character　公民人物
incomplete　不完整的
competently　很恰当地
access　认识到
livelihood and happiness　生存和幸福

【参考译文】我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，这个公民人物如果不能很恰当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影响，那么其公民特征就是不完整的。

Unit 11　复杂的形式主语和形式宾语的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）it形式主语开头，引起主语后置

It is generally accepted that the experience of the child in his first years largely determines his character and later personality. 大家普遍公认的是一个孩子的早期人生经历很大程度上决定他以后的性格和个性。

（2）it形式宾语出现，引起宾语后置

We think it impossible that robots can replace our human beings. 我们认为计算机取代人类是不可能的。

实战练习

例189　It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.

【结构分析】这句话开头是个it形式主语句子，也就是It's hard to imagine that...，后面是真正的宾语从句，宾语从句的主语是many people，系动词是are，表语是dumb enough，后面是不定式短语to want children，后面是原因状语从句just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous，冒号后面是个短句，解释整个句子的另外一层意思，也就是most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于it形式主语句套上宾语从句再套上原因状语从句，很经典。

【核心词汇】
it's hard to imagine that　很难想象
dumb enough　足够的愚蠢
glamorous　有魅力的
a baby is not a haircut　养孩子可不是剪头发那样简单

【参考译文】很难想象有的人生孩子就只是很傻很天真，因为Reese和Angelina这种名流使这种行为变的很光鲜——多数成年人其实理解：养孩子可不是剪头发那样简单。

例190　But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren't in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting "the Rachel" might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

【结构分析】句子开头是个it形式主语句it's interesting to wonder if...，后面是宾语从句，宾语从句的主语是the images，后面是省略that的定语从句we see every week，后面是介词短语做定语，也就是of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood，修饰前面的主语，后面是动词短语aren't in some small, subconscious way contributing to，其中里面有介词短语做状语，宾语是our own dissatisfactions，后面是介词短语做定语，也就是with the actual experience，后面又是个介词短语in the same way that...，后面是个同位语从句a small part of us hoped getting "the Rachel" might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句很复杂，首先是宾语从句的主语很难确定，因为主语里面包含太多的修饰语，其次是动词很复杂，因为里面夹杂着很长的介词短语，最后宾语也很难，因为里面也有介词短语，而后面做了一个比喻in the same way that...，表明很多人太喜欢电视剧中的某个明星甚至让生活中的自己看起来像那个明星，但是明星确实没有那么美好。

【核心词汇】
it's interesting to wonder if　这确实有趣，反思一下
stress-free　无忧无虑
happiness-enhancing　幸福诱人的
in some small, subconscious way　从一种微小的，无意识的方面
our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience　我们对于现实生活的不满
look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston　使得我们看上去有点像詹妮弗·安妮斯顿（Rachel的扮演者）

【参考译文】但这确实有趣：反思一下我们每周看到的无忧无虑，幸福诱人的为人父母的生活会不会从一种微小的，无意识的方面加剧我们对于现实生活的不满，这种方式就好像：我们有那种想成为“the Rachel”（老友记中的单身妈妈）的心理，这种心理，使得我们看上去有点像詹妮弗·安妮斯顿（Rachel的扮演者）。

例191　It's no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful, provocative magazine cover story, "I love My Children, I Hate My Life," is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.

【结构分析】破折号前面是个it无主句It's no surprise that...，后面的主语从句的主语是很长的名词短语，也就是Jennifer Senior's insightful, provocative magazine cover story, "I love My Children, I Hate My Life"，动词是is arousing，宾语是much chatter，破折号后面是个比较级表示最高级的句型，也就是nothing gets people talking like the suggestion...，后面是同位语从句，也就是that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于破折号后面比较级表示最高级，nothing gets people talking like...，比如Nothing gets people talking like playing internet games，翻译成“人们最喜欢谈网络游戏”。

【核心词汇】
it's no surprise that　毫无疑问
insightful　独到见解的
provocative　有煸动意味的
magazine cover story　杂志封面故事
arousing much chatter　唤起了人们的谈兴
child rearing　养孩子
a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience　一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情

【参考译文】毫无疑问，Jennifer Senior在有煸动意味的杂志封面故事中表达了她的独到见解，“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我的生活”——这唤起了人们的谈兴，人们一谈到养孩子就会觉得这是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情。

例192　To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.

【结构分析】句子开头是个不定式短语To be sure, but前面的句子主干是he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but后面是个it无主句，真正的主语是to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music, it只是形式主语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于it形式主语这种句型的使用，比如it is not necessary for me to take part in the party with fantastic clothes。

【核心词汇】
to be sure　我能确定的是
an impressive variety of interesting compositions　很多有趣的演出
hear interesting orchestral music　听一场有趣的交响乐演

【参考译文】我能确定的是，他能表现出很多有趣的乐章，但是我却应该不会去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去听一场有趣的交响乐演出。

例193　It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的it形式主语，It's all deliciously ironic是形式主语句，后面是个时间状语从句，时间状语从句的主语是you，动词是consider，后面是个宾语从句，也就是that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于时间状语从句里面套上宾语从句，其中宾语从句很长，很经典。

【核心词汇】
all deliciously ironic　这一切颇具讽刺意味
who earns their living　给他们带来生计
did his share of noise-making　参与过制造噪音

【参考译文】想想给他们带来生计的莎士比亚本人就是一个演员（而且留胡子），他也曾经参与过制造噪音，你就会觉得这一切颇具讽刺意味。

例194　It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele.

【结构分析】这句话是个经典的it无主句，主干是It would be a shame to raise prices too much，其中to raise prices too much是真正的主语，后面是原因状语从句，也就是because it would drive away the young people，后面是状语从句里面套上定语从句，也就是who are Stratford's most attractive clientele。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于原因状语从句里面套上定语从句，状语从句套定语从句很经典，是作文可以模仿的句型。

【核心词汇】
a shame　耻辱
raise prices too much　过高地提高票价
drive away　赶跑
most attractive clientele　最具吸引力的顾客

【参考译文】大幅涨价让人感到羞耻，因为那样会赶跑年轻人，而他们是斯特拉福德最具吸引力的顾客。

例195　Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

【结构分析】句子的主干是it is important to study humans，后面是介词短语in all their richness and diversity做状语，后面又是个介词短语in a calm and systematic manner做状语，后面是伴随状语with the hope...，后面是同位语从句that the knowledge...，同位语从句的主语是knowledge，后面是分词定语resulting from such studies，动词是can lead，宾语是humans，宾补是to a more harmonious way of living，后面是两个介词短语做状语，也就是with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于同位语从句很复杂，同位语从句里面有分词定语，还有两个并列的介词短语with，很经典。

【核心词汇】
in all their richness and diversity　丰富财富与多样存在
in a calm and systematic manner　运用冷静和系统的方法
with the hope that　人们希望
a more harmonious way of living with themselves　人与人之间更加和谐地共生

【参考译文】因此，运用冷静和系统的方法对人类的丰富财富与多样存在进行研究，是至关重要的。人们希望通过这些研究获得的知识可以促进人与人之间，以及人类与地球上的所有其他物种更加和谐地共生。

例196　Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

【结构分析】这句话主干是it should be obvious to the dimmest executive...，其中第一个主语从句是that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore，该主语从句是个并列句，第二个主语从句是that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands，该句是个比较级表示最高级的用法。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列的主语从句，很经典，都很长，第二个主语从句是个比较级表达最高级的结构，比如Few things can destroy health more than smoking，意思是抽烟最能破坏健康。

【核心词汇】
the dimmest executive　最迟钝的管理者
that most valuable of economic assets　经济资产中最有价值的部分
hugely expensive to restore　修复起来代价极大
letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands　让敏感的个人机密数据落入不道德人之手

【参考译文】当然，信任作为经济资产中最有价值的部分是很容易被摧毁的，而且修复起来代价极大，而没有什么比一个公司让敏感的个人机密数据落入不道德人之手更容易摧毁信任，这对于最迟钝的管理者也应该是显而易见的。

例197　But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.

【结构分析】该句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列从句，前一分句的主干是science...provide us with...guide；后一分句的主干是it is critical，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句的主干是our nation and the world base...policies on...judgments, judgments后接有两个定语结构，一是that引导的定语从句，一是concerning分词结构。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于第二个并列句结构很复杂，宾语部分有定语从句，分词定语两种定语，修饰前面。

【核心词汇】
the best available guide to the future　为我们的未来提供了最好的指导
it is critical that　关键是
base important policies on the best judgments　以最好的判断作为依据
concerning the future consequences of present actions　关于人类现在的行为对未来影响

【参考译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。

例198　It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

【结构分析】句子主语是由how引导的一个主语从句，it是句子的形式主语；句子主干为: How...is not obvious，主语从句中主语是capacity，后面加上两个并列的不定式短语做定语，也就是to visualize objects和to figure out numerical patterns，谓语是suits，宾语是one, to answer questions是宾补，后面加上定语从句that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers修饰前面的questions。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于it形式主语要还原，而且主语从句的两个不定式用得很霸气，导致动词找起来很困难，后面还有个超级定语从句。

【核心词汇】
visualize　想象
figure out　发现和找出
suit　使……适合
elude　超越能力之外

【参考译文】构思物体和找出数字模型的能力是如何让一个人去回答那些连最好的诗人和哲学家都回避的问题的，这点我们还不是很清楚。

例199　The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

【结构分析】这句话是形式宾语it，真正的宾语是不定式to，主干是The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available，后面加上介词短语for unfamiliar and emergency signals，后面再加上介词短语such as the smell of smoke，后面加上定语从句which might indicate the danger of fire。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于形式宾语加上定语从句的超级组合，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
the brain　大脑
smell receptors　味觉接收器
unfamiliar and emergency signals　不熟悉的紧急信号
danger of fire　火灾的风险

【参考译文】大脑发现最好让味觉接受器可以用来识别陌生的紧急信号，比如烟的味道，这种味道意味着火灾的风险。

例200　It is generally accepted that the experience of the child in his first years largely determines his character and later personality.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的it无主句，后面的that是真正的主语从句，主干是It is generally accepted...，后面是主语从句，主语从句的主语是the experience of the child，动词是determines，宾语是his character and later personality。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于It is generally accepted that这种结构的使用，作文使用会更加闪光，还有类似的表达，It is well known, It is universally acknowledged that, It goes without saying that，都表示众所周知。

【核心词汇】

It is generally accepted　大家普遍认为
the experience of the child in his first years　孩子的早期人生经历
character　性格
personality　个性

【参考译文】人们普遍认为，一个小孩的早期人生的经历将很大程度上决定他的性格和个性。

例201　It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.

【结构分析】It has long been known that...是一个固定句式，他的意思是“长久以来人们都知道……”其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句；从句本身又是一个复合句，开始是主句a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars，其中分词结构called AAA cars是后置定语，修饰firm，后面的when引导一个时间状语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于很长的it无主句的使用，英语中为了避免头重脚轻，通常把较长的主语放在句子后面，而以放在句首的形式主语it代替它。

【核心词汇】
it has long been known that　人们早已知道
a taxi firm called AAAA cars　名叫AAAA的出租汽车公司
has a big advantage　有很大的优越性
thumb through their phone directories　翻阅电话簿

【参考译文】人们早已知道在客户翻阅电话簿时，名叫AAAA的出租汽车公司要比Zodiac出租汽车公司有很大的优越性。

例202　From what is stated above, it is learned that the sun's heat can pass through the empty space between the sun and the atmosphere that surrounds the earth, and that most of the heat is dispersed through the atmosphere and lost but what extent it is lost has not been found out.

【结构分析】句子开头加了个介词短语From what is stated above做状语，修饰整个句子，句子的主干是it is learned...，后面是两个并列的主语从句，第一个主语从句是that the sun's heat can pass through the empty space between the sun and the atmosphere...，后面加上定语从句that surrounds the earth，修饰前面的名词the atmosphere，第二个主语从句是that most of the heat is dispersed through the atmosphere and lost...，后面加上转折句but what extent it is lost has not been found out。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于考的是It is adj that...and that...，这种结构让句子充满生命力，其中第一个that里面有介词短语，还有定语从句，难度很大，第二个that里面有转折句和主语从句，难度也不小，很棒。

【核心词汇】
pass through　穿越
empty space　空白区域
the atmosphere that surrounds the earth　大气层
disperse　消耗
what extent it is lost　能量消耗的程度

【参考译文】正如以上而言，据说太阳的热量能够穿越太阳和大气层之间的空白区域，而且其大部分热量在穿越大气层的时候已经被消耗一部分，但是到底消耗多少说不清楚。

例203　It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with those of the scientists' minds, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

【结构分析】此句话的主干是It is imagined by many, it是形式主语，真正的主语在后面，也就是两个并列的主语从句，其中第一个主语从句that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with those of the scientists' minds，第二个主语从句是that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个超级主语从句的使用，用it形式主语来引导，其中第一个主语从句有个很难理解的短语by no means，其中第二个主语从句表示递进，表示对第一句的结果性说明，并列主语从句使用值得我们学习。

【核心词汇】
it is imagined by many　很多人这样认为
operations of the common mind　普通人大脑的思维过程
by no means compared with　无法相比
acquire　获得
a sort of special training　一系列专业练习

【参考译文】很多人认为，普通人的大脑的思维过程与科学家大脑的思维过程无法相提并论，他们还认为，科学家大脑思维的能力是通过后期一系列专业练习获得的。

例204　Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor, thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural peasants were flooding into the cities in search of work that would keep them alive.

【结构分析】主干是形式主语it happened...，后面是that引导的主语从句，这个句子中刚开始用了状语从句when the new factories that were springing up required labor，这个状语从句中间有定语从句that were springing up, that引导的主语从句的主干是thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural peasants were flooding into the cities，后面加上介词短语in search of work，后面再加上定语从句that would keep them alive，修饰前面的名词work。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于it形式主语引导的句子，中间有状语从句，状语从句套有定语从句，后面还有介词短语套上定语从句，非常有气势。

【核心词汇】
it happened that　紧跟着出现的是
spring up　拔地而起
homeless　无家可归
agricultural peasants　农民
flood into　涌入
in search of work　找工作

【参考译文】所以，紧跟着出现的情况是当拔地而起的工厂需要劳动力时，数以千计的无家可归和饥饿的农民涌入大城市，为了寻找能够让他们活下来的工作。

例205　While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

【结构分析】While warnings are often appropriate and necessary and many are required by state or federal regulations是个很长的状语从句，其中有两个并列句子，the dangers of drug interactions, for example是个插入语，主干是it isn't clear，后面加上真正的主语从句that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability，后面是状语从句if a customer is injured。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于状语从句加主句，主句是形式主语it，后面又加上状语从句if，状语从句加主句再加状语从句，很精彩。

【核心词汇】
warnings　警告
appropriate and necessary　适当而且必须的
drug interactions　药物相互作用
state or federal regulations　州或联邦政府规定要求
manufacturers and sellers　生产者和销售者
liability　责任

【参考译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而（我们）并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。

例206　If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.

【结构分析】If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate是个很长的状语从句，其中as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate是个比较级，后面是主干，是it无主句，也就是it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results，后面加上形容词短语measurable in dollars and cents，修饰前面的results。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是很长的if条件句，其中套用了比较级，主干是it无主句，很长的状语从句是很好的用法，值得学习。

【核心词汇】
planned and carried out　规划和实施
according to plan　根据计划
faithfully　如实地
perfectly logical　很有逻辑的
produce results　产生结果
measurable in dollars and cents　可以用金钱衡量的结果

【参考译文】如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施的话，那么对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。

例207　It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

【结构分析】It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe...，后面是宾语从句that，宾语从句的主语是scientists，后面加上很长的定语从句who know exactly，定语从句后面有两个超级宾语从句where they are going and how they will get there，宾语从句的真正的动词是should not be distracted by，宾语是of结构，the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register，后面是状语从句while the other eye is on the microscope。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是it无主句套上定语从句，定语从句套上两个宾语从句，后面又加上状语从句，很复杂，特别是并列的宾语从句。

【核心词汇】
reasonable　合理的
auditors　审查者
distracted by　分散注意力于
keeping one eye on the cash register　一只眼盯着收银机
microscope　显微镜

【参考译文】审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。

例208　When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

【结构分析】When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion是个时间状语从句，主干是it is advisable to find out..., what引导的宾语从句what its advocates are aiming at, for引导的原因状语从句，后面加上插入语however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today，这个状语从句的主干是it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于多个状语从句，前面有时间状语从句，后面是原因状语从句，这种状语从句前后夹击很经典。

【核心词汇】
a new movement in art　艺术领域的一个新运动
attain a certain fashion　发展成某种流行时尚
advisable　合理的
advocate　倡导
aim at　真正意图
farfetched and unreasonable　牵强无理
principle　原则

【参考译文】当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时，最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图，因为不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。

Unit 12　复杂的分割结构（插入语）的理解

导读学习

（1）主语与谓语动词的分割

These days the net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mails, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. 最近，网络已经改变了过去的生活方式，比如买书和发送邮件，它也改变了多诺汶的职业。

（2）谓语动词和宾语的分割

Black girls may identify more strongly than white girls with the ideas of having one child. 黑人女孩比白人女孩更加认同生一个孩子的理念。

（3）从句与被修饰的名词分割

News came that we have won the victory. 有消息说，我们赢得了胜利。

实战练习

例209　Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.

【结构分析】这句话主语是today's people, Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago是状语，especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations是对主语的补充，是个插入语，reached their limit是谓语，in the early 1960s是时间状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于让步状语从句的成功使用，而且插入语难度很大，把主语和动词隔离开来。

【核心词汇】
typically　特别是
two inches taller now than 140 years ago　人们比140年前高了2英寸
those born to families　那些出生在已移民美国
for many generations　美国很多代的那些人
reach their limit　已经到达了他们的身高的极限

【参考译文】虽然现在人们比140年前高了2英寸，特别是那些出生在已移民美国很多代的那些人，但是明显的，在20世纪60年代早期，已经到达了他们的身高的极限。

例210　Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues.

【结构分析】这句话中Growth是主语，which rarely continues beyond the age of 20是定语从句，也是个插入语，demands是谓语，calories and nutrients是宾语。notably, protein是个插入语，to feed expanding tissues是对宾语的补足。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个插入语的成功使用，第一个插入语是两个逗号引导的，第二个插入是由两个破折号引导的，各有特色。

【核心词汇】
growth　身高的增长
rarely continue　停止了
calories and nutrients　能量和营养
protein　蛋白质
feed expanding tissues　供给组织的生长

【参考译文】身高的增长一般在20岁以后就停止了，而发育是需要能量和营养的，其中的蛋白质用来供给组织的生长。

例211　In his latest book, "Doing Our Own Thing", "The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care", John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

【结构分析】该句子的主干是John McWhorte sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline。a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views是个插入语，介绍人物的身份。主语前的介词短语in his latest book做状语，book后有一个较长的书名充当其同位语。其中主语和谓语之间的插入语介绍这个人物的身份。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语的使用，导致主语和动词脱节，导致寻找动词很困难，翻译时插入语可以先不翻译。

【核心词汇】
doing Our Own Thing　做我们自己的事
the Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care　语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意
a controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views　他的观点混杂着自由派与保守派的看法
the triumph of 1960s counter-culture　60年代反文化运动的胜利
responsible for the decline of formal English　对正式英语的退化负责

【参考译文】语言学家麦荷特喜好争论，他的观点混杂着自由派与保守派的看法。在他最近的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意？》中，这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。

例212　The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.

【结构分析】两个破折号号中间的部分完全可以视作插入部分独立分析。“the internet is making access to scientific results a reality”是主干，插入语是“funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it”这样分析就会简单很多，插入语翻译成提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，主干翻译为“互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实”。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超长插入语的使用，该插入语里面还包括定语从句，该定语从句里面还包括宾语从句，多种从句连环是该句特色。

【核心词汇】
pressure from funding agencies　提供资金的机构施加压力
commercial publishers　商业刊物
making money　赚钱
government-funded research　政府投资的研究项目
restricting access to it　限制接触到它

【参考译文】提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。

例213　Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him."

【结构分析】这句话的主语是Tommasini，后面是个插入语，也是个定语从句，也就是who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times，动词是calls，直接宾语是him，间接宾语是an unpretentious musician，后面是介词短语做定语，修饰前面的名词，也就是with no air of the formidable conductor about him。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语使用得很经典，而且是个定语从句，定语从句做插入语表示主语的状态，比如I, who loves swimming, is crazy about sports。

【核心词汇】
who had advocated Gilbert's appointment　支持Gilbert任命
an unpretentious musician　低调的音乐家
with no air of the formidable conductor　找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质。

【参考译文】甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为：低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质。

例214　The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.

【结构分析】这句话的主语是The railroad industry as a whole，后面是插入语despite its brightening fortunes，动词是still does not earn，宾语是enough，后面是不定式短语to cover the cost of the capital，后面是省略that的定语从句，也就是it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语使用得很经典，而且省略that的定语从句也很有特色。

【核心词汇】
the railroad industry　铁路行业
brightening fortunes　璀璨的前途
earn enough to　赚足够多的亲爱
cover the cost of the capital　支付成本
keep up with its surging traffic　满足日益正价的运输需求

【参考译文】整个铁路业尽管形势很好，其收入仍不足以支付日益增加的运输需求而必须做的资本投入。

例215　This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

【结构分析】这句话的主语是This，后面是插入语for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage，后面是动词refers to，后面是宾语discrimination，后面是介词短语against those，后面是定语从句whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是个下定义结构，refer to这种结构用于解释读者不清楚的概念，而且还使用了定语从句whose，很经典。

【核心词汇】
unaware of　还不了解
such a disadvantage　这种危害
refer to　指的是
discrimination　歧视
surnames　姓氏字母
a letter in the lower half of the alphabet　字母表后半部分

【参考译文】对于那些还不了解这种危害的人来说，它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视。

例216　From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.

【结构分析】句子的开头是个介词短语做状语，也就是From the beginning of our history，后面是插入语says Hofstadter，句子的主干的主语是our democratic and populist urges，动词是have driven，宾语是us，后面是宾补to reject anything that smells of elitism。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是drive sb to do sth（迫使某人做某事），后面是个定语从句，drive sb to do sth是个写作的闪光句型，比如The job pressure drives the college students to prepare for the exam of postgraduates。

【核心词汇】
from the beginning of our history　从我们的历史一开始
our democratic and populist urges　我们的民主化和大众化冲动
drive sb to do sth　迫使某人做某事
reject　拒绝
anything that smells of elitism　一切带有杰出人物统治论色彩的东西

【参考译文】Hofstadter说，从我们的历史一开始，我们的民主化和大众化冲动就迫使我们拒绝一切带有杰出人物统治论色彩的东西。

例217　According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.

【结构分析】句子开头是个介词短语According to their latest paper published in Nature做状语，句子的主干的主语是the biomass of large predators，后面是个括号 (animals that kill and eat other animals) 是个插入语，表示解释生词，后面是个介词短in a new fishery做定语，后面是动词is reduced，后面是介词短语on average做状语，后面是介词短语by 80％做状语，后面是介词短语within 15 years of the start of exploitation做状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于三个连环介词短语做状语，让句子显得很生动，介词短语是重要的手段表达句子的程度，时间，地点和范围。

【核心词汇】
their latest paper published in Nature　他们在《自然》杂志上发表的最新论文
the biomass　生物数量
large predators　大型捕食者
a new fishery　新的渔场
reduced　减少
exploitation　开发

【参考译文】根据他们在《自然》杂志上发表的最新论文，一个新的渔场大型捕食者（杀死并吃掉其他动物的动物）在开发的头15年平均减少80％。

例218　As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent—little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.

【结构分析】句子的主干是California's growth rate dropped to 18.5 percent，句子中间是插入语during the 1970's，破折后面是补充解释成分，解释这个18.5％的意义，其中由两个并列的介词短语构成，第一个是little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure，是一个比较级，第二个介词短语是and considerably below that of other Western states，其中that指代的是figure。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于破折号后面两个超级介词短语的使用，特别是第一个短语是个比较级，生动了阐明了18.5％的内涵所在。

【核心词汇】

California's growth rate　加利福尼亚的人口增长率
drop　下降
little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure　稍高于60年代增长率的三分之二
considerably below that of other Western states　大大低于西部其他各州

【参考译文】结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代时下降到了18.5％——稍高于60年代增长率的三分之二，大大低于西部其他各州。

例219　This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.

【结构分析】主语是This development，后面是插入语its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead，动词是has enthroned，直接宾语是the South, as后面是间接宾语America's most densely populated region，后面是介词短语做状语，也就是for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于enthrone...as...这个句型的成功使用，翻译成使……成为……，句子的插入语解释性作用很充分，而且句子最后的介词短语做时间状语，描述得很生动。

【核心词汇】
strong implication　强有力的影响

US politics and economy　美国政治、经济
enthrone...as...　使……成为……

for the first time　首次
in the history of the nation's head counting　全国人口普查中有史以来

【参考译文】这种发展——以及其对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影响——使得南部在全国人口普查中有史以来首次成为美国人口最密集的地区。

例220　In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

【结构分析】句子开头是个介词短语做状语，也就就是In Australia，后面是个插入语，也是定语从句修饰Australia，该定语从句的主语an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes，动词是have all played，宾语是their part，后面是个句子真正的主干，也就是other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超级定语从句的使用，是where引导的，很长，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
an aging population　人口老龄化
life-extending technology　延长寿命的技术
changing community attitudes　变化的社会态度
deal with　应对
euthanasia　安乐死

【参考译文】在澳大利亚——人口老龄化，延长寿命的技术和变化的社会态度，这些因素都在发挥作用——其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。

例221　There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

【结构分析】句子的主干是There is a disjunction between...and...，其中between中的第一个名词是the mass of business anecdote，后面加上定语从句that points to a leap in productivity, and后面的第二个名词是the picture，后面加上分词定语reflected by the statistics, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says是个插入语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点由于插入语的加入，造成了对主干是别的难度，尤其是在between...and...结构的识别中由于加入了定语从句使其难于理解。

【核心词汇】
the treasury secretary　财政部长
anecdote　轶闻，趣闻
statistics　数据
picture　情况，事态

【参考译文】正如财长鲁宾所说，在表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事和数据所反映的情况之间存在着脱节。

例222　Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

【结构分析】句子的主干是Numerous other commercial enterprises bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers，中间主语和动词之间加入插入语，也就是from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个from的成功使用，让计算机的便利性涉及到如此多的行业变得很生动。

【核心词汇】
numerous　大量的
commercial enterprises　商业企业
electric utilities　电力设施
milk processors　牛奶处理厂

【参考译文】不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。

例223　The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.

【结构分析】句子主干是The notion would seem merely silly，是个主系表结构，that learning should have in it an element of inspired play是个同位语从句修饰notion, to the greater part of the academic establishment是个介词短语状语，修饰整个句子，也是个插入语，but that is nonetheless the case是个转折句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于同位语从句很长，很难理解，而且主干中插入了很长的介词短语to the greater part of the academic establishment，导致seem和silly有严重的分离，是个很难的分割结构。

【核心词汇】
inspired　有激发性的
establishment　机构，建立
nonetheless　但是
case　事实，实情

【参考译文】大多数的学术机构认为在学习中加入有启发性玩耍的理念是非常愚蠢的，但是这样的事情确实常常发生。

例224　After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.

【结构分析】这句话是个分割结构，主语和真正的同位语从句被动词grew这个动词分割开来，句子开头是时间状语After Galileo's work，句子的主干是the feeling grew，后面是两个并列的同位语从句，都做the feeling的同位语从句，第一个同位语从句是that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies，第二个同位语从句是that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分割结构，当主语中的同位语从句或定语从句很长的时候，往往把这个从句放在动词后面，看起来好像是动词把主语和这个从句分割开啦，比如正常情况是“News that we won the game came”分割之后变为“News came that we won the game”。

【核心词汇】
universal laws　普遍存在的法则
the motion of bodies　物体的运动
motion in the heavens　天体的运动

【参考译文】在伽利略研究成果出现之后，我们有种感觉，那就是有些普遍存在的法则控制着物体的运动，而且这些法则不仅适用于天体的运动，也适用于地球物体的运动。

例225　Our knowledge of social systems, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be overturned by new discoveries that have altered the process of producing what people are urgently demanding.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是Our knowledge of social systems is not likely to be overturned by new discoveries，其中主语和动词中间加入插入语while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate，句子的宾语是new discoveries后面加上定语从句that have altered the process of producing...，定语从句里面套有宾语从句what people are urgently demanding。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语的恰当使用，而且是个很好的被动语态，而且里面有定语从句加上宾语从句。

【核心词汇】
our knowledge of　我们对……的了解
extremely inaccurate　极度不准确
overturn　推翻
new discoveries　新的发明
alter　改变
the process of producing　生产过程

【参考译文】我们的社会体系虽然很多方面是极度错误的，但是我们这种社会体系的认识不能这些新技术推翻，这些新技术改变人们所急需产品的生产过程。

例226　Human beings have agreed, in the course of centuries of mutual dependency, to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs, throats, tongues, teeth, and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems.

【结构分析】句子的主语是Human beings，动词是have agreed，动词和宾语之间增加了插入语，也就是in the course of centuries of mutual dependency，后面是不定式to let，宾语是the various noises，后面加上定语从句that they can produce with their lungs, throats, tongues, teeth, and lips，再加上宾语补足语stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems，是个let sth do这样一个结构。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语的成功使用，而且里面还有很复杂的定语从句。

【核心词汇】
mutual dependency　相互依赖
systematically　系统地
stand for　代表
certain happenings　某些状况
nervous systems　神经系统

【参考译文】人类在相互依赖生存的几个世纪中慢慢形成一致观点，也就是他们可以用肺部，嗓子，舌头，牙齿，嘴唇所产生的声音来代表神经系统中发生一些情形。

例227　This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.

【结构分析】主干是This success led Ericsson to conclude...，其中主语和动词之间有插入语coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，后面是宾语从句that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one，该宾语从句里面有比较级。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语加上宾语从句的成功使用。

【核心词汇】
coupled with　伴随着
genetically determined　基因决定的
the act of memorizing　记忆这种行为
cognitive exercise　有意识的练习
intuitive　先天，直觉

【参考译文】这次试验成功，伴随着以后的实验表明记忆不是基因决定的，让埃里克森下结论说，记忆这种行为是可以有意识的练习的，而不是先天形成的。

例228　The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.

【结构分析】这句话是个转折句，but前面的主干是The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization，后面是个介词短语状语做插入语，也就是at least for the time being, but后面的主语是并列的名词，也就是its role, its size and its programs，系动词是are，表语是the subject of a nation wide debate。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是个典型的转折句，but后面比前面重要，里面的插入语很经典。

【核心词汇】
survive　存在下来
a publicly funded broadcasting organization　一个公共基金支持的广播组织
for the time being　至少目前会这样
the subject of a nation wide debate　成了全国上下的讨论话题

【参考译文】英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。

例229　His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

【结构分析】主干是His function is analogous to that of a judge，后面加上定语从句who must accept the obligation of revealing...，其中介词短语in as obvious a manner as possible做插入语，真正的宾语是the course of reasoning which led him to his decision，里面还有定语从句which。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是插入语的成功使用，让人很难找到宾语，而且里面两个定语从句的使用也很精彩。

【核心词汇】
analogous to　类似于
obligation　责任
in as obvious a manner as possible　以尽可能明显的方式
the course of reasoning　推理的过程

【参考译文】他的作用与法官的作用类似，他必须以尽可能明显的方式来表明使得他下决定的推理的过程。

例230　If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.

【结构分析】If its message were confined merely to information是个条件状语从句，后面加上插入语and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive，插入语主语是that，动词和表语是would be difficult, if not impossible to achieve是状语，for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive是个原因状语，句子真正的主干是advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于多个插入语在句子里面的体现，插入语增加句子的难度，不断解释前面的信息，而且插入语有多个连环状语从句，更加细致，有助于读者理解。

【核心词汇】
be confined to　局限于
subtly persuasive　微妙的说服意味
boring　无聊的
no one would pay any attention　没有人会关注它

【参考译文】如果其信息只被局限于告知——就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味——那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。

例231　I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

【结构分析】主干是I have discovered that...，动词和宾语之间有很长的插入语as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress，后面是that引导的宾语从句，宾语从句的主语是两个动名词短语abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life"和making the alternative move into "downshifting"，宾语从句的动词是brings，宾语是far greater rewards。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于插入语特别长，很有气势，而且宾语从句很有特色，里面居然用了两个超级动名词短语abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life"和making the alternative move into "downshifting"，后面的宾语上还有比较级，值得学习的是作文可以用长的并列的动名词短语。

【核心词汇】
much-publicized resignation　公开地辞去
editorship　编辑一职
build-up of stress　不堪积劳重负
abandoning the doctrine　放弃那种人生信条
juggling your life　为生活忙碌
alternative　生活理念
downshifting　比较悠闲的生活
far greater rewards　回报
financial success and social status　经济成功和社会地位

【参考译文】或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后一样，我已经发现，放弃那种“为生活忙碌”的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。

Unit 13　复杂的并列句的拆分和理解

导读学习

（1）and的并列

Not getting enough sleep can harm your mood, memory and ability to learn and concentrate, and job performance, and shorten your life. 得不到充足的睡眠可能会破坏你的心情、记忆力、学习能力和注意力以及你的工作能力，甚至会缩短你的寿命。

（2）not...but...的并列

What I care about is not your ability but your determination. 我所关心的不是你的能力，而是你的决心。

（3）not only, not simply, not just...but also的并列

I hate not only your deception but also your apathy. 我不仅憎恨你的欺骗性，而且憎恨你的无情。

（4）either...or...的使用

I either go to the concert or watch a film on weekends. 在周末的时候，我要么听音乐会，要么看电影。

（5）neither...nor...的使用

I trust neither my enemies nor my friends. 我既不相信我的敌人，也不相信我的朋友。

实战练习

例232　Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.

【结构分析】该句是个并列句，第一个并列句的主干是Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked，第二个并列句是个宾语从句，也就是many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects，该并列句后面是让步状语从句even as they do some modest belt-tightening。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列句里面套上宾语从句和让步状语从句，这个让步状语从句里面有美国谚语belt-tightening，表示“节约”。

【核心词汇】
only concerned　略显忧虑
not panicked　并没有惊慌失措
remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects　对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的
do some modest belt-tightening　稍微勒紧腰带

【参考译文】消费者看起来略显忧虑，并没有惊慌失措。许多人虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们说对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的。

例233　Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.

【结构分析】该句子分句前后是两个分句，后一分句对前一分句作进一步解释。前一分句的主干是the best strategy is to use the agent, as...介词短语结构意为“当做……”。不定式结构“to keep...”表示目的。后一个分句开头是个时间状语从句when you get E-mail，主干是祈使句consider it a reminder to check the database again。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列句的使用很准确，第一个并列句里面有很多短语，包括介词短语，不定式短语，第二个分句里面有祈使句和时间状语从句。

【核心词汇】
the best strategy　最佳的策略
use the agent as a kind of tip service　把代理当作一种提示服务
keep abreast of jobs　及时跟踪工作岗位信息
in a particular database　某一资料库里
check the database again　再去查一查资料库

【参考译文】相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息。当你收到电子邮件时，你就把它当作一种提醒再去查一查资料库。

例234　Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

【结构分析】该句子的主干是and连接的两个分句：all tend to be drawn up, and their recipients lose interest，冒号前的三个名词短语是第一个分句主语all的同位语。As引导的时间状语从句，修饰第二个分句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于三个名词短语的并列很闪光，而且冒号的后面的句子很简洁，但是用了专业的短语plough through，表示“费劲看”。

【核心词汇】
shortlists for job interviews　求职面试
election ballot papers　选举投票
lists of conference speakers and attendees　会议发言或参加会议名单
drawn up alphabetically　按字母表顺序排序
recipients　接待者
lose interest　丧失兴趣
plough through　费劲看

【参考译文】求职面试、选举投票、会议发言或参加会议等诸多名单，也是按字母表顺序排序，当人们费劲地向下查看时，兴趣随之失去。

例235　Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare.

【结构分析】这是并列的句子，第一个并列句子的主语是两个并列的名词短语，第一个是the absolute cost of healthcare，第二个是the share of it borne by families，动词是have risen，第二个并列句子的主语是newly fashionable health savings plans，动词是are spreading，后面是介词短语from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers做状语，介词with所引导的成分说明newly fashionable health-savings plan的内容，一是更高的扣除条款（就像保险公司的做法一样，广告上说大病保险，但实际上所谓的大病并不是所有的“大病”，保险合同中的扣除条款太多），一是增加了一笔很大的投资风险（缴纳的医疗保险费用被拿去投资）。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于大并列套上小并列，所谓大并列指的是句子的主干是两个并列的句子，所谓小并列指的是with后面的名词短语有两个并列。

【核心词汇】
absolute　绝对的
healthcare　医疗保险
health-savings　医疗储蓄，类似中国的医保卡
legislative halls　立法机构，在美国指国会
deductible　可减免的，可扣除的文中指“保险合同的扣除条款”

dose　剂量

【参考译文】绝对医疗保险费用和家庭所承担的（部分）费用均已经上涨，而新型的医疗储蓄计划正从立法机构推广开来，（甚至）涵盖沃尔玛超市的工人，这一计划出现了更多的扣除条款，并给家庭未来的医疗保险又增加了一笔很大的投资风险。

例236　The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

【结构分析】这句话是个并列句，第一个并列句的主语是The rise of anti-happy art动词是tracks，宾语是the emergence of mass media，第二个并列句的主语是a commercial culture，后面是定语从句in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology，后面省略了动词rise，是个省略句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列句和省略句的完美结合，第二个并列句省略了动词。

【核心词汇】
the rise of anti-happy art　反快乐艺术的上升
track　追踪着
the emergence of mass media　大众传媒的产生
a commercial culture　商业文化
an ideal　一种理想
an ideology　一种空想

【参考译文】反快乐艺术的上升几乎精确的追踪着大众传媒的产生，并且伴随着它产生了商业文化，其中的幸福不仅仅是一种理想，而是一种空想。

例237　What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.

【结构分析】句子开头是个疑问句What might account for this strange phenomenon? 句子的主干是Here are a few guesses，后面是四个可能的原因，平行并列。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于后面对上半年出生的运动员比下半年出生的运动员踢球更好的四种可能性的分析，每个可能性都很经典。

【核心词汇】
account for　解释，说明，即是explain的意思
astrological sign　指星座或星相，共有12个：水瓶座（Aquarius），双鱼座（Pisces），白羊座（Aries），金牛座（Taurus），双子座（Gemini），巨蟹座（Cancer），狮子座（Leo），处女座（Virgo），天秤座（Libra），天蝎座（Scorpio），人马座（Sagittarius），摩羯座（Capricorn）
confer　赠予，授予，给予
stamina　毅力，持久力，精力
conceive　构思，怀孕

【参考译文】怎样解释这一奇怪的现象？有几个猜想：a）某些星相赋予超强的足球技能。b）冬天的婴儿大多摄氧量更高，可以增加足球体能。c）狂爱足球的父母更有可能在春天怀孕，这一段时间是足球狂热的高峰。d）以上选项都不正确。

例238　Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的并列句。第一句是简单句，冒号后的成分是宾语assertion的同位语，而同位语中又包含一个定语从句we commonly call talent修饰the trait。在第二句中，put another way是插入语，句子的主干是expert...are...made, not born。而whether in...programming作定语，也是插入语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于第二个句子中有个很长的插入语，让主语和动词分隔开来，导致寻找动词很困难。

【核心词汇】
startling　令人吃惊的
assertion　主张，断言，声明
talent　天才，才干，才能
overrate　高估
expert performers　专业人士
born　天生的

【参考译文】他们的工作得出了一个惊人的观点：我们通常称之为天才的特性被高估了。换句话说，在记忆、外科、芭蕾或计算机程序方面的专业人士，他们几乎都是后天努力的结果，并非天生如此。

例239　The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.

【结构分析】这句话中The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to是主语，tend是谓语，unfortunately是插入语，宾语是by parents or other family members, and后面连接一个句子they tend not to be one-shot deals，所以这句话是一个并列句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列句的成功使用，其中第一个并列句里面还是个定语从句，并列句套上定语从句是很有特色的。

【核心词汇】
he kinds of interpersonal violence　女性面对的人与人之间的暴力
are exposed to　遭遇的
in domestic situations　在家庭环境中的
one-shot deals　能够一次性解决的问题

【参考译文】女性面对的人与人之间的暴力是在家庭环境中的。不幸的是，她们与父母还有其他的家庭成员之间不是能够一次性解决的问题。

例240　As education improved, humanity's productivity potential improves and they could in turn afford more education；This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.

【结构分析】分号前面的句子刚开始是个时间状语从句As education improved，这个句子的主干是个并列句，第一个并列句是humanity's productivity potential improves，第二个并列句是they could in turn afford more education。分号后面的句子的主语是this increasingly high level of education，系动词是is，表语是a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition，后面是介词短语for the complex political systems做定语，修饰前面的名词condition，后面是分词定语required by advanced economic performance。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分号前后的并列句都很复杂，前面的并列句是由两个并列句构成，分号后面的并列句里面包含介词短语，还包含分词定语。

【核心词汇】
humanity's productivity potential improves　人类的生产潜力也增加了
afford more education　获得更多的教育机会

This increasingly high level of education　越来越高的教育水平
necessary, but not a sufficient, condition　必要的，但不是充分的条件
complex political systems　复杂政治制度

【参考译文】随着教育的进步，人类的生产潜力也增加了，他们又可以获得更多的教育机会。而且，先进的经济水平要求复杂的政治制度，越来越高的教育水平可能是这种复杂政治制度的必要的，但不是充分的条件。

例241　For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.

【结构分析】这句话开头是个介词短语For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public，句子的主语是classical instrumentalists，动词是must compete，宾语是个并列短语，第一个宾语是opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums，第二个宾语是the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century，这个宾语是个连环of结构，要从后往前翻。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语极其复杂，宾语是个not only...but also...结构，这个并列的宾语很有特色，后面的宾语是个连环of结构。

【核心词汇】
the art-loving public　艺术爱好者
classical instrumentalist　古典音乐的演奏家们
opera houses　剧院
dance troupes　舞蹈队
theater companies　演出公司
recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century　那些记录了20世纪的伟大的古典音乐演奏者表演的唱片竞争

【参考译文】当下为了获得艺术爱好者的钱，时间，关注度，古典音乐的演奏家们（其实就是指交响乐团，同意复述）不仅要和剧院，舞蹈队，演出公司和博物馆竞争，而且还需要和那些记录了20世纪的伟大的古典音乐演奏者表演的唱片竞争。

例242　An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是An invisible border divides those...and those...，第一个those后面是分词定语arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects，第二个those后面是分词定语arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个分词定语的使用，很有特色，很好地描述了两种对计算机的使用的不同态度的人。

【核心词汇】
an invisible border　有一条无形的界线
on the behalf of students' career　为了学生的就业前景
broader reasons of radical education reform　为教育的彻底改革中更为广泛的理由

【参考译文】有些人为了学生的就业前景为教室里放置电脑而辩，有些人为教育的彻底改革中更为广泛的理由为教室里放置电脑而辩，这两群人之间有一条无形的界线。

例243　Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.

【结构分析】该句是个并列句，第一个并列句的主语是Some，动词是use，宾语是them，后面是不定式短语做宾补，也就是to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work，第二个并列句的动词是gather，宾语是information，后面是个不定式短语做状语，也就是on compensation to arm themselves，后面是个分词状语，也就是when negotiating for a raise。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列句的使用，第一个并列句里面有不定式，第二个并列句里面也有不定式，两个并列句里面短语多，不定式多，很经典。

【核心词汇】
keep a close watch on　密切关注
the demand for their line of work　自己从事的行业的需求情况
gather information　搜集信息
on compensation to　以便
arm themselves　有备无患

【参考译文】有的人用它来密切关注自己从事的行业的需求情况，或者搜集薪酬待遇方面的信息以便要求涨工资时有备无患。

例244　If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的并列句，第一个并列句是个状语从句，其中条件状语从句是If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality，该并列句的主干是it must be widely shared，分号后面是第二个并列句，该并列句的主干是it especially must be highly regarded by people，后面是定语从句who are themselves admired，后面是同位语the educated not least among them，是对前面的补充说明。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列句语法都很丰富，第一个并列句里面有状语从句，第二个并列句里面有定语从句。

【核心词汇】
tradition of ambition　野心的传统
have vitality　具有生命力
widely shared　许多人分享
highly regarded　受人青睐
the educated not least among them　在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数

【参考译文】如果野心的传统具有生命力，那么这传统必会为许多人分享；尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐，在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。

例245　Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

【结构分析】冒号前面有句子的主干，也就是we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles，后面是非限定性定语从句which now more than ever seem in ample supply，冒号后面是补充说明前面，举了三个例子，有三个名词性短语，第一个短语是the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home，其中有介词短语，第二个短语是the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants，其中有定语从句，第三个短语是the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools，其中有分词定语advocating，还有定语从句whose。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于三个名词短语作为例子的精彩使用，证明前面的观点，也就是虚伪的人日益增加，三个名词短语各有特色，第一个名词短语里面有介词短语，第二个名词短语里面有定语从句，第三个名词短语里面有分词和定语从句，复杂性很高。

【核心词汇】
fine hypocritical spectacles　一些虚伪的壮观景象
in ample supply　供应充足
the critic of American materialism　美国式物质主义的批判者
the publisher of radical books　激进书籍的出版商
advocate participatory democracy　倡导参与民主制

【参考译文】相反，我们被款待看到这样一些虚伪的壮观景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更供应充足：美国式物质主义的批判者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段的参与民主制的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。

例246　A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

【结构分析】这是个明显的转折句，whereas前面的句子的主干是A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists，后面是分词定语修饰前面的名词geologists，也就是coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas后面是个either...or...引导的并列句，第一个并列句是the amateurs have tended to remain in local societies，第二个并列句是to come together nationally in a different way。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是个超级转折句，后半部分的转折句采用了either...or...，很精彩。

【核心词汇】
a rather similar process of differentiation　一个颇为相似的分化过程
professional geologists　专业的地质学家
specific societies　专科学术社团
whereas　然而
the amateurs　业余地质爱好者
remain in local societies　留在地方社团

【参考译文】一个颇为相似的分化过程已经导致专业的地质学家走到一起组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团，而业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团，要么也以另一种方式组成全国性机构。

例247　I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.

【结构分析】这句话是个宾语从句，也就是I believe that...，宾语从句的主语是the most important forces，后面是介词短语做定语，也就是behind the massive M&M wave，宾语从句的系动词是are，宾语从句的表语是the same，后面是定语从句that underlie the globalization process，冒号后面表示补充说明，是并列的三个例子，证明前面的观点，第一个例子是falling transportation and communication costs，第二个例子是lower trade and investment barriers，第三个例子是enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands，里面有定语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于冒号后面的三个例子很经典，是个三个名词短语，三个名词短语各有特色，第一个名词短语是个动名词，第二个名词短语是个并列名词短语，第三个名词短语里面有定语从句。

【核心词汇】
the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave　巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力
the globalization process　全球化进程
falling transportation and communication costs　降低交通运输成本
lower trade and investment barriers　逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒
enlarged markets　大幅度拓展市场

【参考译文】我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力同时也就是促成全球化进程的那方基石：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及大幅度拓展市场，这些都要求更大规模的经营管理以满足消费者需求。

例248　Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all, the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.

【结构分析】Among the many shaping factors是个介词短语做状语，修饰整个句子，主语是I，动词是would single out，宾语是个四个并列名词短语，第一个宾语是the country's excellent elementary schools，第二个宾语是a labor force that welcomed the new technology，第三个宾语是the practice of giving premiums to inventors，第四个宾语是the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于四个名词短语做宾语，很壮观，第一个宾语是个名词修饰结构，第二个宾语里面有定语从句，第三个宾语里面有of结构，第四个宾语里面有分词结构。

【核心词汇】
many shaping factors　许多形成因素
elementary schools　小学教育
labor force　劳动者们
giving premiums to inventors　奖励发明者
genius　天赋
nonverbal, "spatial" thinking　非言语的、“空间性的”思考

【参考译文】在许多形成因素当中，我将挑选出这些：这个国家优秀的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动者们；奖励发明者的做法；而且最重要的是美国人在对那些技术性事物的非言语的、“空间性的”思考方面的天赋。

例249　Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age and for these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

【结构分析】这是个并列句，前半句的主干是Exceptional children are different，后面加上介词短语做状语，也就是in some significant ways from others of the same age，并列句的后半句先是表示目的的介词短语状语，也就是for these children to develop to their full adult potential，主干是their education must be adapted to those differences，而且是个被动语态。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列句的成功使用，而且每个并列句都有超长的介词短语，每个介词短语表达能力很强。

【核心词汇】
exceptional children　残疾儿童
in some significant ways　在许多关键方面
develop to their full adult potential　发展其全部的成人后的潜能
be adapted to　适应

【参考译文】残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。

例250　During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的定语从句，句子开头是个介词短语做状语，也就是During the past generation，句子的主语是the American middle-class family，后面加上定语从句that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure，该定语从句是个并列句，动词是has been transformed by，动词是被动语态，宾语是economic risk and new realities。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于很长的并列定语从句，而且主干是被动语态，很经典。

【核心词汇】
count on　依靠
fair play　公平竞争
financially secure　财政收支安全
economic risk　经济危机
new realities　新的现实

【参考译文】在过去的20多年时间里，那些曾经依靠辛勤工作和公平竞争就可以保证自己财政收支安全的美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济风险和新的现实所改变。（用定语从句前置的翻译方法来处理这个句子）

例251　Human beings have long distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.

【结构分析】这句话是由两个并列句构成，第一个并列句子的主干是Human beings have long distinguished themselves from other animals，第二个并列句的主干是ensured their survival，第二个并列句里面有介词短语by the ability，后面有三个不定式to do修饰前面的the ability，第一个不定式是to observe and understand their environment，第二个不定式是to adapt to that environment，第三个不定式是to control and adapt it to their own needs。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于大并列里面套上小并列，主句并列套上三个不定式的小并列，三个不定式的小并列修饰第二个并列句的宾语，这么多并列很有气势。

【核心词汇】
distinguish from　区分
ensure their survival　确保生存
adapt to　适应
their own needs　他们的自己的需求

【参考译文】人类长期以来把自己和别的动物区分开来，而且为了实现这一点确保自己的生存，他们具备观察和了解周围环境的能力，然后要么适应环境，要么让环境适应自己的需求。

例252　Studies show that the seriously ill do not want to know that truth about their condition, and informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more lowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.

【结构分析】句子主干是Studies show...，后面是两个并列的宾语从句，第一个宾语从句是the seriously ill do not want to know that truth about their condition，第二个宾语从句是informing them risks destroying their hope，后面加上目的状语从句so that they may recover more lowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide。

【亮点回放】这句话的亮点在于大并列和小并列，宾语从句两个并列是大并列，而第二个宾语从句so that后面的几个动词，是小并列，属于从句的并列。

【核心词汇】
the seriously ill　得了严重疾病的人
destroy their hope　破坏他们希望
deteriorate　恶化
commit suicide　自杀

【参考译文】有研究表明，那些严重生病的人不想知道他们身体状况的真实情况，而且通知他们真实情况会破坏他们的人生希望，进而导致他们恢复缓慢，甚至病情恶化，甚至想自杀。

例253　Obviously, the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the spectators; and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的not...but...这种固定搭配，是个并列句，主语是the significant thing，动词是is, not后面是第一个宾语the behavior of the players, but后面是第二个宾语the attitude of the spectators; and, behind the spectators, of the nations，后面加上定语从句修饰前面的nations，也就是who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个宾语的大并列，而第二个宾语attitude后面还有两个of的小并列，让句子的平衡性很好。

【核心词汇】
the significant thing　重要的是
spectators　观众
work themselves into furies over　狂热投入做某事
absurd　荒唐
contest　比赛

【参考译文】很明显，我们的关注点不在于球员的行为，而在于观众的态度，特别是观众后面国家的态度，这些国家特别疯狂于体育比赛。

例254　Their methods don't attempt to estimate the actual biomass of fish species in particular parts of the oceans, but rather changes in that biomass over the time.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的not...but...这种固定搭配，主语是Their methods，动词是don't attempt to estimate，第一个宾语是the actual biomass of fish species，后面加上介词短语in particular parts of the oceans做定语，but后面是第二个宾语，也就是changes in that biomass over the time。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于not...but...，表示否定前者，强调后者，其中两个宾语，每个宾语都很长，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
attempt to　试图
estimate　估计
actual biomass　真实的生物数量
fish species　鱼类

【参考译文】他们的方法不试图估计某个特定海域的鱼类的真实生物数量，而是估计一段时间生物数量的变化。

例255　The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy of poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

【结构分析】这句话的主语是The astonishing distrust of the news media，动词是isn't rooted in，宾语是并列的，第一个宾语是inaccuracy of poor reportorial skills, but后面是第二个宾语，也就是the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于not...but...，but后面的宾语分析的原因很透彻，深刻阐明了不读报纸的原因。

【核心词汇】
astonishing　不可思议的
distrust　不信任
rooted in　根源在
inaccuracy　不准确性
clash　冲突

【参考译文】公众对新闻媒体的巨大不信任不在于比较差的报道技术所带来的错误理解，而在于记者和读者世界观上的巨大冲突。

例256　And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.

【结构分析】本句是一个复合句，开始是if引导的条件状语从句，第一个逗号之后的部分是主句：the other either tossed her own token...or refused to...，其中包含并列的谓语，tossed和refused。本句的难点是找到主句的三个并列谓语refused，并判断出第二个谓语tossed被省略，也就是在out of the chamber前面这个动词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于三个并列动词的使用，either...or...or...这三个并列动词很经典。

【核心词汇】
received a grape　得到一颗葡萄
token　代币
in exchange　用来交换
tossed her own token at the researcher　就会将代币掷向研究人员
refused to accept the slice of cucumber　拒绝接受那片黄瓜

【参考译文】如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。

例257　A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of the research but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的固定搭配，not simply...but also...是个并列句，主语是A comparison of British geological publications，后面加上介词短语over the last century and a half，动词是reveals，第一个宾语是not simply后面的an increasing emphasis on the primacy of the research，第二个宾语是but also后面的a changing definition of...，后面加上宾语从句what constitutes an acceptable research paper。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于not simply...but also...的成功使用，相当于not only...but also...，但是比后者更生动，表示递进关系。

【核心词汇】
a comparison of　比较

British geological publications　英国地质学研究刊物
the primacy of the research　调查的重要性
a changing definition　改变的定语
constitute　构成

【参考译文】比较近一个半世纪的英国地质学的刊物可以发现，这些刊物不仅注重研究调查的重要性，而且改变了什么叫做合格研究论文的定义。

例258　In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

【结构分析】这句话考的是not only...but also...这种固定搭配，这句话的主语是the concept of private property，动词是embraces，其中第一个宾语是the ownership of productive resources，第二个宾语是certain rights，后面加上分词定语including the right修饰前面的名词，后面再加上两个并列的不定式短语做定语，一个是to determine the price of a product，一个是to make a free contract with another private individual。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于大并列和小并列，大并列是两个宾语，小并列是两个不定式并列，很经典。

【核心词汇】
private property　私有财产
embrace　包括
ownership of productive resources　生产资料所有制
make a free contract　签订自由合同

【参考译文】在美国经济中，私有财产的定义不仅包括生产资料的所有制，还包括某些权利，比如定价权或与另外一个个体户签订自由合同的权利。

例259　The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

【结构分析】这句话的主语是The casual friendliness of many Americans，动词是should be interpreted as，第一个宾语是superficial，第二个宾语是artificial, but后面是介词短语做状语，也就是as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于neither...nor...的精彩使用，表示“既不是，也不是”，是个很好的句子，写作可以用到。

【核心词汇】
casual friendliness　不经意间的礼貌
interpreted as　被称之为
superficial　肤浅的
artificial　做作的
cultural tradition　文化传统

【参考译文】很多美国人不经意间所透露出的礼貌举止应该不能解释为肤浅和矫揉造作，而是历史积淀下来的文化传统。

例260　The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding the piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming.

【结构分析】这是两个并列句组成，第一个并列句子主干是The individual now has more information，后面是形容词短语available than any generation做定语，修饰前面的名词information，第二个并列句的主干是the task is complicated, time-consuming, of finding the piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem是个介词短语，修饰前面的名词the task，这个of短语中relevant to his or her specific problem这个形容词短语修饰前面的information。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语很复杂，很长，有形容词短语，有介词短语，很有延展性。

【核心词汇】
individual　个体
available　可获得的
task　任务
relevant to　相关
specific problem　特定问题
complicated　复杂的
time-consuming　耗时的

【参考译文】一个人现在拥有的信息比任何一代人拥有的信息都多，所以寻找和他或她特定问题相关的信息这个任务并不轻松，而且很耗时。

例261　President Kennedy welcomed the people who raised questions, who criticized, who presented an intelligent point of view, on whose judgment he could rely, regardless of their rank or viewpoint.

【结构分析】这个句子主干是President Kennedy welcomed the people，后面是是四个并列的定语从句，都修饰前面的people，分别是第一个定语从句who raised questions，第二个定语从句who criticized，第三个定语从句who presented an intelligent point of view，第四个定语从句on whose judgment he could rely, regardless of their rank or viewpoint。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是四个排比的定语从句，气势磅礴，对名词进行很好的修饰，很有语言的穿透力，是背诵的精彩句型，写作时用到可谓神来之笔。

【核心词汇】
raise questions　提出问题
criticize　批评
presented an intelligent point of view　提出睿智的观点
rely on　依赖
regardless of their rank or viewpoint　无论他们社会地位或观点是什么

【参考译文】肯尼迪总统欢迎提出问题，批评他，提出睿智观点的这些人，而且他可以依赖他们的观点，无论这些人的社会地位或观点是什么。

例262　Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.

【结构分析】主语中心语是Hardy's weakness，谓语动词是两个derived from，其中第二个from前面省略了derived，第一个宾语是his apparent inability, to control the comings and goings of these impulses是个不定式，修饰前面的his apparent inability，第二个宾语是his unwillingness，后面是个不定式to cultivate and sustain the energetic and　risky ones，修饰前面的his unwillingness。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于采用了两个并列的宾语，每个宾语后面都有不定式，两个不定式都修饰前面的宾语，并列的宾语和并列的不定式是重要的并列功能成分，作文可以去写，增加气势和文章的魅力。

【核心词汇】
weakness　缺陷
derived from　缘起于
apparent inability　明显的无能
comings and goings of these impulses　创作冲动的穿梭往来
his unwillingness　不愿意
cultivate and sustain　培养和维持
energetic　富于生机活力
risky　风险性强的

【参考译文】哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。

例263　It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

【结构分析】冒号后面的主语是it，动词是invites，宾语是you，宾语补足语是to think, that引导的是宾语从句，either...or...引导两个并列短语，两个with介词短语并列，the consideration后面加上省略that的定语从句humans extend to other humans。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是两个并列的介词短语with短语，做这个句子的两个并列的状语，其中难在with后面的consideration后面加上的定语从句很难识别，因为省略了that，所以并列的with结构是考研并列成分的经典，而且有些定语从句的先行词做宾语的时候，省略that，导致定语从句有时候看不出来。

【核心词汇】
extreme　极端
at the outset　一开始
invite　是某人做某事
extend to　对待
no consideration　冷漠无情

【参考译文】这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

例264　Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

【结构分析】主语是Dependence，动词is marked by，后面还有一个by，省略了marked，这两个动词是并列关系，第一个宾语是an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect是个伴随的介词短语修饰前面一句话，第二个宾语the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms，后面有状语从句修饰第二个句子。

【亮点回放】此句话的两个并列的宾语，相当于两个并列句子，第一个并列句子，后面加上with结构，做状语，修饰第一个句子，第二个并列句子，后面加上状语从句when，修饰第二个句子。

【核心词汇】
dependence　药物的依赖性
marked by　表现为
increased tolerance　不断增加的容忍力
desired effect　理想的效果
unpleasant withdrawal symptoms　不舒服的停药的症状
discontinued　终止

【参考译文】药物的依赖性最初表现为耐受力增强，用量越来越大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。

例265　The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.

【结构分析】此句话的主语中心语是this trouble，谓语系动词是is，表语从句是that引导的，表语从句的主语是part of the recent acceleration，系动词是is, due to这个介词短语做表语，that引导的定语从句，so引导的句子是个倒装句，so翻译成这种情况，evidence of是个固定搭配，翻译成表明或者暗示，不能翻译成证据。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于连环的表语从句，也就是表语从句套上表语从句，两个that难度很大，第一个that是表语从句引导词，第二个that是个定语从句，and后面是并列句子，两个并列句子很有魅力，第一个并列句很复杂，第二个是so引导的倒装句，是考研经典句型。

【核心词汇】
recent acceleration　近期的增长
rebound　涨落
business cycle　商业运作周期
conclusive　结论性的
revival　经济复苏
underlying trend　未来一段时间

【参考译文】问题在于，一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果，因此还不能得出未来一段时间复苏态势这一结论。

例266　But he talked as well about the "balanced struggle" between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.

【结构分析】此句话的主语中心语是he，谓语动词是talked about，宾语是the "balanced struggle", between creative freedom and social responsibility是个介词短语，修饰前面的名词短语，and后面的主语是he，动词是announced，后面加上that引导的宾语从句，to develop standards是不定式修饰前面的drive, for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music这个介词短语修饰前面的standards。

【亮点回放】此句是个典型的并列句子，第二个并列句子是个宾语从句，这个宾语从句的宾语，后面加了很多修饰语，有不定式，有介词短语，这种连环修饰语是考研中难度较大的结构。

【核心词汇】
balanced struggle　努力保持均衡
creative freedom　创作自由
social responsibility　社会责任
launch a drive　开展运动
develop standards　制定标准
distribution and labeling　发行和标识
objectionable music　大众反对的音乐

【参考译文】但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要“努力保持均衡”这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准

【翻译技巧】虽然没有从句结构，但是由于句子太长，有众多的修饰成分，所以建议还是拆为两句较好。

例267　In our daily life, the casual way of eating includes not only fast food such as KFC but also the take-away food, which indicates the great pressure and fast pace of our society.

【结构分析】In our daily life是个介词短语做状语，the casual way of eating是句子的主语，动词是includes，宾语是并列的名词，第一个宾语是fast food such as KFC，第二个宾语是the take-away food，后面是非限定性定语从句which indicates the great pressure and fast pace of our society，其中有两个并列的宾语，是the great pressure和fast pace of our society。

【亮点回放】此句是个典型的两个并列的宾语，主干有两个并列的宾语，定语从句有两个并列的宾语。

【核心词汇】
the casual way of eating　休闲的饮食方式
fast food　快餐
the take-away food　外卖食物
fast pace of our society　我们社会的高节奏的生活

【参考译文】在我们日常生活中，休闲的饮食方式不仅包括吃快餐，比如肯德基，还包括叫外卖，这种情况意味着生活压力加大和高节奏的生活方式。

例268　The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

【结构分析】此句话的主语中心语是三个，the worker, the student, the foreigner，后面各有三个who引导的定语从句修饰前面的主语，all these做这三个名词的同位语，系动词是are，表语是examples of people, who引导定语从句修饰people。

【亮点回放】此句是个典型的三个并列的主语，每个主语都有定语从句，描述主语状态，很生动，后面的宾语又套上定语从句，更加平衡。

【核心词汇】
get a promotion　升官
measurable results　可以衡量的结果

【参考译文】得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人——这些都是那些有可衡量的结果显示其努力的人们的例证。

例269　If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

【结构分析】If这个条件句的主语是producing more of a commodity，动词是results in，宾语是动名词短语reducing its cost，主句中的主语是代词this，动词是will tend to increase，宾语是the supply，后面加上分词定语offered by seller-producers，句子最后是非限定性定语从句which，该定语从句有两个动词并列，分别是lower和permit。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于条件句加上非限定性定语从句which，非限定性定语从句包括两个并列的动词，其中条件句的主语和宾语都是动名词短语，条件句的主干也很难，里面也有动名词短语，非限定性定语从句指代不是宾语，而是整个句子，要翻译成这件事或这种情况，非限定性定语从句表示评价，用于图画作文的创作，妙笔生辉。

【核心词汇】
producing more of a commodity　大量制造某种商品
reducing its cost　降低成本
increase the supply　增加供给
seller-producers　卖方和制造商
lower the price　降低价格

【参考译文】另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。

例270　Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.

【结构分析】此句话有两个并列句，是两个can be被动句子，其中第一个被动句有through teleconferencing，做状语，修饰前面的动词，第二个被动句，用了without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site这个介词短语，其中有leaving这个分词状语。

【亮点回放】此句是个典型的两个被动并列句子，没有宾语，很经典，特别是without这种伴随状语的使用，语言简约而不简单。

【核心词汇】
expertise　专家知识
world wide　全世界范围内
teleconferencing　远程会议
in dispute　争论
settle　解决
participants　参与者
distant conference site　遥远的开会地点

【参考译文】通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。

例271　The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

【结构分析】此句话有两个并列句，主语是the change，动词是met，宾语是the technical requirements of the new age, by engaging a large professional signal element做状语，修饰前面的句子，and后面是动词prevented，宾语是the decline in efficiency, that引导的定语从句that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms，后面加上介词短语in the second and third generation和介词after the energetic founders。

【亮点回放】此句话前后两个并列句子，后面的并列句子里面又套了定语从句，定语从句里面套上两个介词短语，并列句加上定语从句很是经典。

【核心词汇】
technical requirements　技术要求
professional signal element　专业因素
the decline in efficiency　效率下滑
spoil　破坏
energetic founders　精力充沛的创业者

【参考译文】这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它（这种变化）防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人（领导公司）的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。

例272　"Shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.

【结构分析】此句话有两个并列句，主语是"shareholders", had no knowledge of是个很长的动词短语，宾语是并列的短语the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen, employed by the company是分词定语修饰前面的名词短语，in which he held shares是定语从句，修饰前面的company, and后面是个简单句，主语his influence on the relations of capital and labor，动词是was，表语是not good。

【亮点回放】此句话前后两个并列句，第一个并列句很复杂，里面有并列名词短语，后面是分词短语套上定语从句，分词短语和定语从句层层相套，很巧妙，很实用。

【核心词汇】
shareholders　股东
had no knowledge of　不了解
held shares　持有股份
the relations of capital and labor　劳资双方的关系

【参考译文】这样的“股东”对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。

例273　The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.

【结构分析】The overall result是主语，动词是has been to make，宾语是entrance to professional geological journals，宾语补足语是harder，是个形容词，a result是个同位语，做前面整个句子的同位语，that引导定语从句has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing，后面加上两个并列短语，做reinforced后面的宾语，一个是by national journals in the 19th century，一个是by several local geological journals in the 20th century。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于对a result这个名词正确理解，是做前面的同位语，很难理解，后面加上特别长和有气势的定语从句，两个名词短语并列，很有震撼力。

【参考译文】这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊发表文章就更难了，而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果，该种制度先是出现在19世纪的国家级刊物上，后又在20世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。

Unit 14　复杂的非谓语动词的理解

导读学习

（1）分词做定语

The question put forward by scientists can not be answered. 科学家所提出的问题无法得到解答。

（2）分词做状语

I talk to my professor, making him realize that I have new understandings of the theory. 我跟我的教授聊天，让他认识到我对这个理论有了新的认识。

（3）不定式做状语

I rushed to the store to buy the new mobile phones. 我匆忙跑到了商店去购买新上市的手机。

（4）不定式做定语

The need to love and to be loved seems universal in humans. 爱与被爱的需要在人类中广泛地存在。

实战练习

例274　Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.

【结构分析】该句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters；句首Just as结构做比较状语，意为“正如……一样”；insisting引导的分词结构做定语修饰主语voice，分词结构中含有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句，第一宾语从句是that the science about global warming is incomplete，第二个宾语从句是that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词定语insisting后面的两个超级宾语从句，两个宾语从句都很难，其中第二个宾语从句里面还有时间状语从句until。

【核心词汇】
just as on smoking　就像吸烟问题一样
voices now come from many quarters　来自不同领域的声音
global warming is incomplete　有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整

【参考译文】就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整，而且在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。

例275　Razitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

【结构分析】句子的主干是Razitch's latest book...traces the roots...。Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms是书的同位语，concluding是个分词状语，后面是个宾语从句they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.其中they指前面的schools; anything but此处的意思是“决不，远非”，counterbalance的意思是“抗衡”，distaste的意思是“讨厌”。注意concluding...后面的宾语从句中各个词之间的肯定和否定关系。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词状语concluding后面套上宾语从句，而宾语从句里面anything but表示“绝对没有”。

【核心词汇】
a Century of Failed School Reforms　一个世纪的失败学校改革
trace the roots of　探索根源
anti-intellectualism　反智主义倾向
anything but　绝对没有
a counterbalance to　抵制
the American distaste for intellectual pursuits　美国人对才学追求的厌恶

【参考译文】莱维西最新著作《落后：一个世纪的失败学校改革》探索学校里反智主义倾向的根源，书中的结论是：美国学校绝没有抵制美国人对才学追求的厌恶。

例276　They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing—room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10∶30 a.m.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是They all seem to look alike，破折号后面是很多并列的信息来解释这些可爱的年轻人，其中里面有分词短语三个，第一个是wearing jeans and sandals，第二个是eating their buns，第三个是bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing—room tickets...，后面是两个分词定语并列修饰前面的名词，第一个分词定语是held for the sleepers，第二个分词定语是sold to them when the box office opens at 10∶30 a.m.。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词短语的大量使用，有三个主要的现在分词短语，还有两个过去分词定语，五个分词很经典。

【核心词汇】
look alike　看起来都一个样
lean　消瘦
pointed　率直
dedicated faces　专注的脸庞
eating their buns　吃着小圆面包
bedding down for the night　过夜

【参考译文】他们看起来都一个样（虽然他们从各个地方而来）——消瘦、率直、专注的脸庞，穿着牛仔裤和便鞋，吃着小圆面包，在剧场外的石板上过夜，以便能买得到20张座票和80张站票，这些票都是为那些睡觉的人准备的，并且在票房第二天上午10点半开始售票时就卖给他们。（PS：通俗的说，就是倒票的票贩）

例277　Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.

【结构分析】该句子的主干是由and连接的两个分句，即American president and vice-president have surnames, and 26 of...had surnames。第一个分句的宾语surnames后是分词结构starting with作定语；第二个分句宾语紧跟的介词结构in the first half of the alphabet作定语，另外一个介词短语是against just 16 of George Bush's predecessors had surnames in the second half。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列句的成功使用，第一个并列句里面有分词定语，第二个并列句里面有介词短语，难度都很大。

【核心词汇】
the American president and vice-president　美国的总统和副总统
surnames　姓氏
starting with B and C respectively　分别是以B和C字母起头

George Bush's predecessors　乔治·布什的前任

【参考译文】如此这般，美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母起头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位（包括其父）的姓氏均在字母表的前半部，而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。

例278　This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.

【结构分析】句子的主干是This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net，后面是分词定语，修饰前面的宾语，也就是offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance，后面是宾补，也就是不定式短语to help families weather bad times。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词定语很长，导致宾语和宾语补足语严重分离，分词定语的难度很大，需要很好的理解。

【核心词汇】
added　附加的
safety net　社会保障制度
unemployment insurance　失业保险
disability insurance　残疾保险
weather　抵御，承受
bad times　坏时光，艰苦的日子

【参考译文】这种“附加工人效应”可以支持失业保险或残疾保险所提供的保障制度，以帮助家庭渡过困难时期。

例279　The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution", including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution", "including"后面是对“peculiar institution”的进一步解释，在理解的时候，可以把这句话分成两句话来理解。主干翻译为如果没有对于这种“特殊制度”的保护，南方各州不会同意签署宪法。后面翻译成这种特殊的制度保护包括：在国会代表人数中一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词定语including的成功使用，该分词定语难度很大，解释这个特殊制度。

【核心词汇】
the southern states　南方各州
signed the Constitution　签署宪法
protections for the "peculiar institution"　这种特殊的制度保护
counted a slave as three fifths of a man　一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民
for purposes of congressional representation　在国会代表人数中

【参考译文】如果没有对于这种“特殊制度”的保护，南方各州不会同意签署宪法。这种特殊的制度保护包括：在国会代表人数中一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民。

例280　The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

【结构分析】这句话是个并列句，由and连接。前半句的主语是The bodies，分词短语playing major professional sport是对主语的修饰，have changed是谓语，dramatically over the years是状语。后半句中，managers是主语，have been是谓语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列句的超级使用，其中第一个并列句复杂在有分词定语，第二个并列句复杂在有很长的宾语，是个of结构。

【核心词汇】
the bodies playing major professional sports　在较大的职业体育运动中的运动员的身体状况
changed dramatically　发生了很大的改变
more than willing to　更愿意
adjust team uniforms　调整队员的运动服
the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames　队员们更大，更高的身材

【参考译文】这些年来在较大的职业体育运动中的运动员的身体状况发生了很大的改变，而他们的经理人也更愿意调整队员的运动服来适应队员们更大，更高的身材。

例281　Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的宾语从句，也就是Studies of both animals and humans have shown that...，宾语从句的主语是sex hormones，谓语动词是affect，宾语从句的宾语是the stress response，后面是表示结果的分词状语，也就是causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions，该分词状语里面包含比较级。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句套上表示结果的分词状语，表示结果的分词状语套有比较级，很有特色。

【核心词汇】
studies of both animals and humans　对于动物和人类的研究
sex hormones　性激素
somehow affect　在某种程度去影响
the stress response　面对压力的反应
more of the trigger chemicals　更多的刺激性化学物质

【参考译文】对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的刺激性化学物质。

例282　Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance.

【结构分析】句子开头是个时间状语Not long ago，后面是with伴随状语，也就是with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak，该with短语里面有两个并列成分，一个是the country entering a recessing，一个是Japan at its pre-bubble peak，这个并列成分里面省略了动词entering，句子的主干是并列句，第一个并列句是the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated，第二个并列句是个省略句，省略了it is，所以还原之后就是it is one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance，如果不还原，句子不完整，只有一个名词短语，没有动词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于省略句的成功使用，with里面省略了动词，而后面的主干省略了主语和动词，with这个分词状语使用很成功。

【核心词汇】
the country entering a recession　美国经济陷入衰退

Japan at its pre-bubble peak　日本正处于泡沫破灭前的高峰期
the U.S. workforce　美国工人
was derided as　被嘲讽
poorly educated　没有受过良好教育

【参考译文】不久前，随着美国经济陷入衰退，日本正处于泡沫破灭前的高峰期，美国工人被嘲讽没有受过良好教育，并且被认为这是美国经济不景气的主要原因之一。

例283　We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是We reach for them mindlessly，后面是并列的分词状语，表示同时发生的两个动作，第一个分词状语是setting our brains on auto-pilot，第二个分词状语是relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine，其中里面有个经典的of结构。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列分词状语的使用，很有特色。

【核心词汇】
mindlessly　无意识地
setting our brains on auto-pilot　任由大脑自动操作
relaxing into　感到轻松舒适
the unconscious comfort of familiar routine　不知不觉在熟悉的常规中

【参考译文】我们无意识地养成了习惯，任由大脑自动操作，且不知不觉在熟悉的常规中感到轻松舒适。

例284　According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all.

【结构分析】句子开头是个介词短语According to several studies...，后面是分词定语concluding that...，后面是宾语从句parents are less happy than childless couples，这个句子的主干是single parents are the least happy of all。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于介词短语套上分词定语，再套上宾语从句，很经典。

【核心词汇】
according to several studies　根据很多研究
less happy　不太高兴
childless couples　不生孩子的父母
single parents　单身父母
the least happy　最不高兴

【参考译文】多项研究表明，有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，而单亲家庭是最不快乐的。

例285　Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress.

【结构分析】这句话中主语是动名词短语Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals，其中add to的意思是增加，增添，补充，后面的系动词是are，表语是her increased "opportunities" for stress。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于动名词短语的成功使用，该动名词短语中的宾语很复杂，是个of结构，也就是a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals。

【核心词汇】
adding to　促进
a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals　她们产生更多的导致压力的化学物质
her increased "opportunities" for stress　她们产生压力的“机会”也很多

【参考译文】对于女性来说，促进她们产生更多的导致压力的化学物质原因是她们产生压力的“机会”也很多。

例286　McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型宾语从句McGee says...，宾语从句的主语是个动名词短语，也就是leaving without a position...，后面是个分词定语lined up修饰前面的名词，动词是gave，直接宾语是him，间接宾语是time，后面是不定式短语to reflect on...，后面是宾语从句what kind of company he wanted to run。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于动名词短语很有创意，因为这个动名词短语里面包含了分词定语lined up，而且宾语从句还套有定语从句he wanted to run。

【核心词汇】
leaving without a position lined up　在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位（下家）
reflect on　反思
what kind of company he wanted to run　他到底想去经营一家什么样的公司

【参考译文】他说在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位（下家），使他有时间去反思他到底想去经营一家什么样的公司。

例287　Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.

【结构分析】句子的主干是Some individuals would therefore not have been caught，后面是个时间状语从句since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them，后面是分词状语做结果状语，也就是leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于时间状语从句里面套有分词状语，该分词状语表示结果，分词状语表示结果是个常见的语法，比如I go to the store, purchasing a beautiful i-phone。

【核心词汇】
some individuals　有些种鱼类
baited hooks　带诱饵的鱼钩
trap　抓住
an underestimate of fish stocks　低估了鱼的储量

【参考译文】有些种鱼类因此可能会逃过一劫，因为那时没有带诱饵的鱼钩抓它们，这样就低估了过去的鱼的储量。

例288　President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.

【结构分析】这句话的主语是President Bush，动词是个短语，也就是campaigned to move，后面是个move...to...的固定搭配，直接宾语是Social Security, to后面是个间接宾语a saving-account model, with后面是个伴随性的分词状语，用的是trade...for...这种结构，也就是retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于with结构，很长的with可以让句子显得更加丰满，比如I go to the school with great confidence and perseverance holding in my heart，这种结构在作文中可以使用。

【核心词汇】
campaigned to　致力于
move...to...　转变为

Social Security　社会保障
a saving-account model　账户储蓄模式
retirees　退休人员
trade...for...　转变为
guaranteed payments　稳定收入

【参考译文】布什总统致力于将社会保障转变为账户储蓄模式，在这个模式里，退休人员能够把稳定收入转化为依赖投资产生的收入。

例289　The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

【结构分析】这句话是个并列句，考的是require sb to do sth，句子的主语是The profession，动词是is taking steps to require，宾语是young doctors，宾补是四个不定式短语充当，第一个不定式是to train in hospices，第二个不定式是to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies，第三个不定式是to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care，第四个不定式是to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于四个不定式的排比，有气势如虹的感觉，层层递进，把医疗界对医生的四个要求描述得很细腻。

【核心词汇】
the profession　医疗界
taking steps　正在采取措施
hospices　收容机构
aggressive pain management therapies　有关病痛激进治疗方案
develop a Medicare billing code　制定有关医院保健的相关规定
assessing and treating pain at the end of life　估评与治疗垂危病人的疼痛

【参考译文】医疗界正在采取措施，要求医生在晚期病人的收容机构受训、测试有关病痛激进治疗方案的知识、制定有关医院保健的相关规定，以及制订与估评与治疗垂危病人相关的各种新标准。

例290　Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.

【结构分析】句子开头是两个分词短语做状语，第一个分词状语是Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right，第二个分词状语是seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel，里面举了很多例子，句子的主干是information protection is now high on the boss's agenda，后面是介词短语in businesses of every variety，修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列分词状语的使用，这两个分词left和seen放在一起，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
odd, low-level IT staff　古怪而层次较低的信息技术人员
put right　处理
as a concern only of data-rich industries　只存在于只有数据丰富的行业
information protection　信息保护
on the boss's agenda　老板的议事日程
in businesses of every variety　各个行业

【参考译文】在这之前，信息保护通常留给古怪而层次较低的信息技术人员处理，而且这个问题只存在于只有数据丰富的行业如银行、电信、航空旅游业等才关心信息保护问题，可是现在这个问题已经提到各个行业老板的议事日程的重要位置。

例291　We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews，后面是分词定语published in England，修饰前面的reviews，后面是介词短语between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ做状语修饰前面的分词定语，后面是个表示时间的同位语at a time，这段时间指的就是前面的the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ，该同位语后面是个定语从句，用when引导，里面有两个并列句子，第一个并列句是newsprint was dirt-cheap，第二个并列句是stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications，第二个并列句里面有定语从句in which it appeared。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于句型特别复杂，有分词定语套上介词短语，再套上同位语，再套上定语从句，定语从句再套上并列句，多种句子和语法现象的层层相套，其中at a time这个同位语很难判断。

【核心词汇】
farther removed from　感到陌生的是
unfocused newspaper reviews　英国报纸评论内容不拘一格
newsprint　报纸
dirt-cheap　非常便宜
stylish arts criticism　时尚的人文批评
an ornament　增加色彩

【参考译文】我们甚至感到陌生的是：从20世纪初期到第二次世界大战之前，这一期间的英国报纸评论内容不拘一格。那时候报纸非常便宜，而且人们认为发表时尚的人文批评可以给刊登评论的出版物增加色彩。

例292　Often they choose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.

【结构分析】句子的主干是they choose somewhat colder climates，后面是介词短语做定语，也就是such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska，后面是表示目的的不定式做状语，也就是in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于目的状语in order to的正确使用，这个目的状语是个经典的句型，比如I prepare for the exam in order to find a better。

【核心词汇】
somewhat colder climates　那些气候较为寒冷的地区
smog　烟雾
crime　犯罪
other plagues of urbanization　城市化进程中的其他问题

【参考译文】他们常常选择——现在依然这样选择——居住在那些气候较为寒冷的地区，比如俄勒冈、爱达荷，还有阿拉斯加，为的是逃避烟雾、犯罪，以及“金州”（加利福尼亚）城市化进程中的其他问题。

例293　The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

【结构分析】句子的主干是The true enemies of science are those，后面是定语从句who question the evidence...，定语从句的宾语后面是分词定语supporting...，分词短语中有三个宾语，第一个是global warming，第二个宾语是the depletion of the ozone layer，第三个宾语是other consequences of industrial growth。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于定语从句套上了分词定语，而分词定语里面的三个宾语难度很大，是三个名词短语，而且里面有很多生词。

【核心词汇】
the true enemies of science　科学真正的敌人
question the evidence　对证据提出置疑
global warming　支持全球变暖
the depletion of the ozone layer　臭氧层损耗
other consequences of industrial growth　工业发展的其他后果

【参考译文】环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗·厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖，臭氧层损耗，工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。

例294　After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

【结构分析】句子开头是个介词短语做状语，也就是After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates，主语是Australia's Northern Territory，动词是became，宾语是the first legal authority，后面加上介词短语in the world做定语，后面再加上不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients做定语，修饰前面的first legal authority，后面再加上定语who wish to die，修饰前面的incurably ill patients。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语后面加上一系列的定语，层层修饰前面，包括介词短语，不定式，定语从句三种，很精彩。

【核心词汇】
hot parliamentary debates　激烈的议会辩论

Australia's Northern Territory　澳大利亚北部地区
legal authority　立法当局
take the lives of incurably ill patients　终止绝症病人生命

【参考译文】经过了六个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北部地区成了世界上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立法当局。

例295　The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的并列句，第一个并列句的主干是The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen，后面加上了分词定语修饰前面的the workmen，也就是employed by the company，后面再加上定语从句in which he held shares，修饰前面的the company，第二个并列句的主干是his influence was not good，其中on the relations of capital and labor是个介词短语，修饰主语his influence。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于第一个并列句子里面是分词定语套上定语从句的结构，多重定语的累加，感觉句子很丰满。

【核心词汇】
the "shareholders"　这样的“股东”

had no knowledge of　一无所知
the relations of capital and labor　劳资双方的关系

【参考译文】这样的“股东”对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。

例296　Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.

【结构分析】这句话的主语是Much of the language，后面加上分词定语used to describe monetary policy，后面加上介词短语such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes"来解释前面的主语，动词是makes，宾语是it，后面加上宾补，也就是sound like a precise science。Nothing could be further from the truth是比较级表示最高级。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于主语后面的定语很复杂，导致动词很难找到，定语里面有分词做定语，还有很难的介词短语such as。

【核心词汇】
steer　指挥，控制
precise　精确的
a soft landing　软着陆
on the brakes　刹车

【参考译文】有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如“操纵经济软着陆”或者“轻踩刹车”，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。

例297　Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.

【结构分析】主句话的主干是Theories suggest..., centering on the individual是个分词定语修饰前面的主语，suggest后面是典型的宾语从句that children engage in criminal behavior...，宾语从句中套上了两个并列的原因状语从句，也就是because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语从句里面套用了两个神奇的原因状语从句，让青少年犯罪的原因很清楚，在写作的时候可以使用并列原因状语从句，表示原因的效果真的很好。

【核心词汇】
center on　注重
engage in criminal behavior　从事犯罪行为
sufficiently penalized　充分惩罚
previous misdeeds　以前做错事
criminal behavior　犯罪行为
interactions with others　与别人之间的交往

【参考译文】从个人因素出发的理论认为青少年之所以犯罪是因为他们之前做错一些小事没有被充分地惩罚，或是因为他们通过与别人交往学习犯罪行为。

例298　The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.

【结构分析】主干是The decision has been the talk，介词短语of the New York Philharmonic修饰前面的名词，不定式to hire Alan Gilbert修饰前面的名词，介词短语as its next music director修饰前面的名词，介词短语of the classical-music world修饰前面的名词talk，介词短语ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009修饰整个句子。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于超级定语，修饰前面的名词，连环的定语是很经典的，包括介词短语，不定式，很长，很有气势。

【核心词汇】

New York Philharmonic　纽约爱乐交响乐团
hire　雇佣
next music director　下一代音乐指挥家
the classical-music world　交响乐世界
announcement　宣布
appointment　任命

【参考译文】自从2009年突然宣布对吉尔伯特的任命以来，关于纽约爱乐交响乐团的任命他的决定一直成为交响乐世界的争议。

例299　He is gifted with the ability to take the work of scientists and to translate it into language that children will enjoy reading.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是He is gifted with the ability，后面两个不定式to do并列，修饰前面的ability，第一个不定式是to take the work of scientists，第二个不定式to translate it into language that children will enjoy reading，里面的定语从句that children will enjoy reading修饰前面的名词language。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个超级不定式短语，修饰前面的名词，后面的不定式有定语从句，很经典，很有气势。

【核心词汇】
gifted with　天分在于
work of scientists　科学家的研究成果
translate...into...　解释为

【参考译文】他天生具有一种整合科学家的研究成果而且把这些成果转化成孩子喜闻乐见的语言的能力。

例300　People are absorbed into a culture of consumption launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.

【结构分析】句子的主干是People are absorbed into a culture of consumption，后面是分词定语launched by the 19th-century department stores，修饰前面的名词，后面是定语从句that offered vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere，修饰前面的名词department stores。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是连环的定语，分词定语套上定语从句，这种结构很普遍。

【核心词汇】
absorbed into　沉醉于
a culture of consumption　消费文化
launched by　被推动
vast arrays of goods　琳琅满目的商品
elegant atmosphere　优雅的氛围

【参考译文】人们沉醉于一种消费文化，这种消费文化是被19世纪的商店推动的，这些商店在优雅的氛围下提供琳琅满目的商品。

例301　Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

【结构分析】句子的主干是Additional social stresses may also occur，后面的状语是because of the population explosion or problems，里面加上分词定语arising from mass migration movements，破折号后面是补充说明，是themselves，后面加上分词定语made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个超级的分词定语，分别修饰前面的名词，分词短语有时比定语从句，更加有特色，很有魅力。

【核心词汇】
additional social stresses　额外的社会压力
population explosion　人口爆炸
arise from　起源于
mass migration movements　大规模人口迁徙
by modern means of transport　通过现代化的交通方式

【参考译文】大规模的人口迁徙可以通过现代化的交通方式来实现，这种大规模人口迁徙导致了人口剧烈增长和相应问题的出现，额外的社会压力也会出现。

例302　The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.

【结构分析】主干是The examples...show that...，宾语从句的主语是a Web site，分词定语selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security修饰前面的主语，宾语从句的动词和宾语是will attract online customers。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词定语的正确的使用，很长的分词定语修饰前面的名词，很有爆发力的分词定语。

【核心词汇】
pioneer　先驱

Web site　网站
right mix　正确的混合
interactivity　互动性
hospitality　热情
security　安全

【参考译文】Virtual Vineyards以及Amazon.com等网站的例子表明只要一个网站卖合适的产品，这个产品有互动性，热情性，安全性，就会吸引网络顾客。

例303　Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.

【结构分析】这句话的主干是Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night，该句子的主句后跟有两个现在分词结构，第一个分词结构progressing toward happier ones before awakening表伴随，其动作和主句中的动作几乎同时发生，第二个分词结构suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day表结果，即“因此表明……”。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个分词状语的成功使用，第一个分词状语表示伴随，第二个分词状语表示结果状语，两个分词状语确实难度很大。

【核心词汇】
have more bad dreams　做更多不好的梦
early in the night　在晚上入睡的较早阶段
progressing toward　进展为
working through　克服
negative feelings generated during the day　白天的不良情绪

【参考译文】大多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦，而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦里面渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。

例304　But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

【结构分析】这句话主语是the human mind，后面两个动词并列，就是glimpse和disregard，后面动词disregard的宾语是the 98 percent，后面是定语从句that is irrelevant，后面是分词状语，就是focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于并列句，后面加上一个超长的分词状语，这个分词状语和主句是并列的，表示一种伴随状语，这种状语增加句子的延展性。

【核心词汇】
glimpse　迅速地瞟一眼
a rapidly changing scene　一个快速改变的场面
disregard　放弃
irrelevant　不相关
instantaneously　马上
at the side of a winding forest road　一条崎岖森林道路边
single suspicious face in a big crowd　茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸

【参考译文】但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98％的不相关部分，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。

例305　Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."

【结构分析】主语中心语是Robert Fulton，谓语动词是wrote，后面是个经典的宾语从句，among...是个介词短语修饰前面的动词，like引导的介词短语做状语，修饰前面的句子，后面加上among...修饰前面的动词，这个动词就是sit down，在这里实际上省略了这个动词短语，considering这个分词状语修饰前面的句子，in which是个定语从句修饰前面的名词thought。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于采用了比喻这种修辞手法，而且运用了分词状语considering，后面又套上定语从句，是个典型分词短语套用定语从句的结构，是个考研中很有特色的结构。

【核心词汇】
the mechanic　机械工
levers　杠杆
screws　螺丝
wedges　楔子
letters of the alphabet　母表中的每个字母
an exhibition of his thoughts　自己的思路展示

【参考译文】罗博特·富尔顿曾经写道，机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔子，轮子等周围，像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样，把它们作为自己的思路展示，每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。

例306　The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.

【结构分析】The relative motion of the plates是主语，后面是分词定语carrying these continents，动词是has been constructed，后面转折but，主语是the motion of the plates，后面加上介词with respect to another作定语修饰前面的名词，动词是被动语态，cannot readily be translated，宾语是motion，后面是介词短语with respect to the earth's interior做定语修饰前面的名词。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词短语carrying和介词短语with respect to很好的使用，都修饰前面的名词of，此句子两个of短语做主语，两个定语紧跟着使用，很押韵。

【核心词汇】
relative motion　相对运动
plates carrying these continents　携带这些大陆板块
construct　表述出来
in detail　详细地
the motion of the plates　板块的运动
with respect to　相对于
translated into　解释为
the earth's interior　地球内部

【参考译文】携带这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来，但是这些板块相对于另一些板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。

例307　It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.

【结构分析】主语是It，动词是个短语serves to assist，宾语是个of结构a rapid distribution of goods，状语是介词短语at reasonable price，修饰整个句子，后面加上表示结果的分词状语establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices，其中establishing和making是两个并列的分词状语。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于两个并列的分词状语，表示结果功能，更有气势，体现英语语言的简洁性。

【核心词汇】
serves to　有助于
assist　帮助
a rapid distribution of goods　被迅速分销出去
at reasonable price　具有竞争力的价格
thereby　因此
establishing a firm home market　建立一个坚固的国内市场
at competitive prices　以具有竞争力的价格

【参考译文】它（广告）能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以（使公司）建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。

例308　Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage, but the tide is unlikely to turn back.

【结构分析】前半句是个简单句，Some have breathed sighs of relief，后半句主干是others bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.其中后半句在主语和动词之间有个插入语including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association，后面是个转折句子。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于多次转折，some和others形成一对隐蔽的转折，重心偏到了others上面，后面又来个直接的but，重心又偏到了but后面，连环转折奥妙无穷，增加了文章的悬念。

【核心词汇】
breathed sighs of relief　松了一口气
right-to-life groups　倡导生命之权的团体

Australian Medical Association　澳大利亚医学协会
bitterly attacked　尖锐地抨击
bill　法案
haste of its passage　法案的通过过于匆忙
the tide is unlikely to turn back　大势已定，不可逆转

【参考译文】一些机构终于松了一口气，但是其他一些机构，包括教堂，倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会，尖锐地抨击这个法案，指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大势已定，不可逆转。

例309　In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.

【结构分析】介词短语In the past year作为状语，修饰整个句子，主语是software companies，动词是have developed，宾语是tools，后面加上定语从句that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers，后面加上表示结果的分词状语，是transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于结果状语的使用，很经典，而且里面还有精彩的定语从句，其中transmit这个词汇很闪光，作文可以用。

【核心词汇】
software companies　软件公司

"push" information　将信息“推出”

transmit marketing messages　直接把营销信息传递
targeted customers　目标顾客

【参考译文】但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经开发出工具，使得公司可以直接将信息“推出”给顾客，直接把营销信息传递给目标顾客。

例310　Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

【结构分析】分词状语Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans，其中有宾语从句that引导，主干是是个并列句，第一个并列句的主干是he ordered...，后面又套上宾语从句that federal funds not be used for such an experiment and asked...，里面还有插入语，第二个并列句的动词是asked，后面的宾语很复杂，是an independent panel of experts，后面加上过去分词定chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro，后面套上不定式短语to report back to the White House，后面套上很长的介词短语in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于分词状语很长，放在句首，很有爆发力，主干中的宾语从句的宾语后面用了各种各样的修饰语，有分词短语，介词短语，不定式短语，多达八个定语，把定语的使用发挥到了极致。

【核心词汇】
opposed to　反对
unusual animal husbandry technique　非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术
federal funds　联邦政府基金
propose to do　建议这么做
independent panel of experts　独立的专家组
report back to the White House　在向白宫汇报
with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning　关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议

【参考译文】他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得·夏皮罗为首的独立的专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。

例311　Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low—level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head—scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

【结构分析】Sad to say是个形容词短语，做状语，主干是this project has turned out to be mostly low—level findings，介词短语about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes做定语，修饰前面的名词短语，分词定语combined with lots of head—scratching puzzlement修饰前面的名词短语，介词短语about...修饰前面的名词短语，about后面是个宾语what in the world those readers really want，做介词about的宾语从句。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于宾语后面的定语相当复杂，里面有介词短语，还有分词短语，最后介词about还加上宾语从句，复杂的连环的定语的使用让句子很长，充满气势。

【核心词汇】
sad to say　遗憾地讲
low-level findings　低层次的发现
factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes　事实错误，拼写或语法错误
combined with　交织在一起
lots of head-scratching puzzlement　许多令人挠头的困惑
what in the world those readers really want　读者到底想读些什么

【参考译文】遗憾地讲，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些十分低层次的发现，比如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误（和这些低层次发现）交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑，譬如读者到底想读些什么。

Unit 15　复杂的强调句的理解

导读学习

（1）It is sth/sb that

It is Jacky that murders the person. 正是杰克谋杀了这个人。

（2）It is the place where

It is the park where I meet my old friends. 正是在公园里面我遇到了我的老朋友。

（3）It is the time when

It is this summer when we enjoyed our time. 正是这个暑假我们享受了欢乐时光。

实战练习

例312　Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

【结构分析】这句话是典型的强调句，被强调的成分有三个，第一个是the demand of individual consumers，第二个是the desire of businessmen to maximize profits，第三个是the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，后面加上强调句that together determine...，里面套上两个并列的宾语从句，也就是what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点是三个强调成分的精确使用，而且还套上两个宾语从句。

【核心词汇】
demand of individual consumers　个体顾客的需求
maximize profits　利润最大化
maximize their incomes　收入最大化
what shall be produced　所生产的东西

【参考译文】所以说，在美国经济体系中，正是消费者的需求，伴随着商人让利润最大化和消费者让收入最大化的需求决定所生产的东西以及生产资料如何调配来生产这些东西。

例313　There is no doubt that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的强调句，There is no doubt that表示毫无疑问，后面是强调句，被强调的成分是the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff，其中in the process of engaging staff是个介词短语，修饰前面的名词，后面加上真正的强调句，也就是that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于强调句的精彩使用，强调成分非常长，而且有气势。

【核心词汇】

There is no doubt that　毫无疑问的是
the increasing number of applicants　越来越多的申请者
engaging staff　招聘员工
curriculum vitae　简历

【参考译文】毫无疑问的是，正是招聘过程中具有各种大学学历的申请者不断增加使得简历好坏越发重要。

例314　As we discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book.

【结构分析】这是个典型的时间强调句，是It is not until sometime that...这种句型，表示直到某个时间才出现某个现象，比如It is not until the end of the century that we can produce a new robot. As we discussed before是个介词短语，承上启下的作用，被强调的成分是the 19th century，后面是真正的强调句that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium，后面是分词状语following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于强调句套上分词状语following的超级的使用，这种it is not until sometime that...句型很经典，作文写上可以妙笔生辉。

【核心词汇】
dominant　主要额
pre-electronic medium　电子出现前的媒体
following in the wake of　紧跟着
the pamphlet　宣传册

【参考译文】正如我们前面讨论的，正是到了十九世纪，报纸才成为电子媒体出现之前的主导性的媒体，报纸是紧跟着宣传册和书出现而出现的。

例315　It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the environment within which we now live.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的强调句，被强调的成分是within the computer age，后面加上真正的强调句，也就是that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the environment，后面加上了定语从句within which we now live。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于强调句套上了定语从句，确实很经典。

【核心词汇】
computer age　计算机年代
the term "information society"　“信息化社会”这个概念
widely used to　广泛应用于

【参考译文】正是在计算机年代中才出现了“信息化社会”这个概念，这个概念广泛用于描述我们所生存的环境。

例316　As the internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business that universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.

【结构分析】这句话是个典型的强调句，句子前半句是时间状语从句As the internet becomes more and more commercialized，后面是强调句it is in the interest of business that universalize access，破折号是补充说明，是个比较级，也就是the more people online, the more potential customers there are。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于时间状语从句套上强调句的正确的使用。

【核心词汇】
commercialized　商业化
in the interest of business　符合商人的利益
universalize access　扩大进入量
potential customers　潜在的顾客

【参考译文】伴随着网络越来越商业化，这是符合商人的利益去扩大网络的点击率——毕竟，更多的人在线存在更多的潜在顾客。

例317　When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

【结构分析】冒号前面的信息比较简单，冒号后面是个强调句，主语中心语是it，动词是is，宾语是mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action，后面an instinct是前面这个宾语的同位语，that引导的是强调句，rather than laughed at是个介词短语，laughed at和encouraged是并列结构。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于采用了it is加上名词短语mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action，加上that引导的强调句，强调句是个重要句型，不是所有的that都是定语从句，区分定语从句和强调句是很重要。

【核心词汇】
instinct　本能
moral reasoning　道德观念进行推理
in action　起作用
encourage　鼓励
laugh at　嘲弄

【参考译文】这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。

例318　Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

【结构分析】介词短语in the American economic system做状语，修饰整个句子，后面是强调句，it is是主干，加上被强调的名词短语the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，其中coupled with是个分词定语，修饰前面的名词短语，that引导后半部分强调句子，也就是that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it，其中有两个宾语从句what和how。

【亮点回放】此句话的亮点在于这个超级强调句，被强调的成分是很长的，多达二十多个单词，很壮观，而且强调句后面居然加了两个宾语从句，强调句套上两个宾语从句，很有气势。

【核心词汇】

American economic system　美国的经济体系
demand of individual consumers　个体消费者的需求
the desire of businessmen　商人试图
maximize profits　最大化其利润
maximize their incomes　最大化其收入
what shall be produced　什么应该被制造
how resources are used to produce it　资源如何被用来制造它们

【参考译文】因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。